1033:
923:
451:
667:
55:
443:
9249:
1815:
865:
799:
907:(anisogamy). The microgametes are motile and must reach the macrogamete to fertilize it. The fertilized macrogamete forms a zygote that in its turn forms an oocyst that is normally released from the body. Syzygy, when it occurs, involves markedly anisogamous gametes. The lifecycle is typically haploid, with the only diploid stage occurring in the zygote, which is normally short-lived.
763:, surrounded by either three or four membranes. Its functions are thought to include tasks such as lipid and heme biosynthesis, and it appears to be necessary for survival. In general, plastids are considered to have a common origin with the chloroplasts of dinoflagellates, and evidence points to an origin from
914:. In the gregarines, these are large, extracellular, and possess epimerites or mucrons. A second difference between the coccidia and the gregarines also lies in the gamonts. In the coccidians, a single gamont becomes a macrogametocyte, whereas in the gregarines, the gamonts give rise to multiple gametocytes.
946:
or other tissues in the vertebrate host. Microgametes and macrogametes are always found in the blood. The gametes are taken up by the insect vector during a blood meal. The microgametes migrate within the gut of the insect vector and fuse with the macrogametes. The fertilized macrogamete now becomes
2040:
These phylogenetic relations have rarely been studied at the subclass level. The
Haemosporidia are related to the gregarines, and the piroplasms and coccidians are sister groups. The Haemosporidia and the Piroplasma appear to be sister clades, and are more closely related to the coccidians than to
1320:. The Eimeriorinaâthe largest suborder in this phylumâthe lifecycle involves both sexual and asexual stages. The asexual stages reproduce by schizogony. The male gametocyte produces a large number of gametes and the zygote gives rise to an oocyst, which is the infective stage. The majority are
1059:
are available for most diseases caused by these parasites. Biomedical research on these parasites is challenging because it is often difficult, if not impossible, to maintain live parasite cultures in the laboratory and to genetically manipulate these organisms. In recent years, several of the
1861:
Macrogamete and microgamete develop separately. Syzygy does not occur. Ookinete has a conoid. Sporozoites have three walls. Heteroxenous: alternates between vertebrate host (in which merogony occurs) and invertebrate host (in which sporogony occurs). Usually blood parasites, transmitted by
488:
Besides the conserved apical complex, Apicomplexa are morphologically diverse. Different organisms within
Apicomplexa, as well as different life stages for a given apicomplexan, can vary substantially in size, shape, and subcellular structure. Like other eukaryotes, Apicomplexa have a
42:
1794:
The eimeriorins are a diverse group that includes one host species of invertebrates, two-host species of invertebrates, one-host species of vertebrates and two-host species of vertebrates. The eimeriorins are frequently called the coccidia. This term is often used to include the
729:, called the polar ring, and among the Conoidasida is also a funnel of tubulin proteins called the conoid. Over the rest of the cell, except for a diminished mouth called the micropore, the membrane is supported by vesicles called alveoli, forming a semirigid pellicle.
1107:, as well as a primary host, and the evolution of hosts proceeded in different ways and at different times in these groups. For some coccidiomorphs, the original host has become the intermediate host, whereas in others it has become the definitive host. In the genera
3516:
Adl, Sina M.; Bass, David; Lane, Christopher E.; LukeĆĄ, Julius; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Agatha, Sabine; Berney, Cedric; Brown, Matthew W.; Burki, Fabien; CĂĄrdenas, Paco; ÄepiÄka, Ivan; Chistyakova, Lyudmila; Campo, Javier; Dunthorn, Micah (2019).
3714:
Bahl, A.; Brunk, B.; Crabtree, J.; Fraunholz, M. J.; Gajria, B.; Grant, G. R.; Ginsburg, H.; Gupta, D.; Kissinger, J. C.; Labo, P.; Li, L.; Mailman, M. D.; Milgram, A. J.; Pearson, D. S.; Roos, D. S.; Schug, J.; Stoeckert Jr, C. J.; Whetzel, P. (2003).
2029:
chromerids, are parasitic and evolved from a free-living ancestor. This lifestyle is presumed to have evolved at the time of the divergence of dinoflagellates and apicomplexans. Further evolution of this phylum has been estimated to have occurred about
1023:
genomes and the canonical apicomplexan plastid metabolism. However, marosporidians have the most reduced apicoplast genomes sequenced to date, lack canonical plastidial RNA polymerase and so provide new insights into reductive organelle evolution.
4574:
Kuvardina ON, Leander BS, Aleshin VV, Myl'nikov AP, Keeling PJ, Simdyanov TG (November 2002). "The phylogeny of colpodellids (Alveolata) using small subunit rRNA gene sequences suggests they are the free-living sister group to apicomplexans".
710:, which infect new cells. This may occur several times, until gamonts are produced, forming gametes that fuse to create new cysts. Many variations occur on this basic pattern, however, and many Apicomplexa have more than one host.
1054:
and share many metabolic pathways with their animal hosts. This makes therapeutic target development extremely difficult â a drug that harms an apicomplexan parasite is also likely to harm its human host. At present, no effective
779:
Within this phylum are four groups â coccidians, gregarines, haemosporidians (or haematozoans, including in addition piroplasms), and marosporidians. The coccidians and haematozoans appear to be relatively closely related.
630:
Apicomplexans have a unique gliding capability which enables them to cross through tissues and enter and leave their host cells. This gliding ability is made possible by the use of adhesions and small static myosin motors.
3421:
NorĂ©n, Fredrik; Moestrup, Ăjvind; Rehnstam-Holm, Ann-Sofi (October 1999). "Parvilucifera infectans norĂ©n et moestrup gen. et sp. nov. (perkinsozoa phylum nov.): a parasitic flagellate capable of killing toxic microalgae".
1523:
Sporozoa is no longer regarded as biologically valid and its use is discouraged, although some authors still use it as a synonym for the
Apicomplexa. More recently, other groups were excluded from Apicomplexa, e.g.,
542:) surrounded by one or two polar rings may also be present. This structure gives the phylum its name. A further group of spherical organelles is distributed throughout the cell rather than being localized at the
1459:
was also thought to be sporozoan. Not all of these groups had spores, but all were parasitic. However, other parasitic or symbiotic unicellular organisms were included too in protozoan groups outside
Sporozoa
3136:
Templeton, Thomas J.; Iyer, Lakshminarayan M.; Anantharaman, Vivek; Enomoto, Shinichiro; Abrahante, Juan E.; Subramanian, G.M.; Hoffman, Stephen L.; Abrahamsen, Mitchell S.; Aravind, L. (September 2004).
1998:
Another group of organisms that belong in this taxon are the corallicolids. These are found in coral reef gastric cavities. Their relationship to the others in this phylum has yet to be established.
955:. The sporozoites escape from the oocyst and migrate within the body of the vector to the salivary glands where they are injected into the new vertebrate host when the insect vector feeds again.
4520:
Moore RB; ObornĂk M; Janouskovec J; ChrudimskĂœ T; VancovĂĄ M; Green DH; Wright SW; Davies NW; et al. (February 2008). "A photosynthetic alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites".
546:
and are known as the dense granules. These typically have a mean diameter around 0.7 ÎŒm. Secretion of the dense-granule content takes place after parasite invasion and localization within the
4320:
Martinsen ES, Perkins SL, Schall JJ (April 2008). "A three-genome phylogeny of malaria parasites (Plasmodium and closely related genera): evolution of life-history traits and host switches".
1791:
The adeleorins are one-host parasites of invertebrates or vertebrates, or two-host parasites that alternately infect haematophagous (blood-feeding) invertebrates and the blood of vertebrates.
526:
All members of this phylum have an infectious stageâthe sporozoiteâwhich possesses three distinct structures in an apical complex. The apical complex consists of a set of spirally arranged
1394:. Since then, many more have been identified and named. During 1826â1850, 41 species and six genera of Apicomplexa were named. In 1951â1975, 1873 new species and 83 new genera were added.
1331:
The number of families in this later suborder is debated, with the number of families being between one and 20 depending on the authority and the number of genera being between 19 and 25.
634:
Other features common to this phylum are a lack of cilia, sexual reproduction, use of micropores for feeding, and the production of oocysts containing sporozoites as the infective form.
951:, which penetrates the body of the vector. The ookinete then transforms into an oocyst and divides initially by meiosis and then by mitosis (haplontic lifecycle) to give rise to the
458:
The phylum
Apicomplexa contains all eukaryotes with a group of structures and organelles collectively termed the apical complex. This complex consists of structural components and
1647:
Although considerable revision of this phylum has been done (the order
Haemosporidia now has 17 genera rather than 9), these numbers are probably still approximately correct.
4220:
Karadjian, Gregory; Hassanin, Alexandre; Saintpierre, Benjamin; Gembu
Tungaluna, Guy-Crispin; Ariey, Frederic; Ayala, Francisco J.; Landau, Irene; Duval, Linda (2016-08-15).
698:
Most members have a complex lifecycle, involving both asexual and sexual reproduction. Typically, a host is infected via an active invasion by the parasites (similar to
3873:
Heiges, M.; Wang, H.; Robinson, E.; Aurrecoechea, C.; Gao, X.; Kaluskar, N.; Rhodes, P.; Wang, S.; He, C. Z.; Su, Y.; Miller, J.; Kraemer, E.; Kissinger, J. C. (2006).
8763:
1032:
922:
3360:
Mathur, Varsha; Kwong, Waldan K.; Husnik, Filip; Irwin, Nicholas A. T.; Kristmundsson, Ărni; Gestal, Camino; Freeman, Mark; Keeling, Patrick J (18 November 2020).
9390:
910:
The main difference between the coccidians and the gregarines is in the gamonts. In the coccidia, these are small, intracellular, and without epimerites or
1409:
in 1880. Through history, it grouped with the current
Apicomplexa many unrelated groups. For example, Kudo (1954) included in the Sporozoa species of the
4456:
Kwong, WK; Del Campo, J; Mathur, V; Vermeij, MJA; Keeling, PJ (2019). "A widespread coral-infecting apicomplexan with chlorophyll biosynthesis genes".
1724:
The division into
Achromatorida and Chromatorida, although proposed on morphological grounds, may have a biological basis, as the ability to store
725:, which open at the anterior of the cell. These secrete enzymes that allow the parasite to enter other cells. The tip is surrounded by a band of
9377:
8469:
3241:
2729:
403:, a group of parasitic protozoans, in general without flagella, cilia, or pseudopods. Most of the Apicomplexa are motile, however, with a
1539:
The field of classifying
Apicomplexa is in flux and classification has changed throughout the years since it was formally named in 1970.
6154:
4864:
4405:
4372:
4296:
4204:
942:
The Haemosporidia have more complex lifecycles that alternate between an arthropod and a vertebrate host. The trophozoite parasitises
1542:
By 1987, a comprehensive survey of the phylum was completed: in all, 4516 species and 339 genera had been named. They consisted of:
9403:
6195:
4898:
4174:
6190:
4893:
3195:
4396:
Perkins FO, Barta JR, Clopton RE, Peirce MA, Upton SJ (2000). "Phylum Apicomplexa". In Lee JJ, Leedale GF, Bradbury P (eds.).
967:
is a newly recognized lineage of apicomplexans that is sister to the Coccidia and Hematozoa. It is defined as a phylogenetic
9382:
3081:"A genome-sequence survey for Ascogregarina taiwanensis supports evolutionary affiliation but metabolic diversity between a
895:
The coccidian lifecycle involves merogony, gametogony, and sporogony. While similar to that of the gregarines it differs in
748:, have structures similar to the polar ring and were formerly included here, but most appear to be closer relatives of the
6274:
6264:
6247:
4977:
4967:
4950:
4755:
4097:
2626:
JanouĆĄkovec et al. 2015 presents a somewhat different phylogeny, supporting the work of others showing multiple events of
9239:
1736:
Roberts and Janovy in 1996 divided the phylum into the following subclasses and suborders (omitting classes and orders):
6433:
3451:"Modeling the genetic relatedness of Plasmodium falciparum parasites following meiotic recombination and cotransmission"
656:
4398:
An Illustrated guide to the Protozoa : organisms traditionally referred to as protozoa, or newly discovered groups
9312:
8462:
844:
are released by lysing the host cell, which in turn invade other cells. At some point in the apicomplexan lifecycle,
485:
for some portion of their life cycle, with some parasitizing two separate hosts for their asexual and sexual stages.
54:
4764:
3198:. Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, and Division of Biology, Kansas State University. Archived from
9395:
8606:
4809:
2007:- which appears to be a sister taxon to the Hematozoa. This genus is found in the renal sac of molgulid ascidian
1995:
The name Protospiromonadida has been proposed for the common ancestor of the Gregarinomorpha and Coccidiomorpha.
848:
are formed. These are released by lysis of the host cells, which group together. Each gametocyte forms multiple
9436:
8026:
1247:
1097:
4289:
Apicomplexa, 2: Hémosporidioses, Fascicule 1: Plasmodiidés, Haemoproteidés "Piroplasmes" (caractÚres généraux)
1262:(Set8), from an animal host to the ancestor of apicomplexans. A second geneâH3K36 methyltransferase (Ashr3 in
557:
are found only in the motile gamete. These are posteriorly directed and vary in number (usually one to three).
1798:
Haemospororins, often known as the malaria parasites, are two-host Apicomplexa that parasitize blood-feeding
8691:
8266:
8164:
7832:
7302:
6279:
6147:
4982:
4857:
2135:
1351:
1019:(closely related to Rhytidocystidae). Marosporida infect marine invertebrates. Members of this clade retain
547:
470:
407:
that uses adhesions and small static myosin motors. The other main lines of this obsolete grouping were the
347:
2674:(4, Sect. 2, Part 1: Supplement: Proceedings Of the Second International Congress of Parasitology): 208â9.
1204:
Similar strategies to increase the likelihood of transmission have evolved in multiple genera. Polyenergid
9441:
9265:
8455:
7320:
4627:
2817:
1321:
1046:
Many of the apicomplexan parasites are important pathogens of humans and domestic animals. In contrast to
335:
4510:
represents a diverse and novel lineage of the Apicomplexa that has retained apicoplasts. Genome Biol Evol
2805:
1064:. The availability of genome sequences provides a new opportunity for scientists to learn more about the
8919:
8569:
8075:
7595:
6614:
6553:
6475:
6242:
4945:
494:
434:). Sometimes, the name Sporozoa is taken as a synonym for the Apicomplexa, or occasionally as a subset.
7119:
7109:
1068:
and biochemical capacity of these parasites. The predominant source of this genomic information is the
7631:
7272:
7114:
7063:
7053:
3993:"Horizontal gene transfer of epigenetic machinery and evolution of parasitism in the malaria parasite
3717:"PlasmoDB: The Plasmodium genome resource. A database integrating experimental and computational data"
9431:
9325:
8584:
8328:
8181:
7623:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7255:
7155:
6367:
6053:
4668:
4529:
4465:
4329:
4233:
4008:
3462:
3308:"DNA organization by the apicoplast-targeted bacterial histone-like protein of Plasmodium falciparum"
3026:
2758:
1096:
species (CryptoDB). One possible target for drugs is the plastid, and in fact existing drugs such as
474:
9408:
9356:
8316:
8304:
8255:
7877:
7571:
7555:
7551:
7297:
7243:
7068:
6058:
4632:
2822:
2398:
2107:
8322:
8299:
8282:
7889:
7627:
7563:
7500:
7457:
7314:
7309:
7137:
6649:
6314:
5760:
5544:
1386:
intestines, was named by Dufour in 1828. He thought that they were a peculiar group related to the
1222:
478:
450:
359:
8382:
8186:
8152:
8123:
7869:
7798:
7615:
7559:
7058:
7011:
6643:
6308:
6299:
5916:
2180:
2111:
1973:
1825:
have since been recognised as a sister group to the dinoflagellates rather that the Apicomplexia:
8914:
8596:
8374:
8357:
8340:
8291:
8248:
8243:
8193:
7611:
7567:
7547:
7347:
7284:
7260:
6566:
6523:
6409:
6342:
6259:
6237:
6225:
6200:
6140:
5770:
4962:
4940:
4928:
4903:
4850:
4600:
4553:
4489:
3058:
2902:
2675:
1893:
1805:
Piroplasms where all the species included are two-host parasites infecting ticks and vertebrates.
592:
531:
49:
8411:
8403:
8349:
7619:
7279:
7218:
6620:
6609:
6319:
3944:"Tetracyclines specifically target the apicoplast of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum"
2458:
8387:
6511:
473:. Apicomplexa have complex life cycles, involving several stages and typically undergoing both
8706:
8362:
8236:
8198:
7673:
7591:
7235:
7073:
6934:
6857:
6428:
6269:
6232:
6220:
6210:
6104:
6030:
6011:
5721:
5304:
4972:
4935:
4923:
4913:
4786:
4778:
4751:"Protists and the Wild, Wild West of Gene Expression: New Frontiers, Lawlessness, and Misfits"
4731:
4696:
4592:
4545:
4481:
4438:
4411:
4401:
4378:
4368:
4345:
4302:
4292:
4269:
4251:
4200:
4078:
4036:
3973:
3904:
3815:
3746:
3676:
3658:
3615:
3597:
3556:
3538:
3498:
3480:
3403:
3385:
3337:
3288:
3247:
3237:
3176:
3158:
3118:
3050:
3042:
2948:
2930:
2884:
2835:
2786:
2725:
2141:
2074:
1951:
1933:
1704:
1659:
1655:
1209:
1104:
1061:
1038:
1009:
980:
870:
738:
714:
482:
371:
354:
330:
239:
41:
9303:
7290:
3576:"Sexual Development in Non-Human Parasitic Apicomplexa: Just Biology or Targets for Control?"
1340:
8982:
8861:
8753:
8696:
8636:
8631:
8559:
8544:
8111:
7665:
7641:
7637:
7475:
7419:
6916:
6720:
6458:
6184:
6076:
6022:
5776:
5222:
4887:
4768:
4723:
4686:
4676:
4637:
4584:
4537:
4473:
4337:
4259:
4241:
4150:
4070:
4026:
4016:
3963:
3955:
3894:
3886:
3805:
3797:
3736:
3728:
3666:
3650:
3605:
3587:
3546:
3530:
3488:
3470:
3431:
3393:
3377:
3327:
3319:
3278:
3166:
3150:
3108:
3100:
3034:
2956:
2938:
2920:
2874:
2866:
2827:
2776:
2766:
2702:
1919:
1406:
928:
404:
666:
9155:
9060:
9022:
8977:
8909:
8666:
8626:
8611:
8504:
8099:
7677:
7645:
7465:
7461:
7424:
7402:
7367:
7078:
6877:
6809:
6739:
6470:
6463:
5949:
5124:
2599:
2239:
1899:
1564:
1477:
1435:
1402:
1378:
1360:
1092:
1002:
606:
is usually closed, with an intranuclear spindle; in some species, it is open at the poles.
515:
4170:
8447:
4773:
4750:
4672:
4533:
4469:
4333:
4237:
4222:"Highly rearranged mitochondrial genome in Nycteria parasites (Haemosporidia) from bats"
4012:
3574:
Cruz-Bustos, Teresa; Feix, Anna Sophia; Ruttkowski, BĂ€rbel; Joachim, Anja (2021-10-04).
3466:
3030:
2943:
2906:
2762:
828:
of their hosts, but may invade the other tissues. In the typical gregarine lifecycle, a
732:
The presence of alveoli and other traits place the Apicomplexa among a group called the
9351:
9253:
9215:
9160:
9150:
8992:
8806:
8758:
8671:
8646:
8641:
8621:
8616:
8519:
8509:
7994:
7910:
7820:
7741:
7681:
7651:
7434:
7378:
7355:
7178:
6939:
6894:
6727:
6707:
6596:
6362:
6215:
6167:
6045:
6035:
5999:
5974:
5663:
5454:
5355:
5277:
5086:
4918:
4588:
4264:
4221:
4117:
4074:
4031:
3992:
3968:
3943:
3899:
3874:
3671:
3634:
3610:
3575:
3551:
3518:
3493:
3450:
3398:
3361:
3332:
3307:
3113:
3080:
2879:
2854:
2781:
2746:
2706:
2129:
2026:
1939:
1869:
1853:
1777:
1768:
1667:
1663:
1635:
1628:
1582:
1489:
1485:
1473:
1455:
1155:
749:
677:
543:
466:
463:
342:
295:
264:
232:
105:
79:
4641:
3810:
3785:
3741:
3716:
3435:
3171:
3138:
3014:
786:, while once considered a member of the Apicomplexa, has been moved to a new phylum â
9425:
8939:
8924:
8886:
8811:
8747:
8733:
8681:
8676:
8590:
8579:
8574:
8554:
8549:
8524:
8260:
8169:
8009:
7958:
7945:
7928:
7852:
7699:
7587:
7508:
7429:
7384:
7372:
7337:
7129:
7040:
6970:
6882:
6865:
6744:
6585:
6572:
6404:
6081:
5880:
5872:
5702:
5623:
5563:
5474:
5448:
5177:
4835:
4691:
4656:
3942:
Dahl, El; Shock, Jl; Shenai, Br; Gut, J; Derisi, Jl; Rosenthal, Pj (September 2006).
2693:
Levine ND (May 1971). "Uniform Terminology for the Protozoan Subphylum Apicomplexa".
2634:
evidence that there have also been multiple events of plastids becoming genome-free.
2528:
2345:
2327:
2223:
1887:
1741:
1710:
1675:
1600:
1553:
1481:
1450:
1418:
1298:
1179:
1121:
989:
825:
807:
637:
Transposons appear to be rare in this phylum, but have been identified in the genera
502:
498:
427:
366:
225:
176:
4557:
4493:
3199:
3062:
2907:"Openly available illustrations as tools to describe eukaryotic microbial diversity"
1250:
appears to have occurred early on in this phylum's evolution with the transfer of a
9317:
9135:
9130:
9105:
9080:
9070:
8997:
8866:
8740:
8701:
8686:
8661:
8656:
8601:
8534:
8422:
8128:
8116:
8070:
8050:
7999:
7976:
7844:
7827:
7815:
7758:
7746:
7710:
7687:
7581:
7577:
7543:
7485:
7480:
7469:
7453:
7449:
7411:
7266:
7248:
7172:
6982:
6958:
6946:
6788:
6768:
6751:
6732:
6698:
6634:
6518:
6488:
6386:
6114:
5941:
5921:
5861:
5765:
5738:
5685:
5643:
5610:
5385:
5163:
5102:
4604:
2911:
2806:"Apicomplexan gliding motility and host cell invasion: overhauling the motor model"
2631:
2158:
2086:
1961:
1927:
1830:
1748:
1716:
1682:
1622:
1573:
1504:
1445:
1410:
1365:
1325:
1313:
1161:
937:
571:
538:) and one or more polar rings. Additional slender electron-dense secretory bodies (
490:
408:
299:
165:
149:
4506:
Muñoz-Gómez SA, Durnin K, Eme L, Paight C, Lane CE, Saffo MB, Slamovits CH (2019)
1100:, which are effective against apicomplexans, seem to operate against the plastid.
3475:
3449:
Wong, Wesley; Wenger, Edward A.; Hartl, Daniel L.; Wirth, Dyann F. (2018-01-09).
2925:
2870:
9364:
9297:
9190:
9165:
9110:
9085:
9007:
9002:
8967:
8957:
8651:
8564:
8310:
8231:
8214:
8104:
8095:
8032:
8020:
8014:
7919:
7765:
7752:
7525:
7490:
7444:
7439:
7210:
7148:
6999:
6927:
6921:
6870:
6836:
6816:
6578:
6561:
6541:
6500:
6445:
6416:
6391:
6005:
5931:
5783:
5747:
5727:
5675:
5649:
5539:
5487:
5460:
5415:
5182:
5051:
5040:
4341:
3654:
2603:
2452:
2003:
1983:
1945:
1911:
1881:
1822:
1814:
1761:
1695:
1609:
1547:
1512:). If they had cell walls, they also could be included in plant kingdom between
1494:
1440:
1304:
1293:
1286:
1191:
1143:
1127:
1115:
943:
904:
900:
864:
832:
develops within a host cell into a schizont. This then divides into a number of
829:
798:
787:
726:
585:
564:
527:
442:
247:
155:
9248:
9223:
9185:
9115:
9095:
9090:
9075:
9045:
9017:
8972:
8962:
8934:
8929:
8871:
8846:
8539:
8514:
8416:
8157:
8062:
8039:
7987:
7981:
7939:
7933:
7882:
7857:
7807:
7734:
7722:
7716:
7692:
7537:
7533:
7513:
7390:
7360:
7190:
7090:
7085:
7028:
7022:
6975:
6963:
6951:
6903:
6776:
6756:
6530:
6493:
6451:
6439:
6350:
6086:
5910:
5901:
5886:
5754:
5691:
5550:
5511:
5506:
5392:
5309:
5204:
5116:
4714:
Morrison DA (August 2009). "Evolution of the Apicomplexa: where are we now?".
4477:
3251:
2643:
2522:
2446:
2427:
2302:
2185:
2163:
2124:
2080:
1905:
1754:
1688:
1591:
1532:
1465:
1461:
1317:
1279:
1251:
1234:
1228:
1217:
1185:
1173:
1167:
1133:
1087:
1074:
952:
889:
885:
845:
837:
768:
760:
744:
707:
703:
689:
681:
610:
563:
are present. Although hemosporidians and piroplasmids have normal triplets of
560:
506:
396:
323:
306:
260:
242:
221:
171:
9288:
4782:
4727:
4657:"Evolutionary origin of Plasmodium and other Apicomplexa based on rRNA genes"
4618:
Leander BS, Keeling PJ (August 2003). "Morphostasis in alveolate evolution".
4415:
4306:
4255:
3662:
3601:
3542:
3484:
3389:
3362:"Phylogenomics Identifies a New Major Subgroup of Apicomplexans, Marosporida
3162:
3046:
2934:
2831:
235:) is an adaptation that the apicomplexan applies in penetrating a host cell.
9338:
9140:
9120:
9012:
8891:
8826:
8816:
8801:
8796:
8777:
8529:
8223:
8134:
8044:
7969:
7951:
7894:
7770:
7704:
7166:
7160:
7142:
7016:
6987:
6911:
6793:
6715:
6654:
6481:
6171:
6163:
6132:
5985:
5926:
5634:
5599:
5557:
5534:
5516:
5403:
5339:
5214:
5091:
5034:
5021:
4873:
4681:
4400:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Society of Protozoologists. pp. 190â369.
4382:
4246:
4155:
4130:
4021:
3519:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
3104:
3038:
2960:
2771:
2500:
2296:
2191:
2020:
1725:
1557:
1526:
1508:
1500:
1469:
1387:
1213:
1197:
1109:
1065:
1051:
841:
833:
817:
764:
733:
722:
718:
685:
581:
554:
539:
459:
420:
392:
291:
287:
272:
268:
252:
213:
209:
206:
118:
66:
17:
4842:
4790:
4735:
4596:
4549:
4485:
4349:
4273:
4040:
3977:
3908:
3819:
3750:
3680:
3619:
3560:
3502:
3407:
3341:
3292:
3283:
3266:
3180:
3122:
3054:
2952:
2888:
2839:
2790:
595:
of three membrane layers (the alveolar structure) penetrated by micropores.
4816:. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Universal Taxonomic Services. Archived from
4700:
4442:
4291:. Protozoologie Médicale Comparée. Vol. 3. Fondation Marcel Merieux.
4082:
4061:
Levine N. D. (1988). "Progress in taxonomy of the Apicomplexan protozoa".
3784:
Kissinger, J. C.; Gajria, B.; Li, L.; Paulsen, I. T.; Roos, D. S. (2003).
3381:
9282:
9195:
9175:
9170:
9145:
9125:
9100:
9065:
9055:
9050:
8881:
8856:
8836:
8496:
8174:
8087:
7963:
7728:
7223:
7184:
7102:
7046:
6847:
6535:
6397:
6374:
6254:
5992:
5954:
5855:
5832:
5379:
5374:
5366:
5296:
5171:
5046:
5029:
5007:
4957:
3959:
3890:
3801:
3732:
3323:
3139:"Comparative Analysis of Apicomplexa and Genomic Diversity in Eukaryotes"
2421:
2008:
1837:
1799:
1513:
1430:
1414:
1398:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1047:
948:
879:
821:
510:
412:
283:
160:
4541:
3592:
501:. Apicomplexa generally have a single mitochondrion, as well as another
282:
The Apicomplexa are a diverse group that includes organisms such as the
9200:
9180:
8876:
8851:
8841:
8831:
8787:
8724:
7096:
7034:
6781:
6673:
6590:
6421:
6379:
6355:
6333:
6108:
5843:
5680:
5526:
5433:
5422:
5286:
5192:
5148:
5056:
3154:
2679:
2627:
2494:
2415:
2048:
1426:
1255:
1240:
1149:
1056:
1020:
813:
756:
752:. They are probably similar to the common ancestor of the two groups.
699:
643:
616:
603:
575:
535:
416:
318:
311:
256:
217:
9369:
4817:
3534:
3231:
1072:
family of websites, which currently provides specialised services for
9040:
9032:
8901:
6505:
5498:
5228:
5130:
5072:
2988:
2630:
losing photosynthesis. More importantly this work provides the first
2032:
1391:
1383:
1373:
1369:
1355:
1205:
911:
896:
853:
849:
673:
620:
431:
423:
276:
202:
9259:
1821:
Perkins et al. proposed the following scheme. It is outdated as the
1788:
The gregarines are, in general, one-host parasites of invertebrates.
755:
Another similarity is that many apicomplexan cells contain a single
567:
in their basal bodies, coccidians and gregarines have nine singlets.
9343:
2747:"Nephromyces, a beneficial apicomplexan symbiont in marine animals"
8949:
8821:
6068:
5708:
2041:
the gregarines. Marosporida is a sister group to Coccidiomorphea.
1813:
1517:
1422:
1263:
1259:
1031:
968:
797:
449:
441:
399:. The Apicomplexa comprise the bulk of what used to be called the
380:
1232:; transovarial transmission of parasites occurs in lifecycles of
8987:
8479:
5325:
3267:"Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts"
3194:
Duszynski, Donald W.; Upton, Steve J.; Couch, Lee (2004-02-21).
2037:. The oldest extant clade is thought to be the archigregarines.
1643:
Other minor groups omitted above, with 105 species and 32 genera
92:
9263:
8451:
6136:
4846:
3079:
Templeton TJ, Enomoto S, Chen WJ, et al. (February 2010).
706:
that enter its cells. Eventually, the cells burst, releasing
9330:
2745:
Saffo M. B.; McCoy A. M.; Rieken C.; Slamovits C. H. (2010).
3875:"CryptoDB: A Cryptosporidium bioinformatics resource update"
1208:
and tissue cysts are found in representatives of the orders
238:
The Apicomplexa are unicellular and spore-forming. Most are
856:. The oocysts leave the host to be taken up by a new host.
3853:
4836:"David Roos's Seminar: Biology of Apicomplexan Parasites"
4116:. Erster Band: Protozoa. Abt. I, Sarkodina und Sporozoa,
3633:
Frischknecht, Friedrich; Matuschewski, Kai (2017-01-20).
1274:
Within the Apicomplexa are three suborders of parasites:
965:
Mathur, Kristmundsson, Gestal, Freeman, and Keeling 2020
4114:
Dr. H.G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs
3922:
3764:
3694:
888:. Like gregarines, they are commonly parasites of the
216:
structure that comprises a type of non-photosynthetic
9237:
2855:"How apicomplexan parasites move in and out of cells"
4749:
Smith, David Roy; Keeling, Patrick J. (2016-09-08).
3833:
3306:
Ram, Ev; Naik, R; Ganguli, M; Habib, S (July 2008).
1802:
flies and the blood of various tetrapod vertebrates.
932:(Haemosporidia) parasite among human red blood cells
9272:
9213:
9031:
8948:
8900:
8785:
8776:
8723:
8495:
8402:
8373:
8348:
8339:
8290:
8281:
8222:
8213:
8145:
8086:
8061:
7918:
7909:
7868:
7843:
7806:
7797:
7664:
7524:
7499:
7410:
7401:
7346:
7335:
7234:
7209:
7128:
6998:
6902:
6893:
6856:
6845:
6834:
6767:
6706:
6697:
6682:
6671:
6642:
6633:
6552:
6341:
6332:
6307:
6298:
6067:
6044:
6021:
5971:
5940:
5900:
5871:
5842:
5830:
5737:
5701:
5662:
5633:
5609:
5596:
5525:
5497:
5473:
5432:
5402:
5365:
5352:
5322:
5295:
5275:
5213:
5191:
5145:
5115:
5100:
5069:
5020:
5005:
1289:(formerly Haemosporina)âall genera in this suborder
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
588:, ejectile organelles, and inclusions are absent.
8764:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
4569:
4567:
3786:"ToxoDB: Accessing the Toxoplasma gondii genome"
3074:
3072:
2804:Kappe, Stefan H.I.; et al. (January 2004).
1784:These form the following five taxonomic groups:
899:formation. Some trophozoites enlarge and become
892:cells of the gut, but may infect other tissues.
454:Some cell types: ookinete, sporozoite, merozoite
4226:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2751:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1266:)âmay have also been horizontally transferred.
4102:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Leipzig: Winter.
3355:
3353:
3351:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
2666:Levine ND (1970). "Taxonomy of the Sporozoa".
1567:, with 1624 named species and 231 named genera
267:partners of corals. Motile structures such as
255:in marine animals, originally classified as a
8463:
6148:
4858:
1312:Within the Adelorina are species that infect
1137:, the original is now definitive, whereas in
8:
3366:., with Extreme Apicoplast Genome Reduction"
3015:"Intracellular Parasite Invasion Strategies"
2661:
2659:
1350:The first Apicomplexa protozoan was seen by
1060:apicomplexan species have been selected for
1050:pathogens, these apicomplexan parasites are
987:(both Aggregatidae, originally coccidians),
3991:Kishore SP, Stiller JW, Deitsch KW (2013).
3643:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
1201:, the original hosts are now intermediate.
903:, whereas others divide repeatedly to form
9260:
8782:
8720:
8492:
8488:
8470:
8456:
8448:
8345:
8287:
8219:
7915:
7803:
7794:
7407:
7343:
7004:
6899:
6853:
6842:
6703:
6694:
6690:
6679:
6639:
6338:
6304:
6295:
6155:
6141:
6133:
6018:
5848:
5839:
5827:
5734:
5698:
5668:
5615:
5606:
5593:
5479:
5408:
5362:
5349:
5332:
5319:
5292:
5272:
5268:
5197:
5155:
5112:
5108:
5079:
5017:
5013:
5002:
4998:
4865:
4851:
4843:
4367:(5th ed.). Dubuque IA: Wm. C. Brown.
1443:), while Zierdt (1978) included the genus
812:The gregarines are generally parasites of
302:. Diseases caused by Apicomplexa include:
40:
31:
4772:
4690:
4680:
4631:
4263:
4245:
4154:
4030:
4020:
3967:
3898:
3809:
3740:
3670:
3609:
3591:
3550:
3492:
3474:
3397:
3331:
3282:
3170:
3112:
2942:
2924:
2878:
2821:
2780:
2770:
1328:(lifecycle involves two or more hosts).
921:
884:In general, coccidians are parasites of
863:
852:. The gametes fuse with another to form
672:Generic lifecycle of an Apicomplexan: 1-
9244:
4810:"The Taxonomicon & Systema Naturae"
3376:(2: evaa244). Oxford University Press.
2655:
2025:Members of this phylum, except for the
736:. Several related flagellates, such as
513:circular genome (with the exception of
6123:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
4129:Perez-Cordon, G.; et al. (2007).
1397:The older taxon Sporozoa, included in
1324:(infect one host only), but a few are
379:The name Apicomplexa derives from two
3948:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
7:
4655:Escalante AA, Ayala FJ (June 1995).
2722:Marine fish parasitology: an outline
2001:Another genus has been identified -
1472:), if they had flagella (e.g., many
4774:10.1146/annurev-micro-102215-095448
2987:Slapeta J, Morin-Adeline V (2011).
2485:
2391:
2381:
2319:
2287:
2277:
2231:
2218:
2117:
2103:
2065:
2054:
2044:
1728:appears to have evolved only once.
469:during the parasitic stages of the
4589:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00235.x
4177:from the original on 20 April 2009
4075:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04141.x
3523:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
2707:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1971.tb03330.x
1631:, with 444 species and nine genera
1603:, with 399 species and four genera
1042:, transmission electron microscopy
550:and persists for several minutes.
25:
4171:"Introduction to the Apicomplexa"
2905:; Yana Eglit (21 November 2023).
1612:, with 1771 species and 43 genera
9247:
4363:Roberts, L.; Janovy, J. (1996).
4197:The protozoan phylum Apicomplexa
3424:European Journal of Protistology
1638:, with 173 species and 20 genera
665:
228:. The organelle's apical shape (
212:. Most possess a unique form of
53:
5602:
5598:
5358:
5354:
824:. They are often found in the
509:which maintains a separate 35
27:Phylum of parasitic alveolates
1:
4756:Annual Review of Microbiology
4642:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00152-6
4135:sp. in bivalves of the genus
3436:10.1016/S0932-4739(99)80001-7
2413:Coccidia with a single host (
4814:Taxon: Genus Cryptosporidium
4661:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
3476:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005923
3370:Genome Biology and Evolution
3013:Sibley, L. D. (2004-04-09).
2926:10.1371/JOURNAL.PBIO.3002395
2871:10.1016/j.copbio.2010.05.009
1658:in 1988 created a new class
1103:Many Coccidiomorpha have an
713:The apical complex includes
657:Apicomplexa lifecycle stages
609:Cell division is usually by
591:The cell is surrounded by a
275:are present only in certain
4365:Foundations of Parasitology
4342:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.012
4063:The Journal of Protozoology
3655:10.1101/cshperspect.a025478
3265:Patrick J. Keeling (2004).
3196:"The Coccidia of the World"
2853:Sibley, L.D.I. (Oct 2010).
1836:Conoid present only in the
1390:, at that time included in
1372:. The first species of the
1354:, who in 1674 saw probably
702:), which divide to produce
523:which lack an apicoplast).
201:) are organisms of a large
9458:
4099:Die menschlichen Parasiten
3455:PLOS Computational Biology
3271:American Journal of Botany
2989:"Apicomplexa, Levine 1970"
2021:Alveolate § Phylogeny
2018:
1338:
935:
877:
805:
802:Trophozoite of a gregarine
654:
8719:
8491:
8487:
8482:phyla/divisions by domain
7793:
7007:
6804:
6693:
6607:
6294:
6178:
6099:
5851:
5826:
5671:
5618:
5592:
5482:
5411:
5348:
5335:
5318:
5271:
5267:
5200:
5158:
5111:
5082:
5016:
5001:
4997:
4881:
4478:10.1038/s41586-019-1072-z
2597:
2515:
2490:
2483:
2442:
2411:
2396:
2389:
2379:
2341:
2324:
2317:
2292:
2285:
2275:
2253:
2236:
2229:
2216:
2178:
2156:
2122:
2115:
2101:
2070:
2063:
2052:
1732:Roberts and Janovy (1996)
1017:Kristmundsson et al. 2011
1008:, originally coccidians,
534:), a secretory body (the
462:required for invasion of
391:(infolds)âfor the set of
146:
139:Classes & Subclasses
138:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
34:
5328:
5324:
4728:10.1016/j.pt.2009.05.010
4112:BĂŒtschli, O. (1880-82).
3997:and other apicomplexans"
3230:Angel., Sherman (2018).
2993:Tree of Life Web Project
2832:10.1016/j.pt.2003.10.011
1536:(now in Protalveolata).
1248:Horizontal gene transfer
1028:Ecology and distribution
8692:Thermodesulfobacteriota
7833:Vitrella brassicaformis
4682:10.1073/pnas.92.13.5793
4247:10.1073/pnas.1610643113
4156:10.15381/rpb.v14i2.1824
4022:10.1186/1471-2148-13-37
3039:10.1126/science.1094717
2772:10.1073/pnas.1002335107
2720:Jadwiga Grabda (1991).
2444:Cyst-forming coccidia (
2035: million years ago
1498:) or pseudopods (e.g.,
1405:in 1879 and adopted by
1352:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1341:wikispecies:Apicomplexa
1316:and others that infect
1014:Margolisiella islandica
999:JanouĆĄkovec et al. 2019
548:parasitophorous vacuole
471:Apicomplexan life cycle
348:Cyclospora cayetanensis
226:apical complex membrane
4577:J. Eukaryot. Microbiol
4429:Krylov MV (1992). "".
3879:Nucleic Acids Research
3790:Nucleic Acids Research
3721:Nucleic Acids Research
3312:Nucleic Acids Research
3284:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1481
2810:Trends in Parasitology
2214:Apicomplexa s.s.
1862:blood-sucking insects.
1818:
1043:
963:The class Marosporida
933:
875:
803:
521:Gregarina niphandrodes
481:. All Apicomplexa are
455:
447:
446:Apicomplexan structure
336:Cryptosporidium parvum
8920:Neocallimastigomycota
6554:Postciliodesmatophora
4808:Brands, S.J. (2000).
4322:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol
4195:Levine, N.D. (1988).
4096:Leuckart, R. (1879).
3995:Plasmodium falciparum
3105:10.1093/molbev/msp226
2019:Further information:
1817:
1651:Jacques Euzéby (1988)
1339:Further information:
1035:
925:
867:
801:
655:Further information:
505:organelle called the
495:endoplasmic reticulum
453:
445:
8585:Coprothermobacterota
7256:Eleutheroschizonidae
6368:Cariacothrix caudata
3960:10.1128/AAC.00394-06
3885:(90001): D419âD422.
3233:Medical Parasitology
2859:Curr Opin Biotechnol
2695:J Eukaryot Microbiol
1771:(the haemospororins)
1662:by merging subclass
1226:and most species of
1090:(PiroplasmaDB), and
926:Trophozoites of the
874:(Coccidia) parasites
503:endosymbiont-derived
460:secretory organelles
263:, some of which are
7501:Blastogregarinorina
7458:Oligochaetocystinae
6000:Gunflint microbiota
5761:Klebsormidiophyceae
5545:Hyphochytriomycetes
4673:1995PNAS...92.5793E
4542:10.1038/nature06635
4534:2008Natur.451..959M
4470:2019Natur.568..103K
4334:2008MolPE..47..261M
4287:Euzéby, J. (1988).
4238:2016PNAS..113.9834K
4013:2013BMCEE..13...37K
3639:Sporozoite Biology"
3593:10.3390/ani11102891
3467:2018PLSCB..14E5923W
3382:10.1093/gbe/evaa244
3031:2004Sci...304..248S
2763:2010PNAS..10716190S
1223:Karyolysus lacerate
1036:Two tachyzoites of
973:Aggregata octopiana
360:Cystoisospora belli
245:of animals, except
8915:Blastocladiomycota
7596:Amphiplatysporidae
7548:Cephaloidophoridae
7348:Archigregarinorida
6343:Intramacronucleata
5771:Coleochaetophyceae
5151:
5147:
5075:
5071:
4821:(Website database)
3891:10.1093/nar/gkj078
3802:10.1093/nar/gkg072
3733:10.1093/nar/gkg081
3324:10.1093/nar/gkn483
3155:10.1101/gr.2615304
2903:Patrick J. Keeling
2724:. VCH. p. 8.
1894:Archigregarinorida
1819:
1270:Blood-borne genera
1254:lysine 20 (H4K20)
1044:
934:
876:
804:
483:obligate parasites
479:sexual replication
456:
448:
9419:
9418:
9266:Taxon identifiers
9235:
9234:
9231:
9230:
9209:
9208:
8772:
8771:
8715:
8714:
8707:Verrucomicrobiota
8445:
8444:
8441:
8440:
8437:
8436:
8433:
8432:
8398:
8397:
8277:
8276:
8209:
8208:
7905:
7904:
7789:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7674:Schizogregarinina
7660:
7659:
7331:
7330:
7236:Protococcidiorida
7205:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7120:Selenococcidiidae
7110:Elleipsisomatidae
7074:Cryptosporidiidae
6935:Haemogregarinidae
6858:Agamococcidiorida
6830:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6629:
6628:
6429:Oligohymenophorea
6328:
6327:
6130:
6129:
6095:
6094:
6031:Spironematellidae
6012:Meteora sporadica
5967:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5896:
5895:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5722:Prasinodermophyta
5658:
5657:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5469:
5468:
5305:Centroplasthelida
5263:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5141:
5140:
5065:
5064:
4528:(7181): 959â963.
4464:(7750): 103â107.
4232:(35): 9834â9839.
3535:10.1111/jeu.12691
3277:(10): 1481â1493.
3243:978-1-83947-353-1
3203:(Online database)
3025:(5668): 248â253.
2731:978-0-89573-823-3
2623:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2586:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2471:
2470:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2343:Rhytidocystidae (
2264:
2263:
2204:
2203:
1952:Protococcidiorida
1934:Agamococcidiorida
1764:(the eimeriorins)
1705:Haemosporidiasina
1698:(the eimeriorins)
1660:Haemosporidiasina
1401:, was created by
1376:to be described,
1210:Protococcidiorida
1105:intermediate host
1062:genome sequencing
1039:Toxoplasma gondii
1018:
1010:Agamococcidiorida
1007:
1000:
986:
981:Merocystis kathae
977:
966:
871:Toxoplasma gondii
405:gliding mechanism
372:Toxoplasma gondii
355:Cystoisosporiasis
331:Cryptosporidiosis
187:
186:
142:
134:
16:(Redirected from
9449:
9412:
9411:
9399:
9398:
9386:
9385:
9373:
9372:
9360:
9359:
9347:
9346:
9334:
9333:
9321:
9320:
9308:
9307:
9306:
9293:
9292:
9291:
9261:
9252:
9251:
9243:
8983:Anthocerotophyta
8862:Hemimastigophora
8783:
8754:Nitrososphaerota
8721:
8697:Thermomicrobiota
8637:Kiritimatiellota
8632:Ignavibacteriota
8597:Deferribacterota
8560:Campylobacterota
8545:Bdellovibrionota
8493:
8489:
8472:
8465:
8458:
8449:
8346:
8288:
8220:
8112:Duboscquellaceae
7916:
7804:
7795:
7666:Neogregarinorida
7642:Actinocephalidae
7638:Stylocephaloidea
7632:Trichorhynchidae
7476:Schaudinnellidae
7420:Aikinetocystidae
7408:
7344:
7273:Eleutheroschizon
7115:Lankesterellidae
7064:Calyptosporiidae
7054:Atoxoplasmatidae
7005:
6917:Dactylosomatidae
6900:
6854:
6843:
6704:
6695:
6691:
6680:
6640:
6459:Parablepharismea
6434:Ichthyophthirius
6339:
6305:
6296:
6207:
6187:
6157:
6150:
6143:
6134:
6077:Collodictyonidae
6023:Hemimastigophora
6019:
5978:
5849:
5840:
5836:
5828:
5777:Zygnematophyceae
5735:
5715:
5699:
5669:
5616:
5607:
5603:
5594:
5480:
5409:
5363:
5359:
5350:
5333:
5329:
5320:
5293:
5280:
5273:
5269:
5223:Choanoflagellata
5198:
5156:
5152:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5080:
5076:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5003:
4999:
4910:
4890:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4844:
4839:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4822:
4795:
4794:
4776:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4716:Trends Parasitol
4711:
4705:
4704:
4694:
4684:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4635:
4620:Trends Ecol Evol
4615:
4609:
4608:
4571:
4562:
4561:
4517:
4511:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4267:
4249:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4126:
4120:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4058:
4045:
4044:
4034:
4024:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3902:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3613:
3595:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3554:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3478:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3357:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3286:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3227:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3174:
3149:(9): 1686â1695.
3133:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2984:
2965:
2964:
2946:
2928:
2919:(11): e3002395.
2899:
2893:
2892:
2882:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2825:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2784:
2774:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2663:
2486:
2392:
2382:
2377:Coccidiomorphea
2320:
2288:
2278:
2255:Gregarines s.s.
2232:
2219:
2118:
2104:
2066:
2055:
2045:
2036:
1920:Neogregarinorida
1780:(the piroplasms)
1757:(the adeleorins)
1744:(the gregarines)
1691:(the adeleorins)
1678:(the gregarines)
1492:), cilia (e.g.,
1016:
1005:
998:
984:
975:
964:
929:Plasmodium vivax
669:
419:(highly derived
259:fungus, and the
140:
132:
58:
57:
44:
32:
21:
9457:
9456:
9452:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9447:
9446:
9437:Alveolata phyla
9422:
9421:
9420:
9415:
9407:
9402:
9394:
9389:
9381:
9376:
9368:
9363:
9355:
9350:
9342:
9337:
9329:
9324:
9316:
9311:
9302:
9301:
9296:
9287:
9286:
9281:
9268:
9258:
9246:
9238:
9236:
9227:
9205:
9156:Gnathostomulida
9061:Xenacoelomorpha
9027:
9023:Flowering plant
8978:Marchantiophyta
8944:
8910:Chytridiomycota
8896:
8768:
8711:
8667:Planctomycetota
8627:Gemmatimonadota
8612:Elusimicrobiota
8505:Acidobacteriota
8483:
8476:
8446:
8429:
8394:
8369:
8335:
8329:Rhizellobiopsis
8273:
8205:
8182:Pronoctilucidae
8141:
8100:Amoebophryaceae
8082:
8057:
8008:Without theca:
7901:
7864:
7839:
7777:
7678:Caulleryellidae
7656:
7646:Stylocephalidae
7624:Sphaerocystidae
7608:Dactylophoridae
7604:Cnemidosporidae
7600:Brustiophoridae
7520:
7495:
7466:Stomatophorinae
7462:Rhynchocystinae
7425:Allantocystidae
7403:Eugregarinorida
7397:
7368:Selenidioididae
7340:
7327:
7230:
7197:
7156:Toxoplasmatinae
7124:
7079:Cryptosporidium
6994:
6889:
6878:Rhytidocystidae
6850:
6839:
6822:
6810:Cardiosporidium
6800:
6763:
6740:Leucocytozoidae
6687:
6676:
6659:
6625:
6603:
6548:
6471:Phyllopharyngea
6464:Parablepharisma
6324:
6290:
6289:
6205:
6183:
6174:
6161:
6131:
6126:
6091:
6063:
6054:Ancyromonadidae
6040:
6017:
5972:
5959:
5950:Malawimonadidae
5936:
5892:
5867:
5831:
5790:
5733:
5706:
5705:
5697:
5654:
5629:
5597:
5568:
5521:
5493:
5465:
5428:
5398:
5353:
5344:
5323:
5314:
5291:
5276:
5235:
5209:
5187:
5146:
5137:
5101:
5096:
5070:
5061:
5006:
4993:
4992:
4908:
4886:
4877:
4871:
4834:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4807:
4804:
4799:
4798:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4633:10.1.1.410.9134
4617:
4616:
4612:
4573:
4572:
4565:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4505:
4501:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4408:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4375:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4299:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4180:
4178:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4143:Rev. Peru. Biol
4128:
4127:
4123:
4111:
4107:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4060:
4059:
4048:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3461:(1): e1005923.
3448:
3447:
3443:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3359:
3358:
3349:
3318:(15): 5061â73.
3305:
3304:
3300:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3244:
3229:
3228:
3217:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3143:Genome Research
3135:
3134:
3130:
3093:Mol. Biol. Evol
3087:Cryptosporidium
3078:
3077:
3070:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2968:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2823:10.1.1.458.5746
2803:
2802:
2798:
2757:(37): 16190â5.
2744:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2640:
2624:
2615:
2600:Dinoflagellates
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2472:
2368:
2359:
2265:
2240:Cryptosporidium
2205:
2031:
2023:
2017:
1900:Eugregarinorida
1840:of some species
1812:
1734:
1653:
1565:Eugregarinorida
1478:Retortamonadida
1436:Helicosporidium
1379:Gregarina ovata
1361:Eimeria stiedae
1348:
1343:
1337:
1272:
1093:Cryptosporidium
1030:
1003:Rhytidocystidae
961:
940:
920:
882:
862:
810:
796:
777:
750:dinoflagellates
696:
695:
694:
693:
692:
670:
659:
653:
516:Cryptosporidium
440:
296:haemogregarines
174:
163:
131:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9455:
9453:
9445:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9424:
9423:
9417:
9416:
9414:
9413:
9400:
9387:
9374:
9361:
9348:
9335:
9322:
9309:
9294:
9278:
9276:
9270:
9269:
9264:
9257:
9256:
9233:
9232:
9229:
9228:
9221:
9219:
9216:Incertae sedis
9211:
9210:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9161:Micrognathozoa
9158:
9153:
9151:Acanthocephala
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9037:
9035:
9029:
9028:
9026:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8993:Lycopodiophyta
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8954:
8952:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8906:
8904:
8898:
8897:
8895:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8807:Ancyromonadida
8804:
8799:
8793:
8791:
8780:
8774:
8773:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8766:
8761:
8759:Thermoproteota
8756:
8751:
8744:
8737:
8729:
8727:
8717:
8716:
8713:
8712:
8710:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8672:Pseudomonadota
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8647:Mycoplasmatota
8644:
8642:Lentisphaerota
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8622:Fusobacteriota
8619:
8617:Fibrobacterota
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8520:Armatimonadota
8517:
8512:
8510:Actinomycetota
8507:
8501:
8499:
8485:
8484:
8477:
8475:
8474:
8467:
8460:
8452:
8443:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8435:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8428:
8427:
8408:
8406:
8400:
8399:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8392:
8379:
8377:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8367:
8354:
8352:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8333:
8317:Parallobiopsis
8305:Elliobiocystis
8296:
8294:
8285:
8279:
8278:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8271:
8256:Rastromonadida
8253:
8241:
8228:
8226:
8217:
8211:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8203:
8191:
8179:
8167:
8162:
8149:
8147:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8139:
8121:
8109:
8092:
8090:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8080:
8067:
8065:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8055:
8037:
8005:
8004:
7995:Prorocentrales
7992:
7974:
7956:
7927:With a theca:
7924:
7922:
7913:
7911:Dinoflagellata
7907:
7906:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7899:
7887:
7878:Alphamonadidae
7874:
7872:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7862:
7849:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7838:
7837:
7825:
7821:Chromera velia
7812:
7810:
7801:
7791:
7790:
7787:
7786:
7783:
7782:
7779:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7763:
7742:Schizocystidae
7739:
7697:
7685:
7682:Ophryocystidae
7670:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7652:Blabericolidae
7649:
7635:
7585:
7575:
7572:Uradiophoridae
7556:Didymophoridae
7552:Cephalolobidae
7541:
7530:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7518:
7505:
7503:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7435:Enterocystidae
7432:
7427:
7422:
7416:
7414:
7405:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7395:
7379:Meroselenidium
7365:
7356:Exoschizonidae
7352:
7350:
7341:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7325:
7307:
7298:Mackinnoniidae
7295:
7277:
7253:
7244:Angeiocystidae
7240:
7238:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7228:
7215:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7195:
7179:Nephroisospora
7153:
7134:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7083:
7071:
7069:Caryotrophidae
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7008:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6980:
6968:
6956:
6944:
6940:Haemogregarina
6932:
6914:
6908:
6906:
6897:
6895:Eucoccidiorida
6891:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6875:
6862:
6860:
6851:
6846:
6840:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6813:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6786:
6773:
6771:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6749:
6737:
6728:Haemoproteidae
6725:
6712:
6710:
6708:Haemospororida
6701:
6688:
6683:
6677:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6648:
6646:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6597:Tracheloraphis
6583:
6558:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6528:
6516:
6498:
6486:
6468:
6456:
6426:
6414:
6402:
6384:
6372:
6363:Cariacotrichea
6360:
6347:
6345:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6313:
6311:
6302:
6292:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6280:Mesomycetozoea
6277:
6272:
6262:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6216:Diaphoretickes
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6137:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6118:
6111:
6107:excluded from
6100:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6073:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6059:Planomonadidae
6056:
6050:
6048:
6046:Ancyromonadida
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6036:Paramastigidae
6033:
6027:
6025:
6016:
6015:
6008:
6002:
5996:
5988:
5981:
5979:
5975:Incertae sedis
5969:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5906:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5883:
5877:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5858:
5852:
5846:
5837:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5780:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5751:
5743:
5741:
5732:
5731:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5696:
5695:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5666:
5664:Archaeplastida
5660:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5647:
5639:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5619:
5613:
5604:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5531:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5503:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5455:Dinoflagellata
5451:
5449:Chrompodellida
5446:
5438:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5377:
5371:
5369:
5360:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5301:
5299:
5290:
5289:
5283:
5281:
5278:Diaphoretickes
5265:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5225:
5219:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5167:
5159:
5153:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5106:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5011:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4983:Mesomycetozoea
4980:
4975:
4965:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4919:Diaphoretickes
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:classification
4872:
4870:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4832:
4803:
4802:External links
4800:
4797:
4796:
4765:Annual Reviews
4741:
4706:
4667:(13): 5793â7.
4647:
4626:(8): 395â402.
4610:
4583:(6): 498â504.
4563:
4512:
4499:
4448:
4437:(5): 361â368.
4433:(in Russian).
4421:
4407:978-1891276224
4406:
4388:
4374:978-0697260710
4373:
4355:
4312:
4298:978-2901773733
4297:
4279:
4212:
4206:978-0849346538
4205:
4187:
4162:
4121:
4105:
4088:
4069:(4): 518â520.
4046:
4001:BMC Evol. Biol
3983:
3954:(9): 3124â31.
3934:
3914:
3865:
3854:"PiroplasmaDB"
3845:
3825:
3796:(1): 234â236.
3776:
3756:
3727:(1): 212â215.
3706:
3686:
3649:(5): a025478.
3625:
3566:
3508:
3441:
3430:(3): 233â254.
3413:
3347:
3298:
3257:
3242:
3215:
3186:
3128:
3068:
3005:
2966:
2894:
2865:(5): 592â598.
2845:
2796:
2737:
2730:
2712:
2685:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2399:Hemogregarines
2395:
2390:
2388:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2294:Aggregatidae (
2291:
2286:
2284:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2108:Chrompodellids
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2051:
2043:
2027:photosynthetic
2016:
2013:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1940:Eucoccidiorida
1936:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1896:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1870:Piroplasmorida
1865:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1854:Haemospororida
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1811:
1810:Perkins (2000)
1808:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1782:
1781:
1778:Piroplasmasina
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:Haemospororina
1765:
1758:
1745:
1733:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1679:
1668:Haemospororina
1664:Piroplasmasina
1656:Jacques Euzéby
1652:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:Piroplasmorida
1632:
1629:Haemospororida
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:Hemogregarines
1583:Eucoccidiorida
1570:
1569:
1568:
1490:Hypermastigida
1486:Trichomonadida
1474:Kinetoplastida
1456:Dermocystidium
1347:
1344:
1336:
1333:
1310:
1309:
1290:
1283:
1271:
1268:
1156:Haemogregarina
1029:
1026:
960:
957:
936:Main article:
919:
916:
878:Main article:
861:
858:
806:Main article:
795:
792:
776:
773:
671:
664:
663:
662:
661:
660:
652:
649:
625:
624:
619:occurs in the
614:
607:
597:
596:
589:
579:
568:
558:
544:apical complex
439:
436:
430:(derived from
377:
376:
364:
352:
343:Cyclosporiasis
340:
328:
316:
265:photosynthetic
233:Ceratium furca
185:
184:
183:
182:
181:
180:
169:
153:
144:
143:
136:
135:
126:
122:
121:
116:
109:
108:
103:
96:
95:
90:
83:
82:
80:Diaphoretickes
77:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9454:
9443:
9442:Endoparasites
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9429:
9427:
9410:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9379:
9375:
9371:
9366:
9362:
9358:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9340:
9336:
9332:
9327:
9323:
9319:
9314:
9310:
9305:
9299:
9295:
9290:
9284:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9262:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9241:
9226:
9225:
9220:
9218:
9217:
9212:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9038:
9036:
9034:
9030:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8955:
8953:
8951:
8947:
8941:
8940:Basidiomycota
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8925:Glomeromycota
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8907:
8905:
8903:
8899:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8887:Stramenopiles
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8812:Apusomonadida
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8775:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8749:
8748:Nanoarchaeota
8745:
8742:
8738:
8735:
8734:Euryarchaeota
8731:
8730:
8728:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8682:Spirochaetota
8680:
8678:
8677:Rhodothermota
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8607:Dictyoglomota
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8592:
8591:Cyanobacteria
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8580:Chrysiogenota
8578:
8576:
8575:Chloroflexota
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8555:Calditrichota
8553:
8551:
8550:Caldisericota
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8525:Atribacterota
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8502:
8500:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8481:
8473:
8468:
8466:
8461:
8459:
8454:
8453:
8450:
8425:
8424:
8419:
8418:
8413:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8405:
8401:
8390:
8389:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8376:
8372:
8365:
8364:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8351:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8338:
8331:
8330:
8325:
8324:
8323:Thalassomyces
8319:
8318:
8313:
8312:
8307:
8306:
8301:
8300:Ellobiopsidae
8298:
8297:
8295:
8293:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8283:Protalveolata
8280:
8269:
8268:
8263:
8262:
8261:Parvilucifera
8257:
8254:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8242:
8239:
8238:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8212:
8201:
8200:
8195:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8183:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8171:
8170:Oxyrrhinaceae
8168:
8166:
8165:Ichthyodinium
8163:
8160:
8159:
8154:
8151:
8150:
8148:
8144:
8137:
8136:
8131:
8130:
8125:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8113:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8101:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8085:
8078:
8077:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8064:
8060:
8053:
8052:
8047:
8046:
8041:
8038:
8035:
8034:
8029:
8028:
8023:
8022:
8017:
8016:
8011:
8010:Gymnodiniales
8007:
8006:
8002:
8001:
7996:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7984:
7983:
7978:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7966:
7965:
7960:
7959:Gonyaulacales
7957:
7954:
7953:
7948:
7947:
7946:Ornithocercus
7942:
7941:
7936:
7935:
7930:
7929:Dinophysiales
7926:
7925:
7923:
7921:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7908:
7897:
7896:
7891:
7890:Voromonadidae
7888:
7885:
7884:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7867:
7860:
7859:
7854:
7853:Colpodellidae
7851:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7842:
7835:
7834:
7829:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7809:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7773:
7772:
7767:
7764:
7761:
7760:
7755:
7754:
7749:
7748:
7743:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7730:
7725:
7724:
7719:
7718:
7713:
7712:
7707:
7706:
7701:
7700:Lipotrophidae
7698:
7695:
7694:
7689:
7686:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7667:
7663:
7653:
7650:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7629:
7628:Stenophoridae
7625:
7621:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7588:Stenophoricae
7586:
7583:
7579:
7576:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7564:Hirmocystidae
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7539:
7535:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7523:
7516:
7515:
7510:
7509:Siedleckiidae
7507:
7506:
7504:
7502:
7498:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7430:Diplocystidae
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7400:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7386:
7385:Selenidioides
7381:
7380:
7375:
7374:
7373:Merogregarina
7369:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7338:Gregarinasina
7334:
7323:
7322:
7317:
7316:
7315:Myriosporides
7311:
7310:Myriosporidae
7308:
7305:
7304:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7287:
7286:
7281:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7268:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7254:
7251:
7250:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7233:
7226:
7225:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7212:
7208:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7186:
7181:
7180:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7168:
7163:
7162:
7157:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7145:
7144:
7139:
7138:Sarcocystinae
7136:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7130:Sarcocystidae
7127:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7092:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7042:
7041:Pseudoklossia
7037:
7036:
7031:
7030:
7025:
7024:
7019:
7018:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6997:
6990:
6989:
6984:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6971:Klossiellidae
6969:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6885:
6884:
6883:Rhytidocystis
6879:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6867:
6866:Gemmocystidae
6864:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6833:
6819:
6818:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6806:
6803:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6745:Leucocytozoon
6741:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6670:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6650:Colponemadida
6647:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6623:
6622:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6586:Karyorelictea
6584:
6581:
6580:
6575:
6574:
6573:Climacostomum
6569:
6568:
6563:
6562:Heterotrichea
6560:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6537:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6507:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6405:Muranotrichea
6403:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6331:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6315:Acavomonadida
6312:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6243:Stramenopiles
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6206:(major groups
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6182:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6158:
6153:
6151:
6146:
6144:
6139:
6138:
6135:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6103:Âčtraditional
6102:
6101:
6098:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6082:Mantamonadida
6080:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6009:
6007:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5970:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5882:
5881:Heterolobosea
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5873:Discicristata
5870:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5829:
5825:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5712:
5704:
5703:Viridiplantae
5700:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5624:Microheliella
5621:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5591:
5565:
5564:Actinophryida
5562:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5475:Stramenopiles
5472:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5178:Ichthyosporea
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5126:
5125:Rotosphaerida
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5087:Apusomonadida
5085:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4946:Stramenopiles
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4909:(major groups
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4868:
4863:
4861:
4856:
4854:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4823:on 2007-09-26
4819:
4815:
4811:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4745:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4722:(8): 375â82.
4721:
4717:
4710:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4431:Parazitologia
4425:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4328:(1): 261â73.
4327:
4323:
4316:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4290:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4199:. CRC Press.
4198:
4191:
4188:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4092:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3987:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3935:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3866:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3777:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3707:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3629:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3205:on 2010-12-30
3201:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3099:(2): 235â48.
3098:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3006:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:Leucocytozoon
2525:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2346:Rhytidocystis
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2328:Margolisiella
2322:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:Gregarinasina
1885:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:Gregarinasina
1739:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1711:Achromatorida
1708:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1676:Gregarinasina
1673:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1666:and suborder
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1554:Gregarinasina
1551:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:Diplomonadida
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1451:Stramenopiles
1448:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:Microsporidia
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1342:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:invertebrates
1307:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1299:Lankesterella
1296:âtwo genera (
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1282:âeight genera
1281:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1220:are found in
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1180:Leucocytozoon
1176:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1122:Cystoisospora
1118:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1098:tetracyclines
1095:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1004:
996:
995:Rhytidocystis
992:
991:
990:Rhytidocystis
983:
982:
974:
970:
958:
956:
954:
950:
945:
939:
931:
930:
924:
918:Haemosporidia
917:
915:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
881:
873:
872:
866:
859:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
809:
808:Gregarinasina
800:
793:
791:
789:
785:
781:
774:
772:
770:
766:
762:
759:, called the
758:
753:
751:
747:
746:
741:
740:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
668:
658:
650:
648:
646:
645:
640:
639:Ascogregarina
635:
632:
628:
622:
618:
615:
612:
608:
605:
602:
601:
600:
599:Replication:
594:
590:
587:
583:
580:
577:
574:have tubular
573:
569:
566:
562:
559:
556:
553:
552:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:Golgi complex
496:
492:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:
461:
452:
444:
437:
435:
433:
429:
428:Microsporidia
425:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
374:
373:
368:
367:Toxoplasmosis
365:
362:
361:
356:
353:
350:
349:
344:
341:
338:
337:
332:
329:
326:
325:
320:
317:
314:
313:
308:
305:
304:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:
244:
243:endoparasites
241:
236:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:(also called
192:
178:
177:Gregarinasina
173:
170:
167:
162:
159:
158:
157:
154:
152:(= Hematozoa)
151:
148:
147:
145:
141:Perkins, 2000
137:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
9273:
9222:
9214:
9136:Orthonectida
9131:Gastrotricha
9106:Nematomorpha
9081:Chaetognatha
9071:Hemichordate
8998:Pteridophyta
8867:Malawimonada
8741:Korarchaeota
8702:Thermotogota
8687:Synergistota
8662:Nitrospirota
8657:Nitrospinota
8602:Deinococcota
8535:Bacteroidota
8423:Platyproteum
8421:
8415:
8386:
8383:Chilovoridae
8361:
8327:
8321:
8315:
8309:
8303:
8265:
8259:
8247:
8235:
8197:
8187:Pronoctiluca
8185:
8173:
8156:
8153:Acrocoelidae
8133:
8129:Hematodinium
8127:
8124:Syndiniaceae
8117:Duboscquella
8115:
8103:
8074:
8071:Noctilucales
8051:Symbiodinium
8049:
8043:
8031:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8000:Prorocentrum
7998:
7986:
7980:
7977:Peridiniales
7968:
7962:
7950:
7944:
7938:
7932:
7893:
7881:
7870:Voromonadida
7856:
7845:Colpodellida
7831:
7828:Vitrellaceae
7819:
7816:Chromeraceae
7799:Apicomonadea
7769:
7759:Schizocystis
7757:
7751:
7747:Lymphotropha
7745:
7733:
7727:
7721:
7715:
7711:Farinocystis
7709:
7703:
7691:
7688:Gigaductidae
7616:Monoductidae
7582:Porosporidae
7578:Porosporicae
7560:Gregarinidae
7544:Gregarinicae
7512:
7486:Thiriotiidae
7481:Selenidiidae
7470:Zygocystinae
7454:Monocystinae
7450:Monocystidae
7412:Aseptatorina
7389:
7383:
7377:
7371:
7359:
7319:
7313:
7301:
7289:
7283:
7271:
7267:Defretinella
7265:
7259:
7249:Angeiocystis
7247:
7222:
7189:
7183:
7177:
7173:Hyaloklossia
7171:
7165:
7159:
7147:
7141:
7101:
7095:
7089:
7077:
7059:Barrouxiidae
7045:
7039:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7015:
7012:Aggregatidae
6986:
6983:Legerellidae
6974:
6962:
6959:Karyolysidae
6950:
6947:Hepatozoidae
6938:
6926:
6920:
6881:
6869:
6815:
6808:
6792:
6789:Theileriidae
6780:
6769:Piroplasmida
6755:
6752:Plasmodiidae
6743:
6733:Haemoproteus
6731:
6719:
6699:Aconoidasida
6684:
6653:
6644:Colponemadea
6635:Colponemidia
6619:
6613:
6595:
6589:
6577:
6571:
6565:
6540:
6534:
6531:Spirotrichea
6522:
6519:Protocruziea
6510:
6504:
6492:
6480:
6476:Chilodonella
6474:
6462:
6450:
6444:
6438:
6432:
6420:
6408:
6396:
6390:
6387:Litostomatea
6378:
6366:
6354:
6318:
6309:Acavomonadea
6300:Acavomonidia
6265:Opisthokonta
6120:
6115:paraphyletic
6010:
5991:
5973:
5942:Malawimonada
5922:Anaeromonada
5917:Anaeramoebae
5909:
5885:
5862:Tsukubamonas
5860:
5782:
5775:
5766:Charophyceae
5753:
5746:
5739:Streptophyta
5726:
5710:
5690:
5686:Rhodelphidia
5644:Palpitomonas
5642:
5622:
5611:Pancryptista
5556:
5549:
5486:
5453:
5442:
5441:
5421:
5391:
5386:Foraminifera
5384:
5227:
5170:
5164:Tunicaraptor
5162:
5129:
5103:Opisthokonta
5039:
4968:Opisthokonta
4825:. Retrieved
4818:the original
4813:
4760:
4754:
4744:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4664:
4660:
4650:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4580:
4576:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4507:
4502:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4397:
4391:
4364:
4358:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4288:
4282:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4196:
4190:
4179:. Retrieved
4165:
4149:(2): 301â2.
4146:
4142:
4136:
4133:Blastocystis
4132:
4131:"Finding of
4124:
4113:
4108:
4098:
4091:
4066:
4062:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3986:
3951:
3947:
3937:
3926:. Retrieved
3917:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3857:. Retrieved
3848:
3837:. Retrieved
3828:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3768:. Retrieved
3759:
3724:
3720:
3709:
3698:. Retrieved
3689:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3628:
3586:(10): 2891.
3583:
3579:
3569:
3529:(1): 4â119.
3526:
3522:
3511:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3232:
3207:. Retrieved
3200:the original
3189:
3146:
3142:
3131:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3022:
3018:
3008:
2996:. Retrieved
2992:
2916:
2912:PLOS Biology
2910:
2897:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2816:(1): 13â16.
2813:
2809:
2799:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2721:
2715:
2701:(2): 352â5.
2698:
2694:
2688:
2671:
2667:
2632:phylogenetic
2625:
2598:
2527:
2521:
2518:Hemosporidia
2517:
2516:
2499:
2493:
2492:Piroplasms (
2491:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2397:
2385:
2344:
2342:
2326:
2325:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2281:
2254:
2238:
2237:
2222:
2190:
2184:
2181:Voromonadida
2179:
2162:
2159:Colpodellida
2157:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2123:
2112:Apicomonadea
2087:Platyproteum
2085:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2058:
2039:
2024:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1974:Perkinsorida
1962:Perkinsasida
1928:Coccidiasina
1860:
1835:
1831:Aconoidasida
1820:
1783:
1749:Coccidiasina
1735:
1723:
1717:Chromatorida
1683:Coccidiasina
1654:
1646:
1623:Aconoidasida
1594:
1585:
1576:
1574:Coccidiasina
1556:
1541:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1505:Acanthamoeba
1499:
1493:
1454:
1446:Blastocystis
1444:
1434:
1411:Ascetosporea
1396:
1377:
1366:gall bladder
1359:
1349:
1330:
1326:heteroxenous
1311:
1303:
1297:
1273:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1162:Haemoproteus
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1091:
1073:
1045:
1037:
1013:
1006:Levine, 1979
994:
988:
979:
976:Frenzel 1885
972:
962:
944:erythrocytes
941:
938:Haemosporida
927:
909:
905:microgametes
894:
883:
869:
811:
783:
782:
778:
767:rather than
754:
743:
737:
731:
727:microtubules
712:
697:
642:
638:
636:
633:
629:
626:
598:
586:chloroplasts
572:mitochondria
565:microtubules
561:Basal bodies
528:microtubules
525:
520:
519:species and
514:
487:
457:
411:(a group of
409:Ascetosporea
400:
388:
384:
378:
370:
358:
346:
334:
322:
310:
281:
246:
237:
229:
199:apicomplexan
198:
195:Apicomplexia
194:
190:
188:
166:Coccidiasina
150:Aconoidasida
133:Levine, 1970
128:
112:
99:
86:
73:
35:Apicomplexa
29:
18:Apicomplexan
9432:Apicomplexa
9365:iNaturalist
9318:Apicomplexa
9304:Apicomplexa
9298:Wikispecies
9274:Apicomplexa
9191:Brachiopoda
9166:Cycliophora
9111:Onychophora
9086:Kinorhyncha
9008:Ginkgophyta
9003:Cycadophyta
8968:Chlorophyta
8958:Glaucophyta
8652:Myxococcota
8570:Chlorobiota
8565:Chlamydiota
8375:Chilovorida
8358:Algovoridae
8341:Myzomonadea
8311:Ellobiopsis
8292:Ellobiopsea
8267:Rastrimonas
8249:Phagodinium
8244:Phagodinida
8232:Perkinsidae
8215:Perkinsozoa
8194:Psammosidae
8105:Amoebophyra
8096:Syndiniales
8033:Karlodinium
8021:Gymnodinium
8015:Amphidinium
7920:Dinokaryota
7766:Syncystidae
7753:Machadoella
7612:Leidyanidae
7568:Metameridae
7526:Septatorina
7491:Urosporidae
7445:Lecudinidae
7440:Ganymedidae
7303:Mackinnonia
7285:Coelotropha
7261:Coelotropha
7211:Ixorheorida
7149:Sarcocystis
7000:Eimeriorina
6928:Dactylosoma
6922:Babesiosoma
6871:Gemmocystis
6837:Conoidasida
6817:Nephromyces
6685:Apicomplexa
6579:Blepharisma
6542:Stylonychia
6524:Protocruzia
6501:Prostomatea
6489:Plagiopylea
6446:Tetrahymena
6417:Nassophorea
6410:Muranothrix
6392:Balantidium
6006:Chitinozoan
5932:Parabasalia
5784:Embryophyta
5748:Chlorokybus
5728:Chlorophyta
5676:Glaucophyta
5650:Cryptophyta
5540:Pirsoniales
5507:Bicosoecida
5488:Platysulcus
5461:Perkinsozoa
5443:Apicomplexa
5416:Colponemida
5183:Pluriformea
5052:Archamoebea
5041:Eumycetozoa
4767:: 161â178.
4508:Nephromyces
2668:J Parasitol
2604:Perkinsozoa
2453:Sarcocystis
2282:Marosporida
2227: s.l.
2072:Squirmida (
2061: s.l.
2059:Apicomplexa
2004:Nephromyces
1984:Perkinsidae
1946:Ixorheorida
1912:Eimeriorina
1882:Conoidasida
1823:Perkinsidae
1795:adeleorins.
1762:Eimeriorina
1696:Eimeriorina
1610:Eimeriorina
1548:Conoidasida
1495:Balantidium
1441:Chlorophyta
1318:vertebrates
1305:Schellackia
1294:Eimeriorina
1287:Laveraniina
1218:Hypnozoites
1192:Sarcocystis
1144:Babesiosoma
1128:Schellackia
1116:Atoxoplasma
985:Dakin, 1911
971:containing
959:Marosporida
953:sporozoites
901:macrogamete
886:vertebrates
846:gametocytes
830:trophozoite
788:Perkinsozoa
704:sporozoites
690:gametocytes
682:sporozoites
438:Description
426:), and the
248:Nephromyces
191:Apicomplexa
156:Conoidasida
129:Apicomplexa
9426:Categories
9224:Parakaryon
9186:Entoprocta
9121:Arthropoda
9116:Tardigrada
9096:Priapulida
9091:Loricifera
9076:Echinoderm
9046:Ctenophora
9018:Gnetophyta
8973:Charophyta
8963:Rhodophyta
8935:Ascomycota
8930:Zygomycota
8872:Metamonada
8847:Euglenozoa
8832:Ciliophora
8540:Balneolota
8515:Aquificota
8417:Filipodium
8412:Squirmidae
8404:Squirmidea
8350:Algovorida
8158:Acrocoelus
8063:Noctilucea
8040:Suessiales
7988:Peridinium
7982:Pfiesteria
7940:Histioneis
7934:Dinophysis
7883:Alphamonas
7858:Colpodella
7808:Chromerida
7735:Menzbieria
7723:Lipocystis
7717:Lipotropha
7693:Gigaductus
7620:Monoicidae
7538:Fusionidae
7534:Fusionicae
7514:Siedleckia
7391:Veloxidium
7361:Exoschizon
7321:Myriospora
7280:Grelliidae
7219:Ixorheidae
7191:Toxoplasma
7091:Cyclospora
7086:Eimeriidae
7029:Merocystis
7023:Grasseella
6976:Klossiella
6964:Karyolysus
6952:Hepatozoon
6904:Adeleorina
6777:Babesiidae
6757:Plasmodium
6621:Myrionecta
6615:Mesodinium
6610:Mesodiniea
6494:Plagiopyla
6452:Vorticella
6440:Paramecium
6351:Armophorea
6334:Ciliophora
6320:Acavomonas
6087:Rigifilida
5986:Acritarchs
5911:Barthelona
5902:Metamonada
5887:Euglenozoa
5755:Mesostigma
5711:sensu lato
5692:Rhodophyta
5551:Ochrophyta
5512:Placidozoa
5423:Ciliophora
5393:Radiolaria
5310:Haptophyta
5205:Filasterea
5117:Holomycota
4827:2006-10-13
4181:2009-05-31
3928:2012-01-02
3923:"CryptoDB"
3859:2012-01-02
3839:2012-01-02
3770:2012-01-02
3765:"PlasmoDB"
3700:2012-01-02
3695:"EuPathDB"
3637:Plasmodium
3252:1132400230
3236:. EDTECH.
3209:2006-10-04
2998:23 January
2961:Q123558544
2650:References
2644:Centrocone
2523:Plasmodium
2481:Hematozoa
2459:Frenkellia
2447:Toxoplasma
2428:Cyclospora
2303:Merocystis
2224:Gregarines
2186:Alphamonas
2164:Colpodella
2125:Chromerida
2081:Filipodium
1906:Adeleorina
1755:Adeleorina
1689:Adeleorina
1592:Adeleorina
1533:Colpodella
1466:Ciliophora
1462:Flagellata
1388:trematodes
1322:monoxenous
1280:Adeleorina
1252:histone H4
1235:Karyolysus
1229:Plasmodium
1186:Plasmodium
1174:Karyolysus
1168:Hepatozoon
1134:Toxoplasma
1088:piroplasms
1086:(ToxoDB),
1084:coccidians
1075:Plasmodium
1052:eukaryotic
993:sp. 1 and
890:epithelial
860:Coccidians
842:merozoites
838:schizogony
834:merozoites
818:arthropods
794:Gregarines
784:Perkinsus
761:apicoplast
745:Colpodella
734:alveolates
723:micronemes
708:merozoites
686:merozoites
651:Life cycle
627:Mobility:
611:schizogony
582:Centrioles
540:micronemes
507:apicoplast
397:sporozoite
393:organelles
387:(top) and
324:Plasmodium
307:Babesiosis
292:piroplasms
288:gregarines
273:pseudopods
261:Chromerida
222:apicoplast
220:called an
210:alveolates
205:of mainly
197:; single:
172:Gregarinia
9141:Dicyemida
9013:Pinophyta
8892:Telonemia
8827:Cryptista
8817:Breviatea
8802:Amoebozoa
8797:Alveolata
8778:Eukaryote
8530:Bacillota
8388:Chilovora
8237:Perkinsus
8224:Perkinsea
8135:Syndinium
8076:Noctiluca
8045:Polarella
7970:Gonyaulax
7952:Oxyphysis
7895:Voromonas
7771:Syncystis
7705:Apicystis
7167:Hammondia
7161:Besnoitia
7143:Frenkelia
7017:Aggregata
6988:Legerella
6912:Adeleidae
6794:Theileria
6716:Garniidae
6655:Colponema
6512:Holophrya
6482:Tokophrya
6260:Amoebozoa
6238:Alveolata
6226:Cryptista
6201:Eukaryota
6172:Alveolata
6164:Eukaryota
5927:Fornicata
5833:Excavates
5635:Cryptista
5558:Oomycetes
5535:Developea
5517:Sagenista
5404:Alveolata
5340:Telonemia
5215:Choanozoa
5092:Breviatea
5035:Tubulinea
5022:Amoebozoa
4963:Amoebozoa
4941:Alveolata
4929:Cryptista
4904:Eukaryota
4874:Eukaryote
4783:0066-4227
4628:CiteSeerX
4416:704052757
4307:463445910
4256:0027-8424
4007:(1): 37.
3663:2157-1422
3602:2076-2615
3543:1066-5234
3485:1553-7358
3390:1759-6653
3364:class nov
3163:1088-9051
3083:Gregarine
3047:0036-8075
2935:1544-9173
2818:CiteSeerX
2501:Theileria
2297:Aggregata
2192:Voromonas
2015:Evolution
2009:tunicates
1926:Subclass
1910:Suborder
1904:Suborder
1886:Subclass
1776:Subclass
1767:Suborder
1760:Suborder
1753:Suborder
1747:Subclass
1740:Subclass
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1703:Subclass
1694:Suborder
1687:Suborder
1681:Subclass
1674:Subclass
1608:Suborder
1590:Suborder
1572:Subclass
1552:Subclass
1527:Perkinsus
1509:Naegleria
1501:Entamoeba
1470:Sarcodina
1292:suborder
1285:suborder
1278:suborder
1214:Eimeriida
1198:Theileria
1110:Aggregata
1078:species (
1066:evolution
1048:bacterial
868:Dividing
775:Subgroups
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739:Perkinsus
719:rhoptries
421:cnidarian
389:complexus
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230:e.g., see
224:âwith an
214:organelle
207:parasitic
119:Alveolata
67:Eukaryota
9352:Fungorum
9283:Wikidata
9201:Annelida
9196:Mollusca
9176:Phoronid
9171:Nemertea
9146:Rotifera
9126:Flatworm
9101:Nematoda
9066:Chordate
9056:Cnidaria
9051:Placozoa
8882:Rhizaria
8857:Haptista
8837:Cercozoa
8497:Bacteria
8363:Algovora
8199:Psammosa
8175:Oxyrrhis
8088:Syndinea
7964:Ceratium
7729:Mattesia
7592:Acutidae
7224:Ixorheis
7185:Neospora
7103:Isospora
7047:Selysina
6848:Coccidia
6536:Euplotes
6398:Dileptus
6375:Colpodea
6255:Amorphea
6233:Rhizaria
6221:Hacrobia
6211:Excavata
6196:Bacteria
6109:protists
6105:kingdoms
5993:Grypania
5955:Imasidae
5856:Jakobida
5380:Endomyxa
5375:Cercozoa
5367:Rhizaria
5297:Haptista
5229:Animalia
5172:Bicellum
5047:Variosea
5030:Discosea
5008:Amorphea
4958:Amorphea
4936:Rhizaria
4924:Hacrobia
4914:Excavata
4899:Bacteria
4791:27359218
4736:19635681
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4558:28005870
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4350:18248741
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4041:23398820
3978:16940111
3909:16381902
3834:"ToxoDB"
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3681:28108531
3620:34679913
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3503:29315306
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3342:18663012
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2953:37988341
2944:10662721
2889:20580218
2840:14700584
2791:20736348
2638:See also
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2422:Isospora
2386:Coccidia
2142:Piridium
2136:Vitrella
2130:Chromera
2075:Digyalum
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1407:BĂŒtschli
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1080:PlasmoDB
1070:EuPathDB
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593:pellicle
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511:kilobase
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284:coccidia
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269:flagella
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161:Coccidia
125:Phylum:
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9289:Q193030
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8877:Provora
8852:Jakobea
8842:Discoba
8788:Protist
8725:Archaea
8478:Extant
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7291:Grellia
7097:Eimeria
7035:Ovivora
6782:Babesia
6674:Myzozoa
6591:Loxodes
6567:Stentor
6422:Nassula
6380:Colpoda
6356:Metopus
6270:Animals
6191:Archaea
5844:Discoba
5709:Plants
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5527:Gyrista
5434:Myzozoa
5287:Provora
5193:Filozoa
5149:Holozoa
5057:Cutosea
4973:Animals
4894:Archaea
4701:7597031
4669:Bibcode
4605:4283969
4530:Bibcode
4466:Bibcode
4443:1297964
4330:Bibcode
4265:5024609
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4083:3143826
4032:3598677
4009:Bibcode
3969:1563505
3900:1347441
3672:5411682
3611:8532714
3580:Animals
3552:6492006
3494:5777656
3463:Bibcode
3399:7875001
3333:2528193
3114:2877549
3027:Bibcode
3019:Science
2880:2947570
2782:2941302
2759:Bibcode
2680:3277701
2495:Babesia
2416:Eimeria
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1982:Family
1427:Myxozoa
1384:earwigs
1364:in the
1356:oocysts
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854:oocysts
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700:entosis
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617:Meiosis
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536:rhoptry
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415:), the
395:in the
319:Malaria
312:Babesia
257:chytrid
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9383:553099
9370:151872
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9033:Animal
6721:Garnia
6506:Coleps
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6185:Domain
6117:groups
5499:Bigyra
5073:Obazoa
4951:Plants
4888:Domain
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8822:CRuMs
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6275:Fungi
6069:CRuMs
5131:Fungi
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4554:S2CID
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530:(the
467:cells
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9391:NCBI
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8988:Moss
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4593:PMID
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385:apex
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