1104:
440:). The cervicals are very long compared to those of other early avemetatarsalians. As with most other reptiles, the vertebrae are composed of a roughly cylindrical main body (centrum) and a plate-like neural spine jutting out of the top. In the anterior cervicals (vertebrae at the front of the neck), a pair of low ridges run down the underside of the centrum. These ridges are separated by a wide area with other shallower ridges, making the centrum roughly rectangular in cross-section. The neural spines of the cervicals are also unique in aphanosaurs. They are hatchet shaped, with front edges that taper to a point and drastically overhang the centrum, at least in the front and middle parts of the neck. The upper edge of the neural spine is thin and blade-like, but the area immediately below the edge acquires a rough texture and forms a low, rounded ridge. These features are all unique to aphanosaurs.
579:(thigh bone) of aphanosaurs possesses a characteristic set of features which can be used to diagnose the group. The proximal (near) surface of the bone, which connects to the hip socket, has a deep groove on it, rather than simply being a flat articulation surface. In addition, the bone's distal (far) articulation, which connects to the lower leg bones, is concave. The proximal part of the femur also has several bumps (tubers) on either the outer or inner edge of the bone. Many avemetatarsalians have two of these tubers on the inner edge, a small anteromedial tuber in front and a larger posteromedial tuber further back. However, aphanosaurians seem to have completely lost (or never even possessed) the anteromedial tuber. This is nearly unprecedented among archosaurs, but similar to the case in archosaur relatives such as
818:
736:. The description was accompanied by two separate phylogenetic analyses, one derived from Nesbitt (2011)'s broad study on archosaurs and the other from Ezcurra (2016). Both analyses, reapplied with new information, gave a similar result for the position of aphanosaurs. They each placed the group at the base of Avemetatarsalia, outside of Ornithodira (the group containing pterosaurs, dinosaurs, and most other avemetatarsalians). A simplified strict consensus tree (a family tree with the fewest steps in evolution) using the Nesbitt (2011) analysis is given below:
672:
and the underside connecting to the fourth tarsal (a minor foot bone). In aphanosaurs, the socket for the astragalus is concave while the connection to the fibula manifests as a rounded dome. These are both characteristics of a 'crocodile-normal' ankle. In addition, the rear part of the calcaneum has a cylindrical structure known as a calcaneal tuber. Although this structure is smaller in aphanosaurs than in pseudosuchians, it is still much larger than in other avemetatarsalians, most of which don't even possess the structure. A few
508:(upper arm bone). This bone was robust, thin when seen from the side but wide when seen from the front. In anterior (front) view, its midshaft was pinched while the proximal (near) and distal (far) ends were wide, making the bone hourglass-shaped. The edge of the upper part of the humerus which faces away from the body has a rounded crest, known as a deltopectoral crest. This crest points forward and is fairly elongated, extending down about a third the length of the bone. Overall, the humerus of aphanosaurs closely resemble that of
402:, a large hole on the snout just in front of the eyes. Coupled with an antorbital depression (a collapsed area of bone which surrounded the fenestra), these indicate that aphanosaurs belonged to the group Archosauria. A partially-erupted tooth was also preserved on the lower edge of the maxilla. This tooth was flattened from the sides, slightly curved backwards, and serrated along its front edge. These tooth features indicate that aphanosaurs were carnivorous, as many meat-eating reptiles (including
2579:
2568:
1084:
130:
1025:
555:(other avemetatarsalians) have their ischia only slightly contact at the middle portion of each bone. The tip of the ischium is also rounded and semi-triangular in cross-section, with the lateral (outer) face of each ischium thinning towards the lower edge of the bone while the medial (inner) face is flat and contacts the other ischium. Poposauroids and dinosaurs also have rounded ischia, but lack the semi-triangular shape, which is also known in
849:
761:
444:
2614:
998:
627:
2562:
463:, while those that connect to vertebrae behind them are called postzygapophyses. The structures which connect to the ribs also have different names. In most archosaurs, the heads of the ribs are two-pronged. As a result, there are two areas on the side of each vertebra for connecting to a rib: the diapophysis in the upper part of the centrum and the parapophysis in a lower position. However, some
1057:
2586:
484:, and are common in dinosaurs but likely independently evolved due to being absent in other groups of avemetatarsalians. The body vertebrae have a different type of secondary structure. A small structure (hyposphene) below the postzygapophyses fits into a lip (hypantrum) between the prezygapophyses of the following vertebra, forming additional articulations to assist the zygapophyses. These
2573:
106:
950:
614:. Likewise, its supposed equivalent in dinosaurs is a structure known as the trochanteric shelf. Aphanosaurs are unique among other avemetatarsalians in the fact that these two scars are separate from each other. In more advanced avemetatarsalians such as dinosaurs, the two structures and their corresponding muscles merge, a condition which is retained in modern birds.
788:
668:. Some recent studies have suggested that phytosaurs are not actually archosaurs, but instead close relatives of the group. This indicates that 'crocodile-normal' ankles were the plesiomorphic (default) state in the first archosaurs, with 'advanced mesotarsal' ankles only later evolving within Avemetatarsalia, rather than at the base of the group.
606:, a muscle which connects to the hip and helps to stabilize the thigh. This particular scar may be the same thing as the anterior (or lesser) trochanter, a specific structure present in dinosaurs and their close relative. A different scar is located somewhat further back on the bone and lower on the shaft. This scar may have attached to the
541:, a plank-shaped bone which makes up the lower rear branch of the hip. For example, each ischium (on either side of the hip) contacts each other at the hip's midline. This contact is very extensive, although they are not completely fused due to the contact not extending to the upper edge of each bone. In contrast,
671:
The calcaneum of aphanosaurs supports this idea, as it more closely resembles that of 'crocodile-normal' ankles than 'advanced mesotarsal' ankles. The calcaneum lies on the outer side of the ankle, with its front or inner edge connecting to the astragalus, the upper surface connecting to the fibula,
617:
The thin tibia and fibula (lower leg bones) of aphanosaurs do not possess unique traits to the same extent as the femur. However, they are also shorter than the femur. These proportions are rare among early avemetatarsalians, but more common among pseudosuchians and non-archosaur archosauriformes. A
479:
In addition to these features which are unique among avemetatarsalians, aphanosaurs also have a few more traits present in other groups. In vertebrae at the front and middle of the neck, the postzygapophyses have additional small prongs just above the articulating plates. These additional prongs are
467:
are very unusual in aphanosaurs due to possessing a three-pronged head, although this feature only occurs in ribs at the base of the neck. In conjunction with this feature, the vertebrae in that area have a facet for the third prong just above the parapophysis, which has sometimes been classified as
369:
Members of this group were lightly-built and moderately-sized reptiles. They do not show any adaptations for bipedalism, which became much more common in other avemetatarsalians. In addition, their leg proportions indicate that they were not capable of sustained running, meaning that they were also
682:
and a few basal silesaurids). In cross-section, the calcaneal tubers of aphanosaurs are oval-shaped, taller than wide. Most foot material is fragmentary in this group, with only a few phalanges (toe bones) and metatarsals (primary elongated foot bones) known. Based on the length of the preserved
519:
an indeterminate early dinosaur or dinosaur relative. The arm as a whole was robustly-built and somewhat shorter than the leg, but only the humerus possessed unique features. The hand is mostly unknown in members of this group, but it was presumably small and five-fingered as in most archosaurs
658:
next to them. This type of heel, known as the 'advanced mesotarsal' condition, allows for more stability but less flexibility in the foot as it means the different bones of the ankle cannot flex against each other. Pseudosuchians (including modern crocodiles), as well as the crocodile-like
663:
have a different configuration, where the calcaneum is much larger and more complex, connecting to the astragalum with a joint that allows for movement between the two. This configuration is called a 'crocodile-normal' ankle, and reptiles which possess it are called
357:) were not basal to the whole clade of Avemetatarsalia. Nevertheless, they possessed elevated growth rates compared to their contemporaries, indicating that they grew quickly, more like birds than other modern reptiles. Despite superficially resembling
289:. Aphanosaurs possessed features from both groups, indicating that they are the oldest and most primitive known clade of avemetatarsalians, at least in terms of their position on the archosaur family tree. Other avemetatarsalians include the flying
428:, a silesaurid) shows that it was variable among many avemetatarsalians. As a whole, known aphanosaurian skull material possessed no unique features, meaning that the rest of the skeleton would have to be used to characterize the group.
1224:
Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Butler, Richard J.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Barrett, Paul M.; Stocker, Michelle R.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Sidor, Christian A.; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Sennikov, Andrey G.; Charig, Alan J. (2017).
398:(part of the cranium's jaw joint). Although these fragments make it difficult to reconstruct the skull of aphanosaurs, they do show several notable features. For example, the shape of the maxilla shows that aphanosaurs had an
422:. The rear part of the frontal possessed a round, shallow pit known as a supratemporal fossa. In the past it was believed that only dinosaurs possessed supratemporal fossae, but its presence in aphanosaurs (and
1103:
691:
Aphanosauria is a recently named group, so it has a fairly short taxonomic history. Before it was named, its constituent genera were shuffled around
Archosauria and its somewhat larger parent group,
378:
Very little skull material is known for the group as a whole. The only skull bones which can be confidently referred to this group consist of a few pterygoid and postorbital fragments belonging to
537:(hip) of aphanosaurs shares many similarities with those of early dinosaurs and silesaurids as well as the unrelated poposauroids. Most of these traits can be found in the
618:
short lower leg is inversely correlated with running abilities, indicating that aphanosaurs were not as fast or agile as more advanced members of
Avemetatarsalia.
349:
than to advanced avemetatarsalians such as pterosaurs, lagerpetids, and early dinosaurs. In addition, they seemingly possess 'crocodile-normal' ankles (with a
1647:
563:(hip socket) which is closed up by bone, although perhaps a small portion was open according to a notch near where the ischium contacts the
2709:
485:
654:, also known as a heel bone. Most avemetatarsalians have simple calcaneums which are firmly connected to a large bone known as an
1572:"The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriforms"
305:, which survive to the present day in the form of birds. Aphanosauria is formally defined as the most inclusive clade containing
602:
which helps to retract the hindlimbs. A scar on the anterolateral (front and outer) edge of the femur may have attached to the
455:
As in other reptiles, aphanosaurian vertebrae also have small structures which articulate with either other vertebrae or the
2578:
1640:
353:), showing that 'advanced mesotarsal' ankles (the form acquired by many dinosaurs, pterosaurs, lagerpetids, and advanced
2567:
1354:
817:
129:
588:
A small ridge is present on the inner part of the bone, about a quarter the way down the shaft. This ridge, called a
2714:
2617:
1753:
2585:
2496:
1633:
1390:
1530:
1310:, an early avemetatarsalian from the lower portion of the Lifua Member of the Manda Beds (Middle Triassic)"
1305:
1226:
2634:
2190:
2561:
2681:
2280:
1304:
Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Butler, Richard J.; Ezcurra, Martin D.; Charig, Alan J.; Barrett, Paul M. (2018).
676:
also have small calcaneal tubers, although aphanosaurs have larger and rounder tubers than these taxa (
559:. The ischium also has a groove on the upper part of the shaft. Unlike dinosaurs, aphanosaurs have an
459:
which connect to each vertebra. The structures which connect to vertebrae in front of them are called
2572:
2018:
1539:
1369:
1241:
1726:
460:
399:
2519:
1506:
1395:
1332:
1265:
124:
2686:
2672:
1083:
1611:
1593:
1454:
1436:
1257:
589:
350:
418:) had the same features. The front edge of the maxilla also has a small pit, similar to some
269:("hidden lizards") is an extinct group of reptiles distantly related to dinosaurs (including
2174:
1934:
1738:
1601:
1583:
1547:
1498:
1488:
1444:
1426:
1385:
1377:
1324:
1249:
800:
743:
692:
848:
2607:
2485:
2428:
2039:
1817:
1795:
1765:
1656:
1037:
980:
862:
813:
783:
756:
673:
338:
274:
187:
28:
1543:
1373:
1245:
1024:
760:
333:. Although only known by a few genera, Aphanosaurs had a widespread distribution across
2602:
2458:
1959:
1872:
1838:
1606:
1571:
1449:
1414:
708:
594:
342:
325:
997:
443:
2703:
2451:
2444:
2400:
2379:
2334:
2197:
1988:
1552:
1525:
1269:
469:
395:
319:
63:
1510:
1399:
1336:
2473:
2392:
2324:
2269:
2204:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2105:
1996:
1943:
1887:
1476:
1079:
1020:
886:
843:
700:
626:
564:
546:
493:
464:
419:
408:
391:
354:
298:
294:
286:
282:
235:
1328:
1056:
2657:
1477:"The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades"
2666:
2437:
2416:
2408:
2365:
2218:
2211:
2183:
2126:
2119:
2080:
1974:
1967:
1917:
1894:
1880:
1849:
993:
944:
927:
830:
713:
704:
514:
481:
424:
414:
307:
245:
225:
115:
38:
468:
a 'divided parapophysis'. The only other archosaurs with this feature were the
2344:
2314:
2297:
2232:
2225:
2140:
2070:
2060:
1981:
1952:
1901:
1711:
1686:
1431:
1381:
1227:"The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan"
1099:
1051:
910:
678:
665:
655:
581:
560:
551:
489:
313:
278:
255:
83:
48:
1625:
1597:
1440:
2508:
2133:
2007:
1695:
949:
660:
651:
542:
509:
403:
346:
329:(Nile crocodile). This group was first recognized during the description of
290:
174:
141:
105:
88:
1615:
1458:
1261:
787:
721:-grade archosaur relatives in his analysis. At the time of these analyses,
2651:
2354:
2252:
2091:
1680:
456:
437:
302:
161:
78:
73:
58:
53:
43:
1253:
1588:
538:
505:
436:
Aphanosaurs have many distinguishing features of their cervicals (neck
387:
334:
93:
68:
520:(apart from specialized forms like pterosaurs or theropod dinosaurs).
1674:
1502:
599:
534:
358:
151:
2628:
1493:
625:
576:
442:
1355:"The higher-level phylogeny of Archosauria (Tetrapoda: Diapsida)"
1353:
Brusatte, S.L.; Benton, M.J.; Desojo, J.B.; Langer, M.C. (2010).
2525:
270:
2632:
1667:
1629:
1526:"A new rauisuchian archosaur from the Middle Triassic of India"
725:(the most completely known aphanosaur) was not yet described.
496:, and are often considered to help make the spine more rigid.
382:
as well as some fragmentary material considered to belong to
361:, the closest modern relatives of aphanosaurs are birds.
638:(B) seen from above, showing 'crocodile-normal' features
504:
Aphanosaurs have several characteristic features of the
345:
long-necked carnivores, a biology more similar to basal
728:
In 2017, Aphanosauria was named and defined by
Nesbitt
2482:
2376:
2361:
2350:
2340:
2330:
2320:
2310:
2266:
2102:
2087:
2076:
2066:
2056:
1931:
1860:
1845:
1834:
251:
241:
231:
221:
2641:
2507:
2481:
2472:
2427:
2375:
2295:
2265:
2250:
2173:
2101:
2037:
2006:
1942:
1930:
1915:
1859:
1815:
1764:
1737:
1710:
683:metatarsals, the foot was likely rather elongated.
1481:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1391:20.500.11820/24322ff3-e80e-45f2-8d53-d35fd104195c
476:had been mistaken for a poposauroid in the past.
451:, showing features characteristic of aphanosaurs.
390:(tooth-bearing bone of the middle of the snout),
394:(part of the skull roof above the eyes), and a
1641:
8:
1415:"Tracing the evolution of avian wing digits"
273:). They are at the base of a group known as
610:, a muscle which has a similar role to the
2629:
2478:
2384:
2303:
2262:
2258:
2111:
2049:
2045:
1939:
1927:
1923:
1827:
1823:
1812:
1743:
1716:
1707:
1664:
1648:
1634:
1626:
104:
20:
1605:
1587:
1551:
1492:
1448:
1430:
1389:
1348:
1346:
1470:
1468:
1205:
1413:Xu, Xing; Mackem, Susan (2013-06-17).
1299:
7:
1565:
1563:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
370:slow by avemetatarsalian standards.
1362:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1072:
1043:
1013:
986:
902:
878:
868:
836:
806:
776:
749:
739:
1317:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
486:hyposphene-hypantrum articulations
14:
1570:Ezcurra, Martín D. (2016-04-28).
732:during the formal description of
592:, is an attachment point for the
2613:
2612:
2584:
2577:
2571:
2566:
2560:
1553:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2004.00438.x
1102:
1082:
1055:
1023:
996:
948:
847:
816:
786:
759:
128:
612:M. iliotrochantericus caudalis
604:M. iliotrochantericus caudalis
277:, one of two main branches of
1:
1329:10.1080/02724634.2017.1396539
301:, and the incredibly diverse
707:by different analyses, with
711:(2016) placing both it and
642:Two different aphanosaurs (
2731:
2710:Middle Triassic archosaurs
1657:Avemetatarsalia / Pan-Aves
567:(upper blade of the hip).
2597:
2558:
2387:
2306:
2261:
2114:
2052:
2048:
1926:
1830:
1826:
1811:
1792:
1746:
1719:
1706:
1663:
1432:10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.071
1382:10.1080/14772010903537732
1097:
1077:
1070:
1048:
1041:
1018:
1011:
991:
984:
941:
924:
907:
900:
883:
876:
866:
841:
834:
811:
804:
781:
774:
754:
747:
608:M. iliofemoralis externus
281:. The other main branch,
218:
213:
125:Scientific classification
123:
112:
103:
23:
16:Extinct clade of reptiles
447:Cervical vertebrae from
386:. These bones include a
341:. They were fairly slow
699:was first considered a
1475:Nesbitt, S.J. (2011).
639:
452:
314:Yarasuchus deccanensis
2682:Paleobiology Database
1524:Sen, Kasturi (2005).
629:
492:dinosaurs as well as
472:, which explains how
446:
1308:Teleocrater Rhadinus
326:Crocodylus niloticus
308:Teleocrater rhadinus
208:Nesbitt et al., 2017
1544:2005Palgy..48..185S
1374:2010JSPal...8....3B
1254:10.1038/nature22037
1246:2017Natur.544..484N
400:antorbital fenestra
323:(house sparrow) or
1589:10.7717/peerj.1778
650:) each preserve a
640:
453:
406:dinosaurs such as
285:, includes modern
2715:Avemetatarsalians
2697:
2696:
2635:Taxon identifiers
2626:
2625:
2593:
2592:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2468:
2467:
2291:
2290:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
1911:
1910:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1323:(sup1): 142–177.
1240:(7651): 484–487.
1196:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1114:
970:
969:
961:
960:
595:M. caudofemoralis
590:fourth trochanter
524:Hip and hindlimbs
351:crurotarsal joint
320:Passer domesticus
264:
263:
209:
2722:
2690:
2689:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2630:
2616:
2615:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2484:
2479:
2385:
2378:
2363:
2352:
2342:
2332:
2322:
2312:
2304:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2175:Sulcimentisauria
2112:
2104:
2089:
2078:
2068:
2058:
2050:
2046:
1940:
1935:Pterosauromorpha
1933:
1928:
1924:
1862:
1847:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1813:
1754:Archosauromorpha
1744:
1739:Archosauromorpha
1717:
1708:
1701:
1700:
1665:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1627:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1591:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1496:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1434:
1425:(12): R538–544.
1410:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1314:
1306:"The anatomy of
1301:
1274:
1273:
1231:
1221:
1106:
1086:
1073:
1059:
1044:
1027:
1014:
1000:
987:
952:
903:
879:
869:
852:
851:
837:
820:
807:
790:
777:
763:
750:
744:Archosauriformes
740:
693:Archosauriformes
630:The calcanea of
293:, small bipedal
253:
243:
233:
223:
207:
202:
133:
132:
113:Illustration of
108:
98:
35:
34:Anisian–Ladinian
27:Temporal range:
21:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2685:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2637:
2627:
2622:
2608:Phytodinosauria
2589:
2576:
2532:
2503:
2497:Sauropodomorpha
2486:Sauropodomorpha
2464:
2429:Herrerasauridae
2423:
2371:
2300:
2287:
2255:
2238:
2169:
2097:
2042:
2040:Dinosauromorpha
2025:
2002:
1920:
1907:
1855:
1820:
1818:Avemetatarsalia
1799:
1796:Avemetatarsalia
1780:
1766:Avemetatarsalia
1760:
1733:
1702:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1654:
1624:
1623:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1419:Current Biology
1412:
1411:
1407:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1277:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1038:Dinosauriformes
971:
962:
863:Avemetatarsalia
846:
814:Proterochampsia
784:Erythrosuchidae
757:Proterosuchidae
695:. For example,
689:
674:dinosauriformes
624:
573:
531:
526:
502:
488:are present in
461:prezygapophyses
434:
376:
367:
339:Middle Triassic
275:Avemetatarsalia
206:
200:
188:Avemetatarsalia
127:
99:
97:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
33:
32:
29:Middle Triassic
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2728:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2678:
2663:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2605:
2603:Ornithoscelida
2598:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2490:
2488:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2459:Staurikosaurus
2455:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2388:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2348:
2338:
2328:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2274:
2272:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2074:
2064:
2053:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1960:Faxinalipterus
1956:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1873:Incertovenator
1868:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1839:Incertovenator
1831:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1720:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1668:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1559:
1538:(1): 185–196.
1516:
1464:
1405:
1342:
1275:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
990:
985:
983:
977:
976:
973:
972:
968:
967:
964:
963:
959:
958:
955:
954:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
906:
901:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
882:
877:
875:
867:
865:
859:
858:
855:
854:
840:
835:
833:
827:
826:
823:
822:
810:
805:
803:
797:
796:
793:
792:
780:
775:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
753:
748:
746:
738:
709:Martin Ezcurra
688:
687:Classification
685:
623:
620:
572:
569:
530:
527:
525:
522:
512:dinosaurs and
501:
498:
433:
430:
375:
372:
366:
363:
297:, herbivorous
262:
261:
260:
259:
249:
239:
229:
216:
215:
211:
210:
198:
191:
190:
185:
178:
177:
172:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
121:
120:
110:
109:
101:
100:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
36:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2727:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2619:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2452:Sanjuansaurus
2449:
2447:
2446:
2445:Herrerasaurus
2442:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:Daemonosaurus
2398:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:Herrerasauria
2374:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2335:Daemonosaurus
2329:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2198:Eucoelophysis
2195:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:Scleromochlus
1986:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1531:Palaeontology
1527:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1494:10.1206/352.1
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1001:
999:
995:
989:
988:
982:
979:
978:
975:
974:
966:
965:
957:
956:
953:
951:
947:
946:
939:
938:
935:
934:
931:
930:
929:
922:
921:
918:
917:
914:
913:
912:
905:
904:
898:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
888:
881:
880:
874:
871:
870:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
853:
850:
845:
839:
838:
832:
829:
828:
825:
824:
821:
819:
815:
809:
808:
802:
799:
798:
795:
794:
791:
789:
785:
779:
778:
772:
771:
768:
767:
764:
762:
758:
752:
751:
745:
742:
741:
737:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
686:
684:
681:
680:
675:
669:
667:
662:
657:
653:
649:
645:
637:
633:
628:
621:
619:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:
591:
586:
584:
583:
578:
570:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
529:Pelvic girdle
528:
523:
521:
518:
516:
511:
507:
499:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
477:
475:
471:
466:
465:cervical ribs
462:
458:
450:
445:
441:
439:
431:
429:
427:
426:
421:
417:
416:
411:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
373:
371:
364:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:
322:
321:
316:
315:
310:
309:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
258:
257:
250:
248:
247:
240:
238:
237:
230:
228:
227:
220:
219:
217:
212:
205:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
131:
126:
122:
119:
117:
111:
107:
102:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
30:
22:
19:
2673:Aphanosauria
2643:Aphanosauria
2642:
2565:
2474:Eusaurischia
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2393:Chindesaurus
2391:
2364:
2353:
2343:
2333:
2325:Chindesaurus
2323:
2313:
2281:Ornithischia
2270:Ornithischia
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2205:Ignotosaurus
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2163:Technosaurus
2161:
2156:Soumyasaurus
2154:
2148:Pisanosaurus
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2106:Silesauridae
2090:
2079:
2069:
2059:
1997:Venetoraptor
1995:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1951:
1944:Lagerpetidae
1900:
1893:
1888:Spondylosoma
1886:
1879:
1871:
1864:Aphanosauria
1863:
1848:
1837:
1794:
1691:
1579:
1575:
1535:
1529:
1519:
1484:
1480:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1365:
1361:
1320:
1316:
1307:
1237:
1233:
1098:
1080:Silesauridae
1078:
1050:
1049:
1021:Lagerpetidae
1019:
992:
943:
942:
926:
925:
909:
908:
887:Spondylosoma
885:
884:
873:Aphanosauria
872:
844:Pseudosuchia
842:
812:
782:
755:
733:
729:
727:
722:
718:
712:
703:and later a
701:prestosuchid
696:
690:
677:
670:
666:crurotarsans
647:
643:
641:
635:
631:
616:
611:
607:
603:
593:
587:
580:
575:The gracile
574:
556:
550:
532:
513:
503:
478:
473:
470:poposauroids
454:
448:
435:
423:
413:
409:Velociraptor
407:
383:
379:
377:
368:
330:
324:
318:
312:
306:
287:crocodilians
283:Pseudosuchia
267:Aphanosauria
266:
265:
254:
244:
236:Spondylosoma
234:
224:
204:Aphanosauria
203:
194:
181:
168:
114:
24:Aphanosauria
18:
2667:Wikispecies
2438:Gnathovorax
2417:Caseosaurus
2219:Lutungutali
2212:Kwanasaurus
2184:Amanasaurus
2127:Asilisaurus
2120:Agnosphitys
2081:Nyasasaurus
2019:Pterosauria
2008:Pterosauria
1975:Kongonaphon
1968:Ixalerpeton
1918:Ornithodira
1895:Teleocrater
1881:Dongusuchus
1850:Mambachiton
1696:Archosauria
1368:(1): 3–47.
994:Pterosauria
981:Ornithodira
945:Teleocrater
928:Dongusuchus
831:Archosauria
801:Eucrocopoda
734:Teleocrater
723:Teleocrater
714:Dongusuchus
705:poposauroid
648:Teleocrater
636:Teleocrater
557:Asilisaurus
547:lagerpetids
515:Nyasasaurus
490:saurischian
482:epipophyses
449:Teleocrater
425:Asilisaurus
420:silesaurids
415:Deinonychus
384:Teleocrater
365:Description
355:silesaurids
343:quadrupedal
331:Teleocrater
299:silesaurids
295:lagerpetids
246:Teleocrater
226:Dongusuchus
175:Archosauria
116:Teleocrater
2704:Categories
2601:See also:
2345:Eodromaeus
2315:Alwalkeria
2298:Saurischia
2253:Dinosauria
2233:Silesaurus
2226:Sacisaurus
2141:Lewisuchus
2071:Marasuchus
2061:Lagosuchus
1982:Lagerpeton
1953:Dromomeron
1902:Yarasuchus
1775:see below↓
1727:Sauropsida
1712:Sauropsida
1687:Sauropsida
1200:References
1100:Dinosauria
1052:Marasuchus
911:Yarasuchus
719:Euparkeria
697:Yarasuchus
679:Marasuchus
661:phytosaurs
656:astragalus
644:Yarasuchus
632:Yarasuchus
582:Euparkeria
561:acetabulum
552:Marasuchus
543:pterosaurs
494:raisuchids
474:Yarasuchus
380:Yarasuchus
347:archosaurs
291:pterosaurs
279:archosaurs
256:Yarasuchus
2658:Q29417771
2524:includes
2520:Theropoda
2509:Theropoda
2134:Gamatavus
1673:Kingdom:
1598:2167-8359
1582:: e1778.
1503:2246/6112
1487:: 1–292.
1441:1879-0445
1270:262955669
652:calcaneum
598:, a tail
500:Forelimbs
438:vertebrae
432:Vertebrae
303:dinosaurs
148:Kingdom:
142:Eukaryota
2652:Wikidata
2618:Category
2355:Saltopus
2191:Diodorus
2092:Saltopus
1681:Chordata
1679:Phylum:
1675:Animalia
1616:27162705
1511:83493714
1459:23787052
1400:59148006
1337:90421480
1262:28405026
634:(A) and
510:sauropod
404:theropod
396:quadrate
317:but not
162:Chordata
158:Phylum:
152:Animalia
138:Domain:
118:rhadinus
1685:Class:
1607:4860341
1540:Bibcode
1450:7561259
1370:Bibcode
1242:Bibcode
539:ischium
506:humerus
480:termed
392:frontal
388:maxilla
359:lizards
337:in the
335:Pangaea
214:Genera
2687:352307
1614:
1604:
1596:
1509:
1457:
1447:
1439:
1398:
1335:
1268:
1260:
1234:Nature
730:et al.
600:muscle
549:, and
535:pelvis
2526:birds
1692:Clade
1576:PeerJ
1507:S2CID
1396:S2CID
1358:(PDF)
1333:S2CID
1313:(PDF)
1266:S2CID
1230:(PDF)
622:Ankle
577:femur
565:ilium
374:Skull
271:birds
195:Clade
182:Clade
169:Clade
2518:see
2495:see
2409:Tawa
2366:Tawa
2279:see
2017:see
1752:see
1725:see
1612:PMID
1594:ISSN
1455:PMID
1437:ISSN
1258:PMID
646:and
533:The
457:ribs
412:and
311:and
39:PreꞒ
1602:PMC
1584:doi
1548:doi
1499:hdl
1489:doi
1485:352
1445:PMC
1427:doi
1386:hdl
1378:doi
1325:doi
1250:doi
1238:544
717:as
571:Leg
2706::
2684::
2669::
2654::
1694::
1610:.
1600:.
1592:.
1578:.
1574:.
1562:^
1546:.
1536:48
1534:.
1528:.
1505:.
1497:.
1483:.
1479:.
1467:^
1453:.
1443:.
1435:.
1423:23
1421:.
1417:.
1394:.
1384:.
1376:.
1364:.
1360:.
1345:^
1331:.
1321:37
1319:.
1315:.
1278:^
1264:.
1256:.
1248:.
1236:.
1232:.
1208:^
585:.
545:,
197::
184::
171::
89:Pg
31:,
2483:†
2420:?
2412:?
2404:?
2396:?
2377:†
2362:†
2358:?
2351:†
2341:†
2331:†
2321:†
2311:†
2267:†
2166:?
2151:?
2108:?
2103:†
2088:†
2084:?
2077:†
2067:†
2057:†
1992:?
1963:?
1932:†
1876:?
1861:†
1846:†
1842:?
1835:†
1649:e
1642:t
1635:v
1618:.
1586::
1580:4
1556:.
1550::
1542::
1513:.
1501::
1491::
1461:.
1429::
1402:.
1388::
1380::
1372::
1366:8
1339:.
1327::
1272:.
1252::
1244::
517:,
252:†
242:†
232:†
222:†
201:†
94:N
84:K
79:J
74:T
69:P
64:C
59:D
54:S
49:O
44:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
