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that higher temperatures generally lead to more reproductive actions. No reproduction was observed at temperatures of 8 degrees
Celsius. Fertilized females go on reproducing for six months without further fertilization In chrysanthemum leaves, the female lays about 25-30 eggs in a compact group. These eggs hatch in 3–4 days and the juveniles take 9–10 days to reach maturity. The total life cycle takes 10–13 days In susceptible varieties of Chrysanthemum, the female remains in one place within the leaf as it feeds on adjacent cells and continuously lays eggs. In resistant varieties, the female moves through the leaf laying only a few eggs as it goes. Few, if any of the juveniles make it to maturity. Like many other plant parasitic nematodes,
362:
to elevated temperatures. A hot water treatment at a temperature of 115 degrees
Fahrenheit for five minutes of dormant plant materials such as bulbs, runners or cuttings intended for propagation can be used and is effective at eliminating most nematodes that may be infesting the plant material. Sanitation of equipment is also important to controlling the nematode. Pots potting soil, and tools should be cleaned by baking or steaming at 180-200 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 minutes. Care must be taken so that the temperatures needed to eliminate the infesting nematodes does not irrevocably harm the plant material.
294:
it enters through the stomata to begin feeding in an endoparasitic fashion. Once inside the host it is capable of invading and infecting host tissue at all life stages, other than the egg. The more mature stages show an improved ability to migrate through host tissue. When the growing season of the host comes to an end the nematode goes into a quiescent state overwintering inside the leaf tissue. When spring comes they end their quiescent state then find and infest a new host.
46:
33:
168:(black currant nematode, chrysanthemum foliar nematode, chrysanthemum leaf nematode, chrysanthemum nematode, chrysanthemum foliar eelworm) is a plant pathogenic nematode. It was first scientifically described in 1890 in England. This nematode has a wide host range. Among the most important species affected are Chrysanthemums and strawberries.
301:
providing a long term film of water on the plant which protects the nematode from exposure. Ectoparasitic feeding also happens on the roots in the soil. All of this happens in an extremely short amount of time, it takes around 10 days for A. ritzembosi to go from egg to adult. All life stages are vermiform and migratory.
388:. The following cultivars of Chrysanthemum are resistant to this pest: Amy Shoesmith, Delightful, Orange Beauty, and Orange Peach Blossom. These are listed as resistant but not immune. This implies that the plant may still be attacked by adult nematodes but reproduction is highly reduced if not prevented.
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is likely to cause some degree of yield loss to growers where the nematode is present since photosynthetic area of the leaves is damaged or destroyed as the nematodes feed and reproduce. However, this nematode is not considered to cause economic loss unless environmental conditions are very suitable.
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is an endoparasitic nematode, meaning that it feeds on plant tissue from the inside of the cell. Adult nematodes infest the leaves of their host plant by swimming up the outside of the stem in a film of water. This can only happen when the relative humidity is very high. Once it has reached a leaf
272:
has a wide host range of almost 200 plant species, and is an important disease in chrysanthemum and other ornamentals. Other ornamental hosts of A. ritzemabosi are anemones, asters, carnations, Chinaster, cinerarias, coneflowers, crassulas, creeping bellflower, dahlias, delphiniums, elders, lupines,
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This organism is a 'C' rated pest in the U.S. state of
California, meaning that it is not subject to state enforcement outside of nurseries except to retard spread or to provide for pest cleanliness in nurseries. For a sense of how that relates to other plant pests, an 'A' rated pest is an organism
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Infected leaves and plants should be removed and destroyed. Since this nematode relies on moisture to move up the plant and between plants, care should be taken to avoid periods of wetness. Drip irrigation is preferable over overhead spray irrigation for this reason. This nematode is susceptible
345:
has a very wide range. In the US, its distribution is restricted to
California, Colorado, Florida, and Wyoming. It is widespread in Mexico. It is also present but restricted in Asia, including many provinces of China, Japan, Iran, and India. It is also present throughout Europe from Portugal to
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can produce up to thousands of offspring in the period of about a month. French & Barraclough (1961) obtained a maximum number of 3,500 progeny from a single A. ritzemabosi female after 38 days at mean greenhouse temperatures of 17° to 23 °C. Temperature influence on reproduction showed
300:
is also capable of feeding ectoparasitically, from the outside of the cell. It has been known to feed ectoparasitically on the buds of some plants such as strawberry and black currants. Above ground ectoparasitic feeding can only happen in events of prolonged high humidity or other circumstances
281:
nematode is feeding in the bud of a plant is brown scars on the bud and surrounding tissue. The nematode also produces secretions that have the ability to cause several other symptoms in infested plants including shortening of inter-nodes, creating a bushy appearance, browning and failure of the
172:
is a migratory foliar feeding nematode. It can feed both ectoparasitically and endoparasitically, with the later causing the most significant damage. When adequate moisture is present, this nematode enters the leaves and feeds from inside the tissue. Typical damage is characterized by necrotic
260:
are often wider than females. The head is sharply differentiated from the body in that it is noticeably wider than the neck. This nematode has four lateral incisures. Females have at least two rows of oocytes and the spicule on the male nematodes is a short ventral process without outgrowths.
352:
is more commonly associated with temperate climates, even though it can be found in both tropical and temperate localities. It is best suited to thrive and reproduce when in highly humid environments, where it tends to be more active in infesting hosts than in dryer environments. the optimal
333:
In adult females, the eggs can be seen developing inside their bodies before they are deposited to hatch. If an adult female is cut off from a reliable supply of food it has been observed that the egg will disappear from view, evidently being aborted and reabsorbed by the female.
173:
zones between the veins of the leaves. Its lifecycle is short; only ten days from egg to mature adult. A single female can lay as many as 3,500 eggs. This pest can be difficult to control. Host plant resistance, hot water treatments, and predatory mites are recommended.
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of known economic importance subject to action enforced by the state (or County
Agricultural Commissioner acting as a state agent) involving: eradication, quarantine regulation, containment, rejection, or other holding action such as
596:
J. S. DOLLIVER 1), A. C. HILDEBRANDT, & A. J. RIKERSTUDIES OF REPRODUCTION OF APHELENCHOIDES RITZEMABOSI (SCHWARTZ) ON PLANT TISSUES IN CULTURE. Department of Plant
Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, U.S.A.
564:
Hesling, J. J.; Wallace, H. R. (1961). "Observations on the biology of chrysanthemum eelworm
Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi (Schwartz) Steiner in florists' chrysanthemum.1. Spread of eelworm infestation".
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has the ability to reproduce on fungal tissue, suggesting that soil fungus may contribute to the nematode's survival when no host is available. Laboratory tests have shown that
277:
is seen when the nematode is feeding in the foliar tissue. Angular lesions are formed, which are chlorotic at first then turn necrotic as the feeding persists. A sign that an
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is a serious pest of strawberry in
Ireland, where yield reductions up to 60% have been recorded. The crown weight of strawberry cv. Senga Sengana was reduced by 51% by
1139:
404:
In 1981, Crop losses from plant-parasitic nematodes in the US were estimated by the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA) at about $ 4.0 billion per year.
1178:
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Observations on the biology of chrysanthemum eelworm
Aphelenchoides ritzema- bosi (Schwartz) Steiner in florists’ chrysanthemum I. Spread of eelworm infestation
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can cause average yield losses of an estimated 53.4% in the strawberry variety Korallovaya 100. The variety Yasna seems to be somewhat less susceptible to
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1113:
913:
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Kohl, L. M. 2011. Astronauts of the Nematode World: An Aerial View of Foliar Nematode Biology, Epidemiology, and Host Range. APSnet Features.
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Nicola Vovlas et al. 2005. Identification and histopathology of the foliar nematode Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi (Nematoda:Aphelenchoididae)
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ranges in length from 0.7 to 1.2 mm with the females of the species having the potential to be slightly longer than the males. Male
755:
Niemuth, Neal D. (2003). "Identifying Landscapes for Greater Prairie Chicken Translocation Using Habitat Models and GIS: A Case Study".
1074:
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infestation destroyed 45% of chrysanthemum plants on a holding, and for the most susceptible varieties the number was as high as 92%.
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Sturhan, D; Hampel, G (1977). "Plant-parasitic nematodes as prey of the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Acarina, Tyroglyphidae)".
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infections can reduce the number of runners by up to 25-30%. The level of susceptibility varies among cultivars. An infection by
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monkeyflower, phlox, pouchflower, rhododendrons, sages, Siberian wallflower, water peperomia, and zinnias. A common symptom of
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Siberia; it was once present in Denmark but has been eradicated. It is widespread in South Africa, and the Canary Islands.
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causes substantial economic loss in basil crops in Italy as it infects the economically valuable portion of the plant.
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French, N; Barraclough, R (1961). "Observations on the reproduction of Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi (Schwartz)".
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Siddiqi, M. R. 1974: Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi. CIH descriptions of plant-parasitic nematodes. Set 3, No. 32.
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Wallace, HR (1960). "Observations on the behaviour of Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi in chrysanthemum leaves".
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Hooper, DJ; Cowland, JA (1986). "Fungal hosts for the chrysanthemum nematode, Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi".
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950:
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Decker, Heinz. Plant Nematodes and their Control. Phytonematology. 1981. Amerind Publishing Co. New Delhi.
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growth and reproduction. These fungi are used to culture and propagate other Aphelenchid species as well.
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860:"A Mew Disease of Pinto Bean caused by Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi and its Associated Foliar Symptoms"
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Jenkins, W. R. & Taylor D. P. (1967) Plant Nematology. New York: Reinhold Publishing Corp.
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University of Illinois Extension Report on Plant Disease. RPD No. 1102, July 2000.
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University of Illinois Extension. Report on Plant Disease. RPD No.1102 July 2000.
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by Schwartz in 1911. This species may also be known by the following synonyms:
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Hooper, D; Cowland, J (1986). "Fungal hosts for the chrysanthemum nematode,
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837:"Host Plant Resistance to a Genus and species of Plant-feeding Nematodes"
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Plant Pathology, Gorge N. Agrios. Academic Press, 2005. p868 & 869
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was recognized as an individual species and given the current name
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Chrysanthemum foliar eelworm ( Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi ).
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Studies have shown that in optimal conditions a single female
233:(Schwartz 1911) Drozdovski 1967, Tylenchus ribes Taylor 1917,
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Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde, Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz
420:. This damage results in fruit yield loss of up to 65%.
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First described in England in 1890, it was given the name
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temperature for reproduction is 17 °C-23 °C.
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by Ritzema-Bos in 1893. In 1908, Markinowski grouped
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shoot to grow, as well as distorted leaf formation.
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381:and can serve in biological control practices.
384:Host-plant resistance is also used to control
366:has proven to be a potent chemical control of
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432:than Korallovaya 100 or Muto. In Poland,
729:Invasive Species Compendium www.cabi.org
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326:species of fungi are more conducive to
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858:Franc, Gary; Colette Beaupre (1993).
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1194:8bb39af3-2ce1-4bbc-a120-44521ceee15d
1106:e4fb61f8-9135-4e13-bf12-5a4321258f2f
444:(strawberry summer dwarf nematode).
912:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (
979:at University of California, Davis
717:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1986.tb01992.x
686:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1986.tb01992.x
579:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1961.tb03602.x
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744:10.1094/APSnetFeature-2011-0111
396:Infection of various plants by
231:Pseudaphelenchoides ritzemabosi
217:(Schwartz 1911), Steiner 1932,
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537:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
370:especially in chrysanthemum.
951:"Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi"
474:"Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi"
229:(Schwartz 1911) Fuchs 1937,
215:Pathoaphelenchus ritzemabosi
1240:Agricultural pest nematodes
241:(Taylor 1917) Goodey 1933,
237:(Taylor 1917) Goodey 1932,
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1217:aphelenchoides-ritzemabosi
1041:Aphelenchoides_ritzemabosi
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701:Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
414:Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
408:Aphelenchoides ritzeambosi
350:Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
343:Aphelenchoides ritzeambosi
298:Aphelenchoides ritzeambosi
291:Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
270:Aphelenchoides ritezmabosi
254:Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
207:Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
165:Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
150:Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
25:Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
757:Wildlife Society Bulletin
567:Annals of Applied Biology
533:Maggenti, Armand (1981).
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243:Aphelenchus phyllophagus
659:10.1163/187529260x00136
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377:is a known predator of
375:Rhizoglyphus echinopus,
211:Aphelenchus ritzemabosi
875:Cite journal requires
442:Aphelenchoides besseyi
197:under the common name
894:Pimentel, D. (1981).
183:Aphelenchus olesistus
1101:Fauna Europaea (new)
239:Aphelenchoides ribes
132:A. ritzemabosi
814:10.1007/bf02336612
535:General Nematology
265:Hosts and symptoms
223:Chitinoaphelenchus
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338:Environment
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249:Description
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199:A. omerodis
195:A. omerodis
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1179:NCBI
1158:6384
1114:GBIF
1062:EPPO
1049:BOLD
958:2012
914:link
881:help
845:2012
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