321:
389:
1913:
557:
487:
25:
288:
740:. Translation by Russell (2002) from the Loeb Classical Library: "it would be very silly to put an apex over all long syllables, because the length of most of them is obvious from the nature of the word which is written, but it is sometimes necessary, namely when the same letter produces different senses if it is long and if it is short. Thus, in
553:, but recommended against including them otherwise. Terentius Scaurus had a similar recommendation. Long vowels were never consistently indicated, even within individual inscriptions; writers most often marked them in grammatical endings, to avoid visual confusion with other letters, and to denote phrasal units.
599:
If Oliver is right, the apex as a sign denoting vowel length would have its origin in the time when long vowels were written double. Then, when long vowels ceased to be regularly written twice, the usage of the sicilicus above vowels evidently remained, even after it fell out of use above consonants,
201:
The shape and length of the apex can vary, sometimes within a single inscription. While virtually all apices consist of a line sloping up to the right, the line can be more or less curved, and varies in length from less than half the height of a letter to more than the height of a letter. Sometimes,
737:
longis syllabis omnibus adponere apicem ineptissimum est, quia plurimae natura ipsa verbi quod scribitur patent, sed interim necessarium, cum eadem littera alium atque alium intellectum, prout correpta vel producta est, facit: ut 'malus' arborem significet an hominem non bonum apice distinguitur,
587:
argues that they are one and the same sign, a mark of gemination which was used over any letter to indicate that the letter should be read twice. The distinction between a sicilicus that was used above consonants and an apex that was applied to vowels is then completely artificial: "There is
600:
and the apex, as it was now called, was redefined as a sign denoting the phonematic feature of vowel length, rather than as a purely orthographic shorthand. However, Oliver's view that the two marks were identical has been challenged.
748:
also means one thing if the first syllable is long and another if the second is long; and when the same letter is found as short in the nominative and as long in the ablative, we commonly need to be reminded which interpretation to
540:
Other markers of long vowels are attested, such as the reduplication of the vowel and the use of <ei> for long /i/ in archaic epigraphy, but the apex was the standard vowel-length indicator in classical times. The grammarian
567:
In modern Latin orthography, apices are typically not used, but the acute accent, which is similar in appearance, is sometimes used to mark stressed syllables. Long vowels are sometimes marked by a
592:
example of this mark that can be distinguished from an apex by any criterion other than its presence above a letter that is not a long vowel," Oliver writes, and "No ancient source says
202:
it is adorned at the top with a distinct hook, protruding to the left. Rather than being centered over the vowel it modifies, the apex is often considerably displaced to the right.
738:'palus' aliud priore syllaba longa, aliud sequenti significat, et cum eadem littera nominativo casu brevis, ablativo longa est, utrum sequamur plerumque hac nota monendi sumus
828:
320:
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112:
46:
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133:
1953:
93:
50:
65:
209:, is used today for the same purpose of denoting long vowels in a number of languages with Latin orthography, such as
72:
583:, a rarely-attested ancient Latin diacritic used above consonants to denote that they should be pronounced double.
35:
392:
Epitaph showing the use of apices and long i. In the transcription, abbreviations are spelled out in parentheses.
774:""Sicilicissitat" (Plautus, "Menaechmi" 12) and Early Geminate Writing in Latin (With an Appendix on "Men." 13)"
79:
545:
wrote that apices are necessary when a difference of quantity in a vowel changes the meaning of a word, as in
1221:
294:
Apices are usually thinner than the lines that compose the letters on which they stand. They appear in both
61:
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42:
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491:
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1906:
299:
24:
789:
1696:
1029:
949:
542:
195:
185:
1756:
1169:
837:
580:
295:
287:
275:, from the word for "long"), as well as for the historically long vowels of
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139:
653:
637:
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934:
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773:
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1112:
310:
205:
Essentially the same diacritic, conventionally called in
English the
683:
194:) that was sometimes placed over vowels to indicate that they were
1842:
1741:
1456:
1266:
1184:
919:
900:
744:, an apex indicates that it means 'apple tree' and not 'bad man';
638:"An Overlooked Usage of Apices and I Longae? Notes on CIL VI 2080"
555:
485:
387:
319:
1619:
302:
texts, although they are not always included in transcriptions.
16:
Latin and Middle
Vietnamese diacritic similar to an acute accent
810:
18:
806:
286:
324:
Inscription showing the use of very thin apices and long i.
579:
The apex (used above vowels) is often contrasted with the
707:"The Use of Devices for Indicating Vowel Length in Latin"
174:(plural "apices") is a mark with roughly the shape of an
670:
Oliver, Revilo P. (April 1966). "Apex and
Sicilicus".
138:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1854:
1798:
1682:
1586:
1278:
1219:
844:
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
711:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
152:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1476:
1379:
1320:
432:pia·clavd(ia)·avg(usta)·lvgvd(vnensis) / item·n
235:
1641:
1629:
1428:
1389:
665:
663:
1545:
1516:
1506:
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1300:
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8:
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1359:
1310:
829:
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642:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
317:(Lūciī a fīliī) in the next illustration.
245:, from the words for "long" and "wedge"),
1881:combining character § Unicode ranges
596:that there were two different signs...".
563:(1st century AD?) with a large apex mark.
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
625:
270:
255:
240:
219:
7:
1895:English terms with diacritical marks
631:
629:
305:An apex is not used with the letter
142:. For the distinction between ,
51:adding citations to reliable sources
414:tvs·col(oniae)·aug(ustae) / nemavs
14:
672:The American Journal of Philology
575:Identification with the sicilicus
535:multas · aduersus · quas · exc...
1912:
1911:
636:Fortson IV, Benjamin W. (2020).
533:defuturas · ignoro · fraudes · m
497:uobis · ujdetur · p · c · decern
394:c(aivs)·avrelivs / parthenivs /
23:
134:International Phonetic Alphabet
34:needs additional citations for
428:vir·avg(vstalis) / col(onia)·c
384:. Herculaneum, 1st century CE.
1:
1874:(placeholder glyph character)
845:In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek
490:Papyrus fragment written in
482:.Nimes, 1st–2nd century CE.
1970:
790:10.1163/156852506775455289
772:Fontaine, Michael (2006).
448:l(ia)·secvnd(anorum)aravsi
158:
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309:; instead, the letter is
242:[ˈhosːuːˈeːkɛzɛt]
221:[ˈʃiːnʲəˈfˠad̪ˠə]
1843:tilde § Mathematics
1683:Marks used as diacritics
531:ta · judicia · non · per
406:s·dec(vrionalibus) / hon
159:Not to be confused with
1939:Latin-script diacritics
705:Rolfe, John C. (1922).
313:(as a "long i"), as in
130:phonetic transcriptions
1232: ◌҄
1150: ◌͂
1025: ◌̉
896: ◌̑
564:
537:
483:
385:
291:
266:
251:
236:
226:
215:
127:This article contains
1954:Palaeographic letters
1078: ◌ͅ
559:
489:
391:
346:·men· / procvlvs·et·i
323:
290:
62:"Apex" diacritic
1918:Category: Diacritics
1722: ◌:
260:, "small line") and
47:improve this article
1652:dakuten, handakuten
1604:Gurmukhī diacritics
758:Terentius Scaurus,
511:tis · rebus ijs · j
444:rtio / et·fir(ma)·i
1799:Non-diacritic uses
800:– via JSTOR.
725:– via JSTOR.
656:– via JSTOR.
565:
538:
484:
386:
370:nibvs·et· / avgvst
354:nvs· / p · s · / d
292:
272:[ˈdl̩ːʐeɲ]
257:[ˈtʃaːrka]
213:(called in it the
1926:
1925:
1907:Punctuation marks
1813:caret (computing)
1669:Syriac diacritics
1614:diacritics in IPA
1609:Hebrew diacritics
1594:Arabic diacritics
452:ne / et·foro·ivli
307:⟨i⟩
123:
122:
115:
97:
1961:
1915:
1914:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1782: ◌′
1775:
1774:
1768:
1767: ◌˗
1760:
1759:
1757:full stop/period
1753:
1752: ◌.
1745:
1744:
1738:
1737: ◌,
1730:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1707: ◌̸
1700:
1699:
1693:
1692: ◌’
1664:Khmer diacritics
1655:
1654:
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1599:Greek diacritics
1587:In other scripts
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1296:
1294:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1262: ◌҃
1255:
1254:
1248:
1247: ◌҇
1240:
1239:
1233:
1211:
1210:
1208:smooth breathing
1200:
1199: ◌᾿
1196:
1195: ◌῾
1188:
1187:
1181:
1180: ◌̃
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165: ◌͗
1158:
1157:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1131: ◌̥
1128:
1127: ◌̊
1120:
1119:
1109:
1108: ◌̨
1101:
1100:
1094:
1093: ◌̄
1086:
1085:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1063: ◌̛
1056:
1055:
1045:
1044: ◌̢
1041:
1040: ◌̡
1033:
1032:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1007:
1006: ◌̏
1003:
1002: ◌̀
995:
994:
988:
987: ◌̣
984:
983: ◌̇
976:
975:
961:
960: ◌̈
953:
952:
946:
945: ◌̂
938:
937:
931:
930: ◌̧
923:
922:
916:
915: ◌̌
908:
907:
897:
893:
892: ◌̆
885:
884:
878:
877: ◌᷄
870:
869:
859:
858: ◌̋
855:
854: ◌́
831:
824:
817:
808:
802:
801:
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733:
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585:Revilo P. Oliver
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1674:Thai diacritics
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1620:kana diacritics
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760:De Orthographia
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495:
494:showing apices.
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161:Vietnamese apex
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1083:iota subscript
1073:
1058:
1053:retroflex hook
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910:
905:inverted breve
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735:Inst. 1,7,2s:
728:
697:
684:10.2307/292702
659:
624:
622:
619:
618:
617:
615:Latin spelling
612:
605:
602:
576:
573:
521:tur quj · jntr
330:·sacr· / a·a·l
315:lv́ciꟾ·a·fꟾliꟾ
311:written taller
284:
281:
249:(called in it
189:
179:
150:⟩, see
126:
125:
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45:. Please help
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1872:dotted circle
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1828:degree symbol
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784:(1): 95–110.
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838:Diacritics
678:(2): 149.
621:References
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543:Quintilian
296:epigraphic
224:or simply
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778:Mnemosyne
648:: 67–79.
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366:ne·decvri
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232:Hungarian
230:"long"),
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1787:prime
1742:comma
1727:colon
1457:nuqta
1281:Indic
1267:titlo
1185:tilde
1011:grave
973:other
901:breve
863:acute
794:JSTOR
746:palus
742:malus
719:JSTOR
688:JSTOR
650:JSTOR
551:málus
547:malus
527:jncoh
517:impon
480:ribvs
476:s·hon
267:dĺžeň
252:čárka
247:Czech
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184:) or
168:Latin
136:(IPA)
94:JSTOR
80:books
1068:horn
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549:and
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338:·a·f
298:and
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1430:ྃ
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