72:
452:
The eugregarines and neogregarines differ in a number of respects. The neogregarines are in general more pathogenic to their hosts. The eugregarines multiply by sporogony and gametogony, while the neogregarines have an additional schizogenic stage – merogony – within their hosts. Merogony may be
1171:
Adl SM, Simpson AG, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, Bowser SS, Brown MW, Burki F, Dunthorn M, Hampl V, Heiss A, Hoppenrath M, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, McManus H, Mitchell EA, Mozley-Stanridge SE, Parfrey LW, Pawlowski J, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shadwick L, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Spiegel FW (2012).
407:
Archigregarines are found only in marine habitats. They possess intestinal trophozoites similar in morphology to the infective sporozoites. Phylogenetic analysis suggests this group is paraphyletic and will need division. Generally, four zoites are in each spore in this group.
411:
Eugregarines are found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. These species possess large trophozoites that are significantly different in morphology and behavior from the sporozoites. This taxon contains most of the known gregarine species. The intestinal
242:
and for invading target cells. This makes the gregarines excellent models for studying gliding motility, with the goal of developing treatment options for both toxoplasmosis and malaria. Thousands of different species of gregarine are expected to be found in
350:
927:
Valigurová, Andrea; Koudela, Břetislav (August 2008). "Morphological analysis of the cellular interactions between the eugregarine
Gregarina garnhami (Apicomplexa) and the epithelium of its host, the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria".
302:
in a process called excystation. They find their way to the appropriate body cavity, and penetrate host cells in their immediate environment. The sporozoites begin to feed within the host cell and develop into larger
449:
Neogregarines are found only in terrestrial hosts. These species have reduced trophozoites and tend to infect tissues other than the intestine. Usually, eight zoites are in each spore in this group.
794:"Cryptosporidium is more closely related to the gregarines than to coccidia as shown by phylogenetic analysis of apicomplexan parasites inferred using small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences"
571:
This point of view was challenged in 2017 by
Simdyanov and co-authors, who performed the global integrated analysis of available morphological and molecular phylogenetic data and concluded that
431:
Urosporidians are aseptate eugregarines that infect the coelomic spaces of marine hosts. Unusually, they tend to lack attachment structures and form gamont pairs that pulsate freely within the
214:. The large (roughly half a millimeter) parasites inhabit the intestines of many invertebrates. They are not found in any vertebrates. Gregarines are closely related to both
247:, and 99% of these gregarine species still need to be described. Each insect species can be the host of multiple gregarine species. One of the most-studied gregarines is
1136:
Cavalier-Smith T (2014). "Gregarine site-heterogeneous 18S rDNA trees, revision of gregarine higher classification, and the evolutionary diversification of
Sporozoa".
392:
Currently, about 250 genera and 1650 species are known in this taxon. They are divided into three orders based on habitat, host range, and trophozoite morphology.
3859:
793:
53:) gregarine showing the distinctive "head"-like section of the trophozoite containing the epimerite at its anterior end. Septate gregarines are intestinal
743:
to perform their gliding motions. In the proposed ‘capping’ model, an uncharacterized protein complex moves rearward, moving the parasites forward.
3923:
1465:
428:– depending on whether the trophozoite is superficially divided by a transverse septum. The aseptate species are mostly marine gregarines.
1044:
Traité de zoologie: anatomie, systématique, biologie. Tome I, Fasc. II, Protozaires, rhizopodes, Actinopodes, Sporozoaires, Cnidosporidies
42:
1513:
1077:
700:
The parasites are relatively large, spindle-shaped cells, compared to other apicomplexans and eukaryotes in general (some species are
253:. In general, gregarines are regarded as a very successful group of parasites, as their hosts are distributed over the entire planet.
974:
3882:
1554:
399:
lifecycles involving a single invertebrate host. In the lifecycle, the extracellular feeding stage is known as the trophozoite.
3951:
1549:
1068:
Perkins FO, Barta JR, Clopton RE, Peirce MA, Upton SJ (2000). "Phylum
Apicomplexa". In Lee JJ, Leedale GF, Bradbury P (eds.).
3928:
1633:
1623:
1606:
342:
occurs, yielding the sporozoites. Hundreds of oocysts accumulate within each gametocyst; these are released via a host's
1792:
71:
338:
are produced by the fusion of two gametes, and these, in turn, become surrounded by an oocyst wall. Within the oocyst,
667:
Apical complex occurs in the sporozoite stage, but is lost in the trophozoite stage in eugregarines and neogregarines.
711:
beneath the cell surface with nematode like bending behaviour): crenulations are instead found in the urosporidians.
681:
They inhabit extracellular body cavities of invertebrates such as the intestines, coeloms, and reproductive vesicles.
3864:
1276:
Walker MH, Mackenzie C, Bainbridge SP, Orme C (November 1979). "A study of the structure and gliding movement of
1070:
An
Illustrated guide to the Protozoa: organisms traditionally referred to as protozoa, or newly discovered groups
719:
The gregarines are able to move and change direction along a surface through gliding motility without the use of
576:
469:
821:
3385:
696:(septate gregarines); some gregarines (urosporidians) float freely within extracellular body cavities (coelom).
3625:
3523:
3191:
2661:
1638:
1506:
354:
261:
Gregarines occur in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Although they are usually transmitted by the
3812:
2679:
1457:
Treatise on
Zoology — Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Gregarines (2 vols): The Early Branching Apicomplexa
772:
396:
307:. In some species, the sporozoites and trophozoites are capable of asexual replication – a process called
1223:"A new view on the morphology and phylogeny of eugregarines suggested by the evidence from the gregarine
964:
3434:
2954:
1973:
1912:
1834:
1601:
2478:
2468:
382:
2990:
2631:
2473:
2422:
2412:
1101:
Leander BS (February 2008). "Marine gregarines: evolutionary prelude to the apicomplexan radiation?".
3956:
3887:
3874:
3687:
3540:
2982:
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893:
504:
481:
274:
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632:
508:
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2816:
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2008:
1673:
3741:
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3157:
2974:
2918:
2417:
2370:
2002:
1667:
1658:
614:
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531:
522:
3850:
3733:
3716:
3699:
3650:
3607:
3602:
3552:
2970:
2926:
2906:
2706:
2643:
2619:
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1882:
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1701:
1618:
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1559:
1499:
312:
249:
181:
165:
66:
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3762:
3708:
2978:
2638:
2577:
1979:
1968:
1678:
327:
3746:
1870:
693:
608:
545:
362:. These aseptate gregarines lack epimerites and instead possess attachment organelles known as
50:
3721:
3595:
3557:
3032:
2950:
2594:
2432:
2293:
2216:
1787:
1628:
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1320:
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1248:
1238:
1193:
1185:
1145:
1110:
999:
937:
901:
848:
837:"Gliding motility and cell invasion by Apicomplexa: insights from the Plasmodium sporozoite"
805:
751:
The gregarines are among the oldest known parasites, having been described by the physician
477:
326:. During syzygy, gamont orientation differs between species (side-to-side, head-to-tail). A
239:
173:
776:. He considered them to be parasitic worms. Koelliker recognised them as protozoa in 1848.
584:
446:
and may need to be reclassified. Generally, eight zoites are in each spore in this group.
438:
Monocystids are aseptate eugregarines that infect the reproductive vesicles of terrestrial
3458:
3036:
3004:
2824:
2820:
2783:
2761:
2726:
2437:
2236:
2168:
2098:
1829:
1822:
766:
572:
561:
513:
489:
473:
457:
413:
235:
169:
1024:
Alarcón M E., Huang C-G, Tsai Y-S, Chen W-J, Kumar A (2011) Life cycle and morphology of
897:
3353:
3269:
3179:
3100:
3040:
3010:
2793:
2737:
2714:
2537:
2298:
2253:
2086:
2066:
1955:
1721:
1574:
1526:
1293:
1253:
1222:
1198:
1173:
752:
385:
in 1953. The three orders into which they are currently divided were created by Levine
295:
266:
109:
96:
1405:
1388:
1364:
1347:
564:
proved to be split and distributed among these three classes together with some other
3945:
3619:
3528:
3368:
3317:
3304:
3287:
3211:
3058:
2946:
2867:
2788:
2743:
2731:
2488:
2399:
2329:
2241:
2224:
2103:
1944:
1931:
1763:
1189:
1003:
853:
836:
443:
227:
3781:
3487:
3475:
3429:
3409:
3358:
3335:
3203:
3186:
3174:
3117:
3105:
3069:
3046:
2940:
2936:
2902:
2844:
2839:
2828:
2812:
2808:
2770:
2625:
2607:
2531:
2341:
2317:
2305:
2147:
2127:
2110:
2091:
2057:
1993:
1877:
1847:
1745:
740:
728:
671:
657:
556:
518:
425:
1221:
Simdyanov TG, Guillou L, Diakin AY, Mikhailov KV, Schrével J, Aleoshin VV (2017).
3914:
1455:
369:
Gregarines have thus far been reported to infect over 3000 invertebrate species.
330:
wall forms around each gamont pair, which then begins to divide into hundreds of
318:
In all species, two mature trophozoites eventually pair up in a process known as
3844:
3669:
3590:
3573:
3463:
3454:
3391:
3379:
3373:
3278:
3124:
3111:
2884:
2849:
2803:
2798:
2569:
2507:
2358:
2286:
2280:
2229:
2195:
2175:
2043:
1937:
1920:
1900:
1859:
1804:
1775:
1750:
708:
565:
497:
417:
304:
203:
142:
132:
41:
3835:
1430:
Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi, che si trovano negli animali viventi
1149:
941:
3775:
3516:
3421:
3398:
3346:
3340:
3298:
3292:
3241:
3216:
3166:
3093:
3081:
3075:
3051:
2896:
2892:
2872:
2749:
2719:
2549:
2449:
2444:
2387:
2381:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2262:
2135:
2115:
1889:
1852:
1810:
1798:
1709:
877:
758:
The first formal description was made by Dufour in 1828. He created the genus
651:
620:
550:
540:
468:
Cavalier-Smith has proposed a significant revision of this taxon assuming the
323:
308:
291:
283:
222:
216:
1114:
1087:
1051:
3582:
3493:
3403:
3328:
3310:
3253:
3129:
3063:
2525:
2519:
2501:
2375:
2346:
2270:
2152:
2074:
2013:
1840:
1530:
1522:
1491:
1486:
1072:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Society of Protozoologists. pp. 190–369.
905:
760:
675:
596:
349:
262:
122:
83:
58:
1437:
1332:
1262:
1207:
1157:
1122:
1028:(Ross 1909) comb. nov. (Eugregarinorida: Actinocephalidae), a gregarine of
949:
913:
862:
817:
1414:
1373:
1011:
809:
17:
3908:
3829:
3533:
3446:
3322:
3087:
2582:
2543:
2461:
2405:
2206:
1894:
1756:
1733:
1613:
724:
707:
in length). Most gregarines have longitudinal epicytic folds (bundles of
689:
493:
421:
359:
54:
2455:
2393:
2140:
2032:
1949:
1780:
1738:
1714:
1692:
1243:
990:
Cox, FE (December 1994). "The evolutionary expansion of the
Sporozoa".
661:
645:
439:
339:
319:
231:
1032:(Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) in Taiwan. Zoological Studies 50(6): 763-772
476:. He has separated gregarines into three classes. The first of them –
1864:
1481:
1324:
736:
685:
432:
363:
343:
335:
331:
299:
270:
244:
3806:
732:
720:
703:
378:
348:
3810:
1495:
1389:"Gliding motility: an efficient mechanism for cell penetration"
882:
myosin A in powering parasite gliding and host cell invasion"
969:(2nd ed.). Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 367–387.
654:– only one host occurs in lifecycle for almost all species.
582:
Several genera of gregarines are currently not classified:
1227:(Leuckart, 1860) Labbé, 1899 (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida)"
453:
intracellular or extracellular depending on the species.
511:
was created for the gregarines most closely related to
238:
similar to those that are formed by the gregarines for
1387:
Sibley LD, Hâkansson S, Carruthers VB (January 1998).
3898:
3819:
3761:
3732:
3707:
3698:
3649:
3640:
3581:
3572:
3504:
3445:
3420:
3277:
3268:
3227:
3202:
3165:
3156:
3023:
2883:
2858:
2769:
2760:
2705:
2694:
2593:
2568:
2487:
2357:
2261:
2252:
2215:
2204:
2193:
2126:
2065:
2056:
2041:
2030:
2001:
1992:
1911:
1700:
1691:
1666:
1657:
442:. These latter species tend to branch closely with
876:Meissner M, Schlüter D, Soldati D (October 2002).
664:and are often distributed near the cell periphery.
1307:Heintzelman MB (June 2004). "Actin and myosin in
792:Carreno RA, Martin DS, Barta JR (November 1999).
1348:"Actin-based cell motility and cell locomotion"
1454:Desportes, Isabelle; Schrével, Joseph (2013).
1507:
1063:
1061:
731:. This is accomplished through the use of an
294:(depending on the species), equipped with an
8:
3807:
3704:
3646:
3578:
3274:
3162:
3153:
2766:
2702:
2363:
2258:
2212:
2201:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2038:
1998:
1697:
1663:
1654:
1514:
1500:
1492:
1174:"The revised classification of eukaryotes"
670:Trophozoites have a large and conspicuous
503:. The Orthogregarinia with two new orders
40:
31:
1404:
1363:
1346:Mitchison TJ, Cramer LP (February 1996).
1252:
1242:
1197:
852:
739:complex. The complexes require an actin
784:
521:– was created for the archigregarines,
992:International Journal for Parasitology
416:are separated into septate – suborder
1042:Grassé, P.P.; Caullery, M.C. (1953).
265:route, some are transmitted with the
7:
3875:d488ba07-f42f-4483-8fff-f85469177dd6
377:The gregarines were recognised as a
492:previously considered as divergent
1294:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1979.tb04197.x
234:, respectively. Both protists use
25:
49:A live specimen of a septate (or
1190:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x
963:Lange, C.E.; Lord, J.C. (2012).
930:European Journal of Protistology
854:10.1046/j.1462-5822.2001.00097.x
544:. The third class was created –
70:
684:Attachment to host occurs by a
966:Insect Pathology - 2nd Edition
206:alveolates, classified as the
1:
1406:10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70008-9
1365:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81281-7
529:which itself was created for
460:are ancestral to the others.
358:is an intestinal parasite of
346:or via host death and decay.
290:In all species, four or more
1004:10.1016/0020-7519(94)90197-x
3973:
1150:10.1016/j.ejop.2014.07.002
942:10.1016/j.ejop.2007.11.006
835:Ménard R (February 2001).
3152:
2366:
2163:
2052:
1966:
1653:
1537:
187:
180:
163:
158:
67:Scientific classification
65:
48:
39:
34:
1313:Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton
1115:10.1016/j.pt.2007.11.005
1046:. Paris: Masson et Cie.
456:DNA studies suggest the
3192:Vitrella brassicaformis
906:10.1126/science.1074553
3952:Apicomplexa subclasses
1482:Tree of Life Gregarina
1432:. Firenze: P. Matini.
1178:J. Eukaryot. Microbiol
648:occurs in all species.
366:
355:Lankesteria cystodytae
1913:Postciliodesmatophora
1030:Ctenocephalides felis
1026:Steinina ctenocephali
810:10.1007/s004360050655
517:. The second class –
352:
2615:Eleutheroschizonidae
1727:Cariacothrix caudata
1309:Gregarina polymorpha
773:Folficula aricularia
27:Subclass of protists
2860:Blastogregarinorina
2817:Oligochaetocystinae
898:2002Sci...298..837M
488:and, additionally,
2955:Amphiplatysporidae
2907:Cephaloidophoridae
2707:Archigregarinorida
1702:Intramacronucleata
1278:Gregarina garnhami
1244:10.7717/peerj.3354
692:gregarines) or an
577:monophyletic taxon
525:and a new order –
464:Proposed revisions
395:Most species have
367:
298:, escape from the
250:Gregarina garnhami
166:Archigregarinorida
3939:
3938:
3813:Taxon identifiers
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3757:
3756:
3636:
3635:
3568:
3567:
3264:
3263:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3033:Schizogregarinina
3019:
3018:
2690:
2689:
2595:Protococcidiorida
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2479:Selenococcidiidae
2469:Elleipsisomatidae
2433:Cryptosporidiidae
2294:Haemogregarinidae
2217:Agamococcidiorida
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
1988:
1987:
1788:Oligohymenophorea
1687:
1686:
1467:978-90-04-25605-7
1138:Eur. J. Protistol
880:Toxoplasma gondii
715:Molecular biology
486:Cryptosporidiidae
322:and develop into
236:protein complexes
196:
195:
16:(Redirected from
3964:
3932:
3931:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3891:
3890:
3878:
3877:
3868:
3867:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3808:
3705:
3647:
3579:
3471:Duboscquellaceae
3275:
3163:
3154:
3025:Neogregarinorida
3001:Actinocephalidae
2997:Stylocephaloidea
2991:Trichorhynchidae
2835:Schaudinnellidae
2779:Aikinetocystidae
2767:
2703:
2632:Eleutheroschizon
2474:Lankesterellidae
2423:Calyptosporiidae
2413:Atoxoplasmatidae
2364:
2276:Dactylosomatidae
2259:
2213:
2202:
2063:
2054:
2050:
2039:
1999:
1818:Parablepharismea
1793:Ichthyophthirius
1698:
1664:
1655:
1566:
1546:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1487:Gregarina Movies
1471:
1442:
1441:
1428:Redi, F (1684).
1425:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1325:10.1002/cm.10178
1304:
1298:
1297:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1225:Ancora sagittata
1218:
1212:
1211:
1201:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1103:Trends Parasitol
1098:
1092:
1091:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1039:
1033:
1022:
1016:
1015:
987:
981:
980:
960:
954:
953:
924:
918:
917:
892:(5594): 837–40.
873:
867:
866:
856:
832:
826:
825:
820:. Archived from
789:
706:
478:Gregarinomorphea
240:gliding motility
174:Neogregarinorida
75:
74:
44:
32:
21:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3927:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3894:
3886:
3881:
3873:
3871:
3863:
3858:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3815:
3805:
3788:
3753:
3728:
3694:
3688:Rhizellobiopsis
3632:
3564:
3541:Pronoctilucidae
3500:
3459:Amoebophryaceae
3441:
3416:
3367:Without theca:
3260:
3223:
3198:
3136:
3037:Caulleryellidae
3015:
3005:Stylocephalidae
2983:Sphaerocystidae
2967:Dactylophoridae
2963:Cnemidosporidae
2959:Brustiophoridae
2879:
2854:
2825:Stomatophorinae
2821:Rhynchocystinae
2784:Allantocystidae
2762:Eugregarinorida
2756:
2727:Selenidioididae
2699:
2686:
2589:
2556:
2515:Toxoplasmatinae
2483:
2438:Cryptosporidium
2353:
2248:
2237:Rhytidocystidae
2209:
2198:
2181:
2169:Cardiosporidium
2159:
2122:
2099:Leucocytozoidae
2046:
2035:
2018:
1984:
1962:
1907:
1830:Phyllopharyngea
1823:Parablepharisma
1683:
1649:
1648:
1564:
1542:
1533:
1520:
1478:
1468:
1453:
1450:
1448:Further reading
1445:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1080:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1023:
1019:
989:
988:
984:
977:
962:
961:
957:
926:
925:
921:
875:
874:
870:
841:Cell. Microbiol
834:
833:
829:
804:(11): 899–904.
791:
790:
786:
782:
767:Gregarina ovata
749:
717:
701:
642:
640:Characteristics
514:Cryptosporidium
505:Arthrogregarida
490:Rhytidocystidae
482:Orthogregarinia
466:
458:archigregarines
405:
375:
259:
202:are a group of
172:
170:Eugregarinorida
168:
69:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3970:
3968:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3944:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3920:
3904:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3879:
3869:
3856:
3841:
3825:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3713:
3711:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3676:Parallobiopsis
3664:Elliobiocystis
3655:
3653:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3615:Rastromonadida
3612:
3600:
3587:
3585:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3521:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3480:
3468:
3451:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3426:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3396:
3364:
3363:
3354:Prorocentrales
3351:
3333:
3315:
3286:With a theca:
3283:
3281:
3272:
3270:Dinoflagellata
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3246:
3237:Alphamonadidae
3233:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3184:
3180:Chromera velia
3171:
3169:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3122:
3101:Schizocystidae
3098:
3056:
3044:
3041:Ophryocystidae
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3011:Blabericolidae
3008:
2994:
2944:
2934:
2931:Uradiophoridae
2915:Didymophoridae
2911:Cephalolobidae
2900:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2794:Enterocystidae
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2738:Meroselenidium
2724:
2715:Exoschizonidae
2711:
2709:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2666:
2657:Mackinnoniidae
2654:
2636:
2612:
2603:Angeiocystidae
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2538:Nephroisospora
2512:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2442:
2430:
2428:Caryotrophidae
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2303:
2299:Haemogregarina
2291:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2256:
2254:Eucoccidiorida
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2145:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2087:Haemoproteidae
2084:
2071:
2069:
2067:Haemospororida
2060:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1956:Tracheloraphis
1942:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1887:
1875:
1857:
1845:
1827:
1815:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1743:
1731:
1722:Cariacotrichea
1719:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:Mesomycetozoea
1636:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1575:Diaphoretickes
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1476:External links
1474:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1420:
1379:
1338:
1299:
1288:(4): 566–574.
1268:
1213:
1163:
1144:(5): 472–495.
1128:
1093:
1079:978-1891276224
1078:
1057:
1034:
1017:
998:(8): 1301–16.
982:
975:
955:
936:(3): 197–207.
919:
868:
827:
824:on 2001-03-20.
798:Parasitol. Res
783:
781:
778:
764:and described
753:Francesco Redi
748:
745:
716:
713:
698:
697:
682:
679:
668:
665:
655:
649:
641:
638:
633:Trichorhynchus
509:Vermigregarida
501:incertae sedis
465:
462:
433:coelomic fluid
404:
403:Main divisions
401:
374:
371:
296:apical complex
258:
255:
226:, which cause
194:
193:
192:
191:
185:
184:
178:
177:
161:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
113:
112:
107:
100:
99:
97:Diaphoretickes
94:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
63:
62:
46:
45:
37:
36:
35:Gregarinasina
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3969:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3851:Gregarinasina
3846:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3821:Gregarinasina
3818:
3814:
3809:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3682:Thalassomyces
3678:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3659:Ellobiopsidae
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:Protalveolata
3639:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3620:Parvilucifera
3616:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3529:Oxyrrhinaceae
3527:
3525:
3524:Ichthyodinium
3522:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3369:Gymnodiniales
3366:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3318:Gonyaulacales
3316:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:Ornithocercus
3301:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3288:Dinophysiales
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3249:Voromonadidae
3247:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3212:Colpodellidae
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3059:Lipotrophidae
3057:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2987:Stenophoridae
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2947:Stenophoricae
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2923:Hirmocystidae
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2868:Siedleckiidae
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:Diplocystidae
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2744:Selenidioides
2740:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:Merogregarina
2728:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2697:Gregarinasina
2693:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:Myriosporides
2670:
2669:Myriosporidae
2667:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2497:Sarcocystinae
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2489:Sarcocystidae
2486:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2400:Pseudoklossia
2396:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2330:Klossiellidae
2328:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2243:
2242:Rhytidocystis
2238:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2225:Gemmocystidae
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:Leucocytozoon
2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:Colponemadida
2006:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1945:Karyorelictea
1943:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1932:Climacostomum
1928:
1927:
1922:
1921:Heterotrichea
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1764:Muranotrichea
1762:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1674:Acavomonadida
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Stramenopiles
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1565:(major groups
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:(5): 429–93.
1183:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
983:
978:
976:9780123849847
972:
968:
967:
959:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
923:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
881:
872:
869:
864:
860:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
788:
785:
779:
777:
775:
774:
769:
768:
763:
762:
756:
754:
746:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
714:
712:
710:
705:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:
677:
673:
669:
666:
663:
660:have tubular
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
643:
639:
637:
635:
634:
629:
628:
623:
622:
617:
616:
611:
610:
605:
604:
599:
598:
593:
592:
587:
586:
580:
578:
575:are rather a
574:
569:
567:
566:apicomplexans
563:
559:
558:
553:
552:
547:
543:
542:
537:
534:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:
510:
506:
502:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
463:
461:
459:
454:
450:
447:
445:
444:neogregarines
441:
436:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
409:
402:
400:
398:
393:
390:
388:
384:
380:
372:
370:
365:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
285:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
256:
254:
252:
251:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:toxoplasmosis
225:
224:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:Gregarinasina
205:
201:
189:
188:
186:
183:
179:
176:
175:
171:
167:
162:
157:
154:
153:Gregarinasina
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3899:
3820:
3782:Platyproteum
3780:
3774:
3745:
3742:Chilovoridae
3720:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3624:
3618:
3606:
3594:
3556:
3546:Pronoctiluca
3544:
3532:
3515:
3512:Acrocoelidae
3492:
3488:Hematodinium
3486:
3483:Syndiniaceae
3476:Duboscquella
3474:
3462:
3433:
3430:Noctilucales
3410:Symbiodinium
3408:
3402:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3359:Prorocentrum
3357:
3345:
3339:
3336:Peridiniales
3327:
3321:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3252:
3240:
3229:Voromonadida
3215:
3204:Colpodellida
3190:
3187:Vitrellaceae
3178:
3175:Chromeraceae
3158:Apicomonadea
3128:
3118:Schizocystis
3116:
3110:
3106:Lymphotropha
3104:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3070:Farinocystis
3068:
3062:
3050:
3047:Gigaductidae
2975:Monoductidae
2941:Porosporidae
2937:Porosporicae
2919:Gregarinidae
2903:Gregarinicae
2871:
2845:Thiriotiidae
2840:Selenidiidae
2829:Zygocystinae
2813:Monocystinae
2809:Monocystidae
2771:Aseptatorina
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2718:
2696:
2678:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2642:
2630:
2626:Defretinella
2624:
2618:
2608:Angeiocystis
2606:
2581:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2532:Hyaloklossia
2530:
2524:
2518:
2506:
2500:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2436:
2418:Barrouxiidae
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2371:Aggregatidae
2345:
2342:Legerellidae
2333:
2321:
2318:Karyolysidae
2309:
2306:Hepatozoidae
2297:
2285:
2279:
2240:
2228:
2174:
2167:
2151:
2148:Theileriidae
2139:
2128:Piroplasmida
2114:
2111:Plasmodiidae
2102:
2092:Haemoproteus
2090:
2078:
2058:Aconoidasida
2012:
2003:Colponemadea
1994:Colponemidia
1978:
1972:
1954:
1948:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1899:
1893:
1890:Spirotrichea
1881:
1878:Protocruziea
1869:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1835:Chilodonella
1833:
1821:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1749:
1746:Litostomatea
1737:
1725:
1713:
1677:
1668:Acavomonadea
1659:Acavomonidia
1624:Opisthokonta
1456:
1429:
1423:
1399:(1): R12–4.
1396:
1392:
1382:
1358:(3): 371–9.
1355:
1351:
1341:
1319:(2): 83–95.
1316:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1216:
1181:
1177:
1166:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1069:
1043:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1020:
995:
991:
985:
965:
958:
933:
929:
922:
889:
885:
879:
871:
847:(2): 63–73.
844:
840:
830:
822:the original
801:
797:
787:
771:
765:
759:
757:
750:
741:cytoskeleton
729:lamellipodia
718:
709:microtubules
699:
658:Mitochondria
631:
625:
619:
615:Nematocystis
613:
607:
601:
595:
591:Cephalolobus
589:
583:
581:
573:eugregarines
570:
562:eugregarines
560:. Thus, the
557:Platyproteum
555:
549:
539:
536:superfam. n.
535:
532:Urosporoidea
530:
523:Stenophorida
519:Paragregarea
512:
500:
480:– comprises
474:eugregarines
467:
455:
451:
448:
437:
430:
426:Aseptatorina
414:eugregarines
410:
406:
394:
391:
386:
376:
368:
353:
317:
305:trophozoites
289:
282:
278:
260:
248:
221:
215:
211:
207:
204:Apicomplexan
199:
197:
164:
152:
116:
103:
90:
29:
3957:Conoidasida
3845:Wikispecies
3734:Chilovorida
3717:Algovoridae
3700:Myzomonadea
3670:Ellobiopsis
3651:Ellobiopsea
3626:Rastrimonas
3608:Phagodinium
3603:Phagodinida
3591:Perkinsidae
3574:Perkinsozoa
3553:Psammosidae
3464:Amoebophyra
3455:Syndiniales
3392:Karlodinium
3380:Gymnodinium
3374:Amphidinium
3279:Dinokaryota
3125:Syncystidae
3112:Machadoella
2971:Leidyanidae
2927:Metameridae
2885:Septatorina
2850:Urosporidae
2804:Lecudinidae
2799:Ganymedidae
2662:Mackinnonia
2644:Coelotropha
2620:Coelotropha
2570:Ixorheorida
2508:Sarcocystis
2359:Eimeriorina
2287:Dactylosoma
2281:Babesiosoma
2230:Gemmocystis
2196:Conoidasida
2176:Nephromyces
2044:Apicomplexa
1938:Blepharisma
1901:Stylonychia
1883:Protocruzia
1860:Prostomatea
1848:Plagiopylea
1805:Tetrahymena
1776:Nassophorea
1769:Muranothrix
1751:Balantidium
1282:J Protozool
1109:(2): 60–7.
498:Apicomplexa
424:– suborder
418:Septatorina
292:sporozoites
143:Conoidasida
133:Apicomplexa
3946:Categories
3900:Gregarinia
3776:Filipodium
3771:Squirmidae
3763:Squirmidea
3709:Algovorida
3517:Acrocoelus
3422:Noctilucea
3399:Suessiales
3347:Peridinium
3341:Pfiesteria
3299:Histioneis
3293:Dinophysis
3242:Alphamonas
3217:Colpodella
3167:Chromerida
3094:Menzbieria
3082:Lipocystis
3076:Lipotropha
3052:Gigaductus
2979:Monoicidae
2897:Fusionidae
2893:Fusionicae
2873:Siedleckia
2750:Veloxidium
2720:Exoschizon
2680:Myriospora
2639:Grelliidae
2578:Ixorheidae
2550:Toxoplasma
2450:Cyclospora
2445:Eimeriidae
2388:Merocystis
2382:Grasseella
2335:Klossiella
2323:Karyolysus
2311:Hepatozoon
2263:Adeleorina
2136:Babesiidae
2116:Plasmodium
1980:Myrionecta
1974:Mesodinium
1969:Mesodiniea
1853:Plagiopyla
1811:Vorticella
1799:Paramecium
1710:Armophorea
1693:Ciliophora
1679:Acavomonas
1393:Curr. Biol
780:References
652:Monoxenous
621:Nematopsis
551:Filipodium
541:Veloxidium
494:coccidians
397:monoxenous
328:gametocyst
309:schizogony
284:Monocystis
275:copulation
257:Life cycle
223:Plasmodium
217:Toxoplasma
212:Gregarinia
200:gregarines
190:Gregarinia
149:Subclass:
59:arthropods
18:Gregarinia
3915:Q21446042
3747:Chilovora
3596:Perkinsus
3583:Perkinsea
3494:Syndinium
3435:Noctiluca
3404:Polarella
3329:Gonyaulax
3311:Oxyphysis
3254:Voromonas
3130:Syncystis
3064:Apicystis
2526:Hammondia
2520:Besnoitia
2502:Frenkelia
2376:Aggregata
2347:Legerella
2271:Adeleidae
2153:Theileria
2075:Garniidae
2014:Colponema
1871:Holophrya
1841:Tokophrya
1619:Amoebozoa
1597:Alveolata
1585:Cryptista
1560:Eukaryota
1531:Alveolata
1523:Eukaryota
1460:. Brill.
1237:: e3354.
1088:704052757
1052:642231286
878:"Role of
761:Gregarina
755:in 1684.
702:> 850
694:epimerite
676:nucleolus
609:Menospora
597:Gregarina
546:Squirmida
470:polyphyly
389:in 1980.
360:ascidians
263:orofaecal
123:Alveolata
84:Eukaryota
55:parasites
51:cephaline
3909:Wikidata
3836:Q1154061
3830:Wikidata
3722:Algovora
3558:Psammosa
3534:Oxyrrhis
3447:Syndinea
3323:Ceratium
3088:Mattesia
2951:Acutidae
2583:Ixorheis
2544:Neospora
2462:Isospora
2406:Selysina
2207:Coccidia
1895:Euplotes
1757:Dileptus
1734:Colpodea
1614:Amorphea
1592:Rhizaria
1580:Hacrobia
1570:Excavata
1555:Bacteria
1333:15083530
1263:28584702
1208:23020233
1158:25238406
1123:18226585
950:18304787
914:12399593
863:11207621
818:10540950
725:flagella
690:aseptate
627:Steinina
527:Velocida
440:annelids
422:aseptate
373:Taxonomy
313:merogony
182:Synonyms
129:Phylum:
80:Domain:
3386:Karenia
2650:Grellia
2456:Eimeria
2394:Ovivora
2141:Babesia
2033:Myzozoa
1950:Loxodes
1926:Stentor
1781:Nassula
1739:Colpoda
1715:Metopus
1629:Animals
1550:Archaea
1438:8705660
1415:9427622
1374:8608590
1254:5452951
1199:3483872
1012:7729983
894:Bibcode
886:Science
747:History
672:nucleus
662:cristae
646:Meiosis
603:Levinea
364:mucrons
340:meiosis
336:Zygotes
332:gametes
324:gamonts
300:oocysts
273:during
271:gametes
245:insects
232:malaria
159:Orders
139:Class:
3888:562673
3872:NZOR:
2080:Garnia
1865:Coleps
1607:Plants
1544:Domain
1464:
1436:
1413:
1372:
1331:
1261:
1251:
1206:
1196:
1156:
1121:
1086:
1076:
1050:
1010:
973:
948:
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861:
816:
737:myosin
686:mucron
630:, and
548:– for
420:– and
387:et al.
383:Grasse
344:faeces
320:syzygy
3929:46141
3883:WoRMS
3865:35086
3505:Other
1634:Fungi
1231:PeerJ
770:from
733:actin
727:, or
721:cilia
585:Acuta
379:taxon
117:Clade
104:Clade
91:Clade
3924:ITIS
3860:NCBI
1462:ISBN
1434:OCLC
1411:PMID
1370:PMID
1352:Cell
1329:PMID
1259:PMID
1204:PMID
1154:PMID
1119:PMID
1084:OCLC
1074:ISBN
1048:OCLC
1008:PMID
971:ISBN
946:PMID
910:PMID
859:PMID
814:PMID
735:and
674:and
554:and
538:and
507:and
279:e.g.
267:host
230:and
220:and
198:The
1527:SAR
1401:doi
1360:doi
1321:doi
1311:".
1290:doi
1280:".
1249:PMC
1239:doi
1194:PMC
1186:doi
1146:doi
1111:doi
1000:doi
938:doi
902:doi
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849:doi
806:doi
496:or
472:of
381:by
311:or
269:'s
210:or
110:SAR
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3885::
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1140:.
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