669:(about 24 miles (39 km)) south of Ayubale, where Captain Juan Ruíz de Mexía raised a force of 400 Apalachee and 30 Spanish cavalrymen. This force engaged Moore's at Ayubale, and was decisively defeated. More than 200 Apalachees were killed or captured while three Spaniards were killed and eight were captured, with Mexía among the captured. There is evidence that as many as 50 Apalachee joined with the English against the Spanish-led forces in this encounter. Moore considered launching an attack on the fort at San Luis, but his force had suffered a significant number of wounds, so he opted instead for an attempt at extortion. Some of the Spanish prisoners managed to escape, so he released Miranda, Mexía and others to go to San Luis with the hope that the San Luis garrison commander would then pay a ransom for them. However, the garrison commander refused to pay.
678:
According to his report, most of the population of seven villages joined his march voluntarily. In Moore's report of the expedition he claimed to have killed more than 1,100 men, women, and children. Moore also stated that he "removed into exile" 300 and "captured as slaves" more than 4,300 people, mostly women and children. The only major missions to survive in
Apalachee were San Luis and San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco. The Spanish at first attempted to fortify these places, but they were eventually judged to be indefensible and abandoned. The survivors were consolidated at Abosaya, east of San Francisco de Potano.
682:
Tomole and Santa Cruz y San Pedro de Alcántara de
Ychuntafun missions were the ones most likely to have been destroyed. Spanish authorities in St. Augustine and Pensacola mobilized their meager forces, but did not return to Ayubale until after Moore's force had clearly left the area. They buried the Christian dead, many of whom they reported as exhibiting evidence of torture. Despite the losses, they did not immediately abandon or consolidate the missions until further raiding took place, after which the demoralized surviving Apalachee insisted they would either retreat to Pensacola or go over to the English.
161:
119:
646:, a plan for an expedition against the Spanish towns in Apalachee Province. He promised that, unlike the St. Augustine expedition, the colony would not have to pay for anything; he expected its costs to be recovered by the taking of loot and slaves. On September 7, 1703, the Carolina assembly approved the plan, asking Moore to go "to the Assistance of the Cowetaws and other our friendly Indians, and to attacque the Appalaches." After recruiting 50 colonists, he traveled to the upper waters of the
182:
173:
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631:
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Miranda, who retreated into the town's church compound, which was surrounded by a mud wall. With 26 men he successfully held the
English at bay for nine hours, and only surrendered himself, his men, and 58 women and children after they ran out of arrows. According to one Spanish account, Miranda threw himself and his followers on Moore's mercy. He was, according to this account then
59:
749:(originally published in 1929), uncritically accepts Moore's numbers, and 19th century South Carolina historian Edward McCrady only mentions 1,400 Apalachees being taken, of whom only 100 were slaves. Historian Allan Gallay, in a modern analysis, opines that the raids in 1704 alone resulted in the enslavement of between 2,000 and 4,000 Indians.
731:
The
Spanish responded to the raids by encouraging privateering raids against Carolina coastal plantations. In the following years, the English colonists continued to make inroads against Spanish and French interests in Florida and on the Gulf Coast, but they were never able to capture St. Augustine,
681:
Moore did not identify by name the places his force destroyed. Historian Mark Boyd has analyzed
English and Spanish sources documenting the missions and the effects of Moore's raid. According to his analysis, the La Concepción de Ayubale, San Francisco de Oconi, San Antonio de Bacqua, San Martín de
677:
Following the battle at
Ayubale, Moore continued his march through Apalachee. One village, San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco, survived when its leader surrendered his church's gold ornaments and a train of supplies. Moore moved slowly, since many of the Apalachee apparently wanted to leave with the English.
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Opinions also differ as to the long-term fate of the
Indians that voluntarily went with Moore. Since a 1715 census of the Savannah River settlements counted fewer than 650 Apalachees, Allan Gallay believes that the balance were probably sold into slavery. James Covington believes that a combination
709:
All of I have done with the loss of 4 whites and 15 Indians, and without one Penny charge to the
Publick. Before this Expedition, we were more afraid of the Spaniards of Apalatchee and their Indians in Conjunction with the French of Mississippi, and their Indians, doing us Harm by Land, than of any
744:
Due in part to the somewhat fragmentary, unclear, and contradictory primary materials about these raids, historians have at times written widely varying accounts of the number of
Indians that were enslaved. Although Moore claimed in his report that a large number of Apalachee were enslaved, modern
653:
On
January 25, 1704, Moore's force arrived at Ayubale, one of the larger mission towns in Apalachee. While most of the Muscogee raided the surrounding villages, Moore took most of the whites and 15 Muscogee into Ayubale itself around 7:00 am. The only resistance was organized by Father Angel
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The Indian populations of Florida were not entirely happy with Spanish rule; there had been several uprisings against the Spanish in the 17th century. The Indians were often forced to do work for the Spanish military garrisons and plantation owners, including the labor of hauling goods to St.
472:
Moore's expedition was preceded and followed by other raids targeting Spanish Florida which was principally conducted by English-allied Muscogee. The cumulative effect of these raids, conducted between 1702 and 1709, was the depopulation of Spanish Florida beyond the immediate confines of the
461:, which marked the only large-scale resistance to the raids by the Spanish and Apalachee. Significant numbers of the Apalachee, unhappy with the conditions they lived in under in the Spanish missions, simply abandoned their towns and joined Moore's expedition. They were resettled near the
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near Abosaya; both of these were abandoned, and Timucua was virtually depopulated by May 1706. According to Apalachee scholar John Hann, between Moore's raids and these later ones, 2,000 Indians went into exile, and an unknown number were enslaved. The French governor of Mobile,
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missions of San Pedro and San Mateo; a year later they attacked the Apalachee at Abosaya. Further attacks against Abosaya the next month prompted the survivors to flee to St. Augustine. In the spring of 1706, the Muscogee besieged San Francisco de Potano and attacked the
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by the Muscogee in 1707, apparently with English colonial support. English-allied Indians also made incursions into French-dominated territories to the west, but English intentions to assault Mobile never got beyond the planning stages; there was a
728:, or among the Muscogee living near the Ocmulgee River. The free Apalachee refugees that settled these areas were frequently harassed by slavers; in some cases Indians taken as slaves were freed after protests were made to Carolina authorities.
699:, wrote that raiding the Florida area resulted in the killing of 2,000 Apalachees and the capture of 32 Spaniards, 17 of whom were burned alive. By the end of 1706 the Spanish presence in Florida had been reduced to St. Augustine and Pensacola.
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Augustine, about 100 miles (160 km) away. These policies, and mistreatment by overbearing Spanish masters, led some Apalachees to flee to the English in Carolina. Spanish policy also forbade Indians the possession of
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was a failure, and there was rioting in Charles Town over the expenses incurred. One significant accomplishment of the St. Augustine expedition was the destruction of coastal Spanish mission towns in
753:
of factors was to blame: in addition to active slaving against those settlements, disease, starvation, intermarriage with other tribes, and migration to other communities account for the difference.
724:, while others ended up near either St. Augustine or Pensacola; Bienville reported that about 600 refugees were settled near Mobile. The Apalachees taken by Moore were resettled either along the
589:) had widened to include England arrived in Carolina by September 1702, and Governor Moore convinced the provincial assembly in September 1702 to fund an expedition against St. Augustine.
558:; others were inhabited by other tribes that had migrated southward to the area. By the early 18th century, the Apalachee Province had become a major source of food for the principal towns of
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The Spanish population of Florida at the time was fairly small compared to that of the nearby English colonies. Since its founding in the 16th century, the Spanish had set up a
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In the wake of Moore's raids, further raids were made into northern Florida, principally executed by the Muscogee. In August 1704, Muscogee raidres destroyed the
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and San Francisco de Potano, also raiding either Patali or Piritiba; it is possible that as many as 500 Indians were enslaved as a result of these raids.
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554:) there were 14 mission communities with a total population in 1680 of approximately 8,000. Many, but not all, of these missions were populated by the
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historians believe that a significant number of those resettled by Moore went voluntarily, and were not actually slaves. Vernon Crane, in
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528:, established in 1698, would be enforced. Blake's death later that year interrupted these plans, and he was replaced in 1702 by
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A People's History of Florida 1513–1876: How Africans, Seminoles, Women, and Lower Class Whites Shaped the Sunshine State
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began coming into conflict as early as the middle of the 17th century. The 1670 establishment of the settlement of
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was destroyed by the raiders; most of their population were either killed, captured, fled to larger Spanish and
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Forces of the Enemy by Sea. This has wholly disabled them from attempting anything against Us by Land.
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638:. Ayubale is marked "Ayavalla"; the locations of many mission villages are of uncertain accuracy.
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650:, where he recruited 1,000 Muscogee to join the expedition against their traditional enemies.
516:. Merchants, raiders, and slavers from Carolina penetrated into Florida, leading to raids and
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524:, threatened the Spanish with assertions that English claims to the colonial settlement of
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A Colonial Complex: South Carolina's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War, 1680–1730
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being carried out by both the English and Spanish. In 1700, the governor of Carolina,
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by English-allied Muscogee, and some of his followers were then tortured and killed.
574:, which made them dependent on the Spanish for protection against the English-armed
1268:
642:
In 1703, ex-Governor Moore presented to the Carolina assembly and his replacement,
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17:
1157:
Arnade, Charles W (1962). "The English Invasion of Spanish Florida, 1700–1706".
1546:
Covington, James (1968). "Migration of the Seminoles into Florida, 1700–1820".
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1417:
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Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians
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Many survivors fled westward and settled near the French colonial outpost of
1317:
1298:
The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South
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146:
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58:
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The History of South Carolina Under the Proprietary Government, 1670–1719
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Pensacola, or Mobile, the main Spanish and French settlements. Pensacola
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127:
1559:
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1226:
Crane, Verner W. (1919). "The Southern Frontier in Queen Anne's War".
598:(present-day coastal Georgia). After the expedition, Florida Governor
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32:
This article is about the 1704 massacre. For the 2024 massacre, see
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566:, which were situated near lands not well suited for agriculture.
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to be moved closer together for defensive purposes. Missions in
237:
1180:
Here They Once Stood: the Tragic End of the Apalachee Missions
469:, where living conditions proved to be only slightly better.
1333:(3/4, January–April). Florida Historical Society: 242–262.
1325:
Griffen, William (1959). "Spanish Pensacola, 1700–1763".
1205:
Covington, James (1972). "Apalachee Indians, 1704–1763".
1178:
Boyd, Mark F.; Smith, Hale G.; Griffin, John W. (1999) .
1427:
The Enslavement of the American Indian in Colonial Times
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ordered the remaining Spanish missions in Apalachee and
550:(roughly present-day western Florida and southwestern
453:
The only major event of former governor of Carolina
1474:
1453:
1295:
1256:
1554:(4, April). Florida Historical Society: 340–357.
1402:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
1213:(4, April). Florida Historical Society: 366–384.
1182:. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.
1573:. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press.
1263:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
707:
43:
1456:The Governorship of Spanish Florida, 1700–1763
1165:(1, July). Florida Historical Society: 29–37.
538:whose primary purpose was to pacify the local
1350:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
450:outposts, or voluntarily joined the English.
249:
8:
1658:Battles of the War of the Spanish Succession
614:, and those in Timucua were consolidated at
1673:History of Catholicism in the United States
1481:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
508:by the English in the recently established
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512:heightened tensions with the Spanish in
434:which took place in January 1704 during
221:15 killed, wounded or missing (Muscogee)
65:Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park
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618:. In early 1703, the Muscogee attacked
219:18 killed, wounded or missing (English)
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1477:Anglo-Spanish Rivalry in North America
976:
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818:
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772:
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481:and the rapid decline of the colony's
1460:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
739:raid on an Indian village near Mobile
7:
697:Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville
634:Detail from a 1733 map showing the
34:2024 Apalachee High School shooting
27:1704 engagement of Queen Anne's War
1653:Battles involving Native Americans
426:allies against a largely peaceful
228:200 killed or captured (Apalachee)
25:
1663:Colonial American and Indian wars
1698:Pre-statehood history of Florida
1600:. Sarasota, FL: self-published.
1548:The Florida Historical Quarterly
1327:The Florida Historical Quarterly
1259:The Southern Frontier, 1670–1732
1207:The Florida Historical Quarterly
1159:The Florida Historical Quarterly
747:The Southern Frontier, 1670–1732
180:
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159:
134:
117:
57:
1379:. New York: Macmillan. p.
610:were consolidated south of the
1228:The American Historical Review
1:
1688:Massacres of Native Americans
1683:Massacres by Native Americans
1473:Wright, J. Leitch Jr (1971).
1107:Covington (1972), pp. 377–378
858:Covington (1972), pp. 369–371
583:War of the Spanish Succession
1536:Resources in other libraries
444:network of Catholic missions
442:and Apalachee resistance, a
63:A depiction of the raids at
1708:Spanish missions in Florida
1396:Milanich, Jerald T (1999).
661:Word of the attack reached
585:(known in North America as
1729:
31:
1643:Battles involving England
1531:Resources in your library
1302:. Yale University Press.
1255:Crane, Verner W (1956) .
1010:Boyd et al, pp. 12–17, 73
600:José de Zúñiga y la Cerda
414:was a series of raids by
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213:
196:
186:Juan Ruíz de Mexía (
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110:
70:
56:
48:
1693:Native American genocide
1596:Wasserman, Adam (2009).
1567:Oatis, Steven J (2004).
1452:TePaske, John J (1964).
1429:. Columbia, MD: Joyous.
1425:Olexer, Barbara (2005).
1373:McCrady, Edward (1897).
1346:Hoffman, Paul E (2002).
1143:Covington (1972), p. 378
1098:Covington (1972), p. 376
992:Covington (1972), p. 374
944:Covington (1972), p. 372
894:Covington (1972), p. 371
840:Covington (1972), p. 367
792:Covington (1972), p. 373
473:colonial settlements of
102:English-Muscogee victory
1648:Battles involving Spain
1269:2027/mdp.39015051125113
616:San Francisco de Potano
430:population in northern
287:Quebec and Newfoundland
1294:Gallay, Allan (2003).
712:
639:
457:'s expedition was the
319:Acadia and New England
153:Commanders and leaders
1633:1704 in North America
1234:(3, April): 379–395.
1049:Boyd et al, pp. 17–18
1040:Boyd et al, pp. 13–14
715:—James Moore's report
663:San Luis de Apalachee
633:
226:8 captured (Spanish)
214:Casualties and losses
204:1,000 Indian warriors
202:50 English colonists
1240:10.1086/ahr/24.3.379
1125:Griffen, pp. 251–253
903:Boyd et al, foreword
885:McCrady, pp. 382–386
822:Crane (1919), p. 384
810:Crane (1919), p. 381
801:Arnade (1962), p. 31
542:and convert them to
518:punitive expeditions
510:Province of Carolina
498:Spanish colonization
420:Province of Carolina
371:Carolina and Florida
1348:Florida's Frontiers
1089:Crane (1956), p. 80
956:Crane (1956), p. 79
930:Crane (1956), p. 78
876:Crane (1956), p. 76
849:Boyd et al, pp. 6–8
620:San Joseph de Ocuya
536:network of missions
365:2nd Northeast Coast
325:1st Northeast Coast
209:400 Indian warriors
207:30 Spanish cavalry
1517:Apalachee massacre
734:was twice besieged
656:summarily executed
640:
636:Apalachee Province
548:Apalachee Province
502:American Southeast
438:. Against limited
412:Apalachee massacre
268:Spanish Succession
88:Apalachee Province
44:Apalachee massacre
18:Apalachee Massacre
1668:Conflicts in 1704
1607:978-1-4421-6709-4
1580:978-0-8032-3575-5
1512:Library resources
1488:978-0-8203-0305-5
1436:978-0-9722740-4-3
1409:978-1-56098-940-0
1357:978-0-253-34019-1
1309:978-0-300-08754-3
1189:978-0-8130-1725-9
1001:Boyd et al, p. 13
980:Boyd et al, p. 16
831:Boyd et al, p. 10
644:Nathaniel Johnson
540:Indian population
483:Indian population
459:Battle of Ayubale
416:English colonists
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608:Mocama Province
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475:Saint Augustine
467:Ocmulgee Rivers
455:James Moore Sr.
432:Spanish Florida
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360:Bloody Creek
293:Newfoundland
111:Belligerents
78:January 1704
29:
544:Catholicism
500:efforts in
377:Flint River
308:Fort Albany
1627:Categories
757:References
489:Background
422:and their
266:War of the
1678:Invasions
1638:Apalachee
1616:455328777
1589:470278803
1445:255476011
1418:245837104
1366:248260149
1287:631544711
1198:245840026
762:Citations
741:in 1709.
673:Aftermath
564:Pensacola
556:Apalachee
546:. In the
526:Pensacola
479:Pensacola
428:Apalachee
418:from the
397:Pensacola
387:Apalachee
350:Haverhill
340:Grand Pré
335:Deerfield
224:4 killed
147:Apalachee
1560:30147280
1339:30166288
1318:48013653
1219:30147307
1171:30139893
687:Yustagan
665:, eight
576:Muscogee
463:Savannah
424:Muscogee
330:Falmouth
197:Strength
128:Muscogee
124:Carolina
83:Location
49:Part of
1389:1748080
1248:1835775
1150:Sources
667:leagues
572:muskets
552:Georgia
514:Florida
494:English
440:Spanish
1614:
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722:Mobile
703:Legacy
448:French
313:Quebec
139:
99:Result
1556:JSTOR
1335:JSTOR
1244:JSTOR
1215:JSTOR
1167:JSTOR
142:Spain
1612:OCLC
1602:ISBN
1585:OCLC
1575:ISBN
1493:OCLC
1483:ISBN
1462:OCLC
1441:OCLC
1431:ISBN
1414:OCLC
1404:ISBN
1385:OCLC
1362:OCLC
1352:ISBN
1314:OCLC
1304:ISBN
1283:OCLC
1273:ISBN
1194:OCLC
1184:ISBN
626:Raid
562:and
496:and
477:and
465:and
410:The
75:Date
1381:382
1265:hdl
1236:doi
189:POW
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257:e
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