297:
603:
328:
590:, in particular, is known to be significant in the practices of the indigenous Pankarare and also the rural people of Brazil. Nests of these wasps are burned and the smoke released is inhaled in order to heal stroke. Furthermore, when the presence of evil is suspected in a native's life, they must bath in this smoke of the burning nest as treatment. In Matinha dos Pretos, pieces of the nest can also be boiled in water to make a tea that serves as treatment for
51:
33:
455:. This special morphology contributes to the reproductive abilities of the queens. The differences between the castes of queens and workers are formed during the larval stage. Queen-destined larvae show faster growth rates in various bodily compartments than worker-destined larvae. This results in individuals with different shapes even though larvae are about the same size.
557:, the nature of queen–worker morphological differences is determined at the larval stage. Queen larvae have different growth rates of various bodily compartments compared to larvae that will become workers. This generates castes based on different morphologies, rather than based on different sizes. Polygyny in
398:
Foraging takes place almost exclusively at night. It is characterized by large numbers of wasps explosively departing from the nest, then quickly returning only to depart again in a similar fashion. As the night progresses there are moderate to heavy levels of return and departures by smaller groups
372:
is best known for its unique swarm founding behavior, in which the adult population of a colony abandons an old nest and emigrates to a new site. This has been observed for several reasons. Firstly, as part of normal colony reproduction. And secondly, in response to severe disturbance or destruction
644:
displays active, rather than chemical defense behavior. During the day, when adult individuals are not participating in swarming behavior, they cover the comb face of the nest several layers thick. The wasps on the outer layer of the comb face outward. This leaves them vigilant to the approach of
523:
shows that kinship is actually rather high. The reasoning behind this is that as colonies become more developed the number of queens is reduced, and the relatedness between mothers and daughters increases. Therefore, kinship is considered an important theory for explaining cooperation within the
235:). It is famous for its swarm based emigration behavior, and is native to the lowlands of Central and northern South America. This species has developed special night vision adaptations to facilitate their night-time swarming and foraging behavior and has important medicinal properties for the
431:
also have increased number of facets instead of larger facets of the eye, which has increased its relative eye size. Although these features help increase the wasp's nocturnal vision, other factors not widely studied also contribute, such as the lateral branching of neurons in the first
545:, representing a switch between size differentiation between castes to morphological differentiation between castes. The highly structured social nature of this species contributes to the advantages of social behaviors such as their distinctive swarm founding and physical nest defense.
518:
is a potential conflict of interest within colonies. This would seem to lead to relatively low relatedness between individuals within a colony, and therefore the incentive to protect shared genes would also be reduced. However, relatedness between individuals in colonies of
586:. The incorporation of insects into folk remedies is common, and specific insects serve distinct purposes. Medicinal insects are the focus of certain healing methods targeted to treat ailments, serving as drug resources that come from nature. The nests of
561:
has no intolerant primary egglayer queen. Instead reproduction is performed by several tolerant female queens. The queens participate in a society of inclusive fitness rather than in a struggle for direct fitness. The role of policing is adopted by
812:
Arévalo, Elisabeth; Yong Zhu; James M Carpenter; Joan E Strassmann (2004), "The phylogeny of the social wasp subfamily
Polistinae: evidence from microsatellite flanking sequences, mitochondrial COI sequence, and morphological characters",
540:
is that while it is described as highly social, it has fewer caste differences than other genera of highly social wasp species. This is likely because this genus' morphological caste differentiation was a secondary evolutionary step in
318:
queens and workers are usually about the same total size, but queens tend to be smaller than workers anteriorly and significantly larger posteriorly. This differentiation is thought to be the result of differences in ovary development.
384:
or primarily polygynous. In the latter case, queen numbers decrease during the colony cycle which can result in monogyny. Therefore, kinship is considered an important theory for explaining cooperation within the
Epiponini tribe.
422:
have developed adaptations that have enhanced their vision allowing them to forage in these low light intensity conditions. These wasps have larger visual fields compared to those of relatives due to a greater diameter of the
645:
predatory ants trying to reach the interior of the nest. This is thought to be a more passive defense than an active one, since the presence of the adults in this formation is in and of itself a deterrent to
350:
populations are native to the lowlands of
Central and northern South America. Generally, they are found in areas of tropical savanna, semi deciduous tropical dry forest, gallery forest, and marsh land.
506:. The exposure of these chemical releasing glands has led to the hypothesis that this calling behavior releases airborne pheromones that signal to swarm members, so they know to begin the migration.
629:, where the adults will eat some of the brood if their own nutritional needs are not met. Generally, several adults will divide up a single larva. In addition, adults will exchange food via
918:
Jeanne, R. L. 1991. The swarm-founding
Polistinae. In: K. G. Ross & R. W. Matthews (eds.), The Social Biology of Wasps. Ch 6, pp. 191–231. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York
721:
339:
have no enclosing envelope and are composed of a single comb that hangs under the branch. The large nests have a distinctive appearance similar to a straw hat or basket.
1385:
1015:
Hunt, J.H.; R.L. Jeanne; M. G. Keeping (1995). "Observations on Apoica pallens, a nocturnal
Neotropical socialwasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae, Epiponini)".
793:
1398:
377:
has been observed more frequently during the dry season. Males follow swarm emigrations and may remain with the newly created colony for the following weeks.
649:
and predators. It has also been hypothesized that the advantages of this protective formation during the daylight hours are what led to the selection of the
411:
forages during the first 4 hours after sunset, with another small peak of activity just before dawn as wasps return to the nest. When the moon is waxing,
1359:
451:
differentiation between females. These castes are classified as workers and queens, and this morphological distinction is based on the size of
1444:
1243:
London, K.B; R.L. Jeanne (2000). "The interaction between mode of colony founding, nest architecture and ant defense in polistine wasps".
671:
625:
including flies, caterpillars, and beetles. It also collects pollen and nectar from banana blossoms. In addition, this species practices
1205:
Smith, Adam.R.; Sean O’Donnell; Robert L. Jeanne (2002). "Evolution of Swarm
Communication in Eusocial Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)".
1449:
1119:
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workers, who select among the queen larvae. Due to this system, there is in fact minimal conflict between the two castes.
373:
of the original nest. Additionally, nest abandonment is sometimes correlated with changing climates, and in the case of
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1403:
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Richards, O.W.; M.J. Richards (1951), "Observations on the social wasps of South
America (Hymenoptera Vespidae).",
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that is mechanistically important in signaling swarming. but apparently does not employ it during swarming.
1288:
563:
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Jeanne, R.L.; C.A. Graf; B.S. Yandell (1995). "Non-Size-Based
Morphological Castes in a Social Insect".
602:
267:
165:
876:
Warrant, Eric J. (2008), "Seeing in the dark: vision and visual behaviour in nocturnal bees and wasp",
773:
Medeiros Costa-Neto, Eraldo (June 2002). "Visual adaptations in the night-active wasp Apoica pallens".
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generally place scent-markings on surfaces around the nest during the formation of swarm clusters.
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1161:"Evolution of Caste in Neotropical Swarm-Founding Wasps(Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Epiponini)"
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extends the hours that it forages until individuals are out all night long.
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1078:""Marimbondos": a review on the neotropical swarm-founding polistines"
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Taxonomic Notes on Paper Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae)
326:
295:
381:
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427:, a rodlike structure in the eye that is sensitive to light.
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is pale yellow in color. Like other species found within the
722:"Visual adaptations in the night-active wasp Apoica pallens"
1176:
10.1206/0003-0082(2004)467<0001:EOCINW>2.0.CO;2
1159:
Noll, Fernandao.B.; John W. Wenzel; Ronaldo Zucchi (2004).
1055:
Howard, K.J.; A.R. Smith; S. O'Donell; R.L. Jeanne (2002),
862:, British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Zoology, 1857
702:
The Social Wasps of the
Americas Excluding the Vespinae
672:"Tentative Checklist of the Polistine Tribe Epiponini"
653:
foraging and swarming behavior seen in this species.
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arranged on the comb face exhibiting passive defense.
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483:appears to coordinate swarming using an airborne
471:however, has a different mode of communication.
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704:, British Museum (Natural History), London.
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494:Calling behavior is characterized by the
274:. The species is most closely related to
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357:is one of the prominent genera of the
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801:, American Museum of Natural History
729:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
487:released from the lower side of the
1126:. Oxford Dictionary. Archived from
1095:10.13102/sociobiology.v60i4.347-353
878:The Journal of Experimental Biology
536:An interesting aspect of the genus
399:of wasps. The foraging patterns of
984:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1951.tb01241.x
621:has been found to collect various
14:
978:, vol. 102, pp. 1–169,
582:is prominent in various areas of
498:being held rigidly away from the
407:: when the moon is new or small,
380:Epiponini are either permanently
361:Tropics, and is rather abundant.
1245:Ethology Ecology & Evolution
1057:Ethology Ecology & Evolution
49:
532:Costs and benefits of sociality
598:Interaction with other species
292:Description and identification
40:A. pallens observed in Panama
1:
1265:10.1080/03949370.2000.9728440
1445:Hymenoptera of South America
792:Carpenter, James M. (1999),
475:has the Richards' Gland, an
463:Swarming wasps of the genus
215:Central American paper wasp
1466:
1207:Journal of Insect Behavior
514:The polygeny exhibited in
243:Taxonomy and phylogenetics
1450:Insects described in 1804
1168:American Museum Novitates
976:Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond.
286:Johan Christian Fabricius
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190:
171:
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46:Scientific classification
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815:BMC Evolutionary Biology
447:is a caste species with
343:Distribution and habitat
1219:10.1023/A:1021119322398
700:Richards, O.W. (1978),
674:. IUNH. Archived from
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332:
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828:10.1186/1471-2148-4-8
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575:Uses in folk medicine
549:Worker-queen conflict
403:are dependent on the
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250:is part of the tribe
720:Greiner, B. (2006).
670:James M. Carpenter.
502:, thus exposing the
254:, a group including
1257:2000EtEcE..12...13L
1130:on November 8, 2012
1076:Noll, F.B. (2013).
945:1995NW.....82..296J
933:Naturwissenschaften
678:on 29 December 2017
440:Dominance hierarchy
323:Nest Identification
1029:10.1007/BF01240417
953:10.1007/BF01134530
890:10.1242/jeb.015396
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239:people of Brazil.
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1412:Open Tree of Life
1289:Taxon identifiers
884:(11): 1737–1746,
741:10.1002/cne.20882
627:brood cannibalism
284:was described by
277:Apoica flavissima
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1128:the original
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200:
174:
172:
156:
155:
143:
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1373:iNaturalist
469:A. pallens,
418:Over time,
260:neotropical
256:paper wasps
119:Subfamily:
103:Hymenoptera
1434:Categories
1170:(467): 1.
1134:2014-09-29
939:(6): 296.
657:References
623:arthropods
429:A. pallens
382:polygynous
123:Polistinae
83:Arthropoda
1312:Q14423244
1184:2246/2777
1120:"rhabdom"
651:nocturnal
647:parasites
559:Epiponini
543:sociality
526:Epiponini
521:Epiponini
485:pheromone
465:Epiponini
359:New World
335:Nests of
312:Epiponini
288:in 1804.
262:regions.
258:found in
252:Epiponini
237:PankararĂş
223:nocturnal
183:Fabricius
151:Species:
133:Epiponini
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
1440:Vespidae
1391:10409563
1306:Wikidata
1273:83819136
1227:19462645
1192:53405385
1037:37444801
961:35999269
898:18490389
847:15070433
757:39534847
749:16440299
394:Foraging
389:Behavior
233:Vespidae
226:eusocial
192:Synonyms
113:Vespidae
109:Family:
79:Phylum:
73:Animalia
59:Domain:
1365:1310495
1253:Bibcode
1124:Biology
941:Bibcode
637:Defense
564:sterile
528:tribe.
489:abdomen
453:ovaries
425:rhabdom
221:) is a
185:, 1804)
139:Genus:
129:Tribe:
99:Order:
93:Insecta
89:Class:
1417:702732
1404:256668
1378:244232
1352:239712
1271:
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959:
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838:385225
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592:asthma
584:Brazil
538:Apocia
500:thorax
496:gaster
473:Apoica
354:Apoica
337:Apoica
331:Colony
264:Apoica
230:family
228:wasp (
144:Apoica
1386:IRMNG
1326:79517
1269:S2CID
1223:S2CID
1188:S2CID
1164:(PDF)
1033:S2CID
957:S2CID
821:: 8,
799:(PDF)
753:S2CID
725:(PDF)
682:2 May
272:tribe
268:basal
1399:NCBI
1360:GBIF
1339:FTCZ
1321:BOLD
894:PMID
843:PMID
745:PMID
684:2017
614:Diet
213:The
1347:EoL
1334:CoL
1261:doi
1215:doi
1180:hdl
1172:doi
1100:hdl
1090:doi
1025:doi
980:doi
949:doi
886:doi
882:211
833:PMC
823:doi
737:doi
733:495
553:In
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