1940:
1924:
918:
5067:
161:
367:
1821:
781:
62:
5863:
5913:
5937:
5889:
5925:
5901:
2085:
is moving on a stable orbit around the Sun, the position of the Earth's center which is on average about 4,700 kilometres (2,900 mi) from the barycenter, could be shifted in any direction from it—and this affects the timing of the actual closest approach between the Sun's and the Earth's centers
2108:
In the northern hemisphere, summer occurs at the same time as aphelion, when solar radiation is lowest. Despite this, summers in the northern hemisphere are on average 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer than in the southern hemisphere, because the northern hemisphere contains larger land masses, which
4451:
McKevitt, James; Bulla, Sophie; Dixon, Tom; Criscola, Franco; Parkinson-Swift, Jonathan; Bornberg, Christina; Singh, Jaspreet; Patel, Kuren; Laad, Aryan; Forder, Ethan; Ayin-Walsh, Louis; Beegadhur, Shayne; Wedde, Paul; Pappula, Bharath Simha Reddy; McDougall, Thomas; Foghis, Madalin; Kent, Jack;
2135:
For the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, the time of apsis is often expressed in terms of a time relative to seasons, since this determines the contribution of the elliptical orbit to seasonal variations. The variation of the seasons is primarily controlled by the annual cycle of the elevation
2116:
is minimum at aphelion and maximum at perihelion, the planet takes longer to orbit from June solstice to
September equinox than it does from December solstice to March equinox. Therefore, summer in the northern hemisphere lasts slightly longer (93 days) than summer in the southern hemisphere (89
4281:
R. Schödel; T. Ott; R. Genzel; R. Hofmann; M. Lehnert; A. Eckart; N. Mouawad; T. Alexander; M. J. Reid; R. Lenzen; M. Hartung; F. Lacombe; D. Rouan; E. Gendron; G. Rousset; A.-M. Lagrange; W. Brandner; N. Ageorges; C. Lidman; A. F. M. Moorwood; J. Spyromilio; N. Hubin; K. M. Menten (October 17,
4946:
871:, all periodic orbits are ellipses. The barycenter of the two bodies may lie well within the bigger body—e.g., the Earth–Moon barycenter is about 75% of the way from Earth's center to its surface. If, compared to the larger mass, the smaller mass is negligible (e.g., for satellites), then the
3579:
4857:
890:
point (compare both graphics, second figure). The line of apsides denotes the distance of the line that joins the nearest and farthest points across an orbit; it also refers simply to the extreme range of an object orbiting a host body (see top figure; see third figure).
4890:
2147:
On a very long time scale, the dates of the perihelion and of the aphelion progress through the seasons, and they make one complete cycle in 22,000 to 26,000 years. There is a corresponding movement of the position of the stars as seen from Earth, called the
4938:
3813:
discovered when 80+ AU from the Sun need dozens of observations over multiple years to well constrain their orbits because they move very slowly against the background stars. Due to statistics of small numbers, trans-Neptunian objects such as
4849:
4136:
4880:
1891:. The planets travel counterclockwise around the Sun and for each planet, the blue part of their orbit travels north of the ecliptic plane, the pink part travels south, and dots mark perihelion (green) and aphelion (orange).
3459:
3657:
2998:
3129:
3432:
4659:
1376:
Regarding black holes, the term peribothron was first used in a 1976 paper by J. Frank and M. J. Rees, who credit W. R. Stoeger for suggesting creating a term using the greek word for pit: "bothron".
3256:
3985:
Since the Sun, Ἥλιος in Greek, begins with a vowel (H is the long ē vowel in Greek), the final o in "apo" is omitted from the prefix. =The pronunciation "Ap-helion" is given in many dictionaries
2105:
in the other one. Winter falls on the hemisphere where sunlight strikes least directly, and summer falls where sunlight strikes most directly, regardless of the Earth's distance from the Sun.
3303:
1939:
1923:
2089:
Because of the increased distance at aphelion, only 93.55% of the radiation from the Sun falls on a given area of Earth's surface as does at perihelion, but this does not account for the
1855:
to effectively those at a different epoch will generate differences. The time-of-perihelion-passage as one of six osculating elements is not an exact prediction (other than for a generic
3917:
4889:(Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive. The JPL SBDB generically (incorrectly) lists an unperturbed two-body perihelion date in 2260). Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
968:) are equivalent alternatives, but these terms also frequently refer to distances—that is, the smallest and largest distances between the orbiter and its host body (see second figure).
1975:. The length of the horizontal bars correspond to the extreme range of the orbit of the indicated body around the Sun. These extreme distances (between perihelion and aphelion) are
4377:
3046:
5002:
3177:
4053:
4046:
5th edition, 1994, p. 114), since in late Greek, 'p' from ἀπό followed by the 'h' from ἥλιος becomes phi; thus, the Greek word is αφήλιον. (see, for example, Walker, John,
3365:
3336:
2062:(AU) or 147,098,070 km (91,402,500 mi) from the Sun's center. In contrast, the Earth reaches aphelion currently in early July, approximately 14 days after the
3586:
Note that for conversion from heights above the surface to distances between an orbit and its primary, the radius of the central body has to be added, and conversely.
2144:
and other orbital elements are not constant, but vary slowly due to the perturbing effects of the planets and other objects in the solar system (Milankovitch cycles).
4598:
2081:. In the short term, such dates can vary up to 2 days from one year to another. This significant variation is due to the presence of the Moon: while the Earth–Moon
3802:
came to perihelion on 26 December 2021, but using a two-body solution at an epoch of July 2021 less accurately shows Vesta came to perihelion on 25 December 2021.
3680:
2017:
4647:
4764:
4084:
1917:
where a planet's tilted orbit intersects the plane of reference; here they may be 'seen' as the points where the blue section of an orbit meets the pink.
3796:
will come to perihelion around
December 2257. Using an epoch of 2021, which is 236 years early, less accurately shows Eris coming to perihelion in 2260.
2132:, and in 2000 it was about 282.895°; by 2010, this had advanced by a small fraction of a degree to about 283.067°, i.e. a mean increase of 62" per year.
2037:. The radius of the Sun is 0.7 million km, and the radius of Jupiter (the largest planet) is 0.07 million km, both too small to resolve on this image.
4542:
1998:
762:
4401:"Goniopolarimetric study of the revolution 29 perikrone using the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument high-frequency radio receiver"
3775:
3755:
5740:
3709:. To get an accurate time of perihelion passage you need to use an epoch close to the perihelion passage. For example, using an epoch of 1996,
3574:{\displaystyle e={\frac {r_{\text{ap}}-r_{\text{per}}}{r_{\text{ap}}+r_{\text{per}}}}=1-{\frac {2}{{\frac {r_{\text{ap}}}{r_{\text{per}}}}+1}}}
1999:
935:, the farthest point of the orbiting body, is the apocenter (also apoapsis) of the orbit; and the red line between them is the line of apsides.
3721:
coming to perihelion on 25 December 2005, but using an epoch of 2012 produces a less accurate unperturbed perihelion date of 20 January 2006.
4942:
4885:
4853:
4648:"How much does aphelion affect our weather? We're at aphelion in the summer. Would our summers be warmer if we were at perihelion, instead?"
4516:
4452:
Morgan, James; Raj, Utkarsh; Heinreichsberger, Carina (June 18, 2021). "An L-class
Multirole Observatory and Science Platform for Neptune".
4428:
3988:
2001:
2077:
The dates of perihelion and aphelion change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as
5800:
3184:
534:
1997:
4347:
3617:
603:
4369:
3195:
2926:
3057:
4051:
246:
145:
4253:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1995:
1988:
5795:
5675:
5094:
3442:
3382:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
5047:
5034:
1994:
5760:
5514:
5055:
2011:
2010:
1879:, and positions of perihelion (q) and aphelion (Q) for the planets of the Solar System as seen from above the northern pole of
4980:
5833:
5472:
5463:
5200:
4712:
2156:.) The dates and times of the perihelions and aphelions for several past and future years are listed in the following table:
424:
83:
4624:
2009:
4837:
4790:
4110:
3202:
4568:
4485:
4157:
1959:
The chart shows the extreme range—from the closest approach (perihelion) to farthest point (aphelion)—of several orbiting
882:—the term can refer to the two distances from the primary body to the orbiting body when the latter is located: 1) at the
5879:
4916:
4734:
4681:
4590:
4186:
5780:
5250:
4655:
3842:
2153:
4816:
4032:
5725:
4968:
3867:
3267:
1807:
755:
688:
4262:
944:
The words "pericenter" and "apocenter" are often seen, although periapsis/apoapsis are preferred in technical usage.
1906:. At the time of vernal equinox, the Earth is at the bottom of the figure. The second image (below-right) shows the
126:
5705:
5532:
2187:
2177:
2125:
868:
98:
72:
5843:
5060:
3713:
shows perihelion on 1 April 1997. Using an epoch of 2008 shows a less accurate perihelion date of 30 March 1997.
2012:
1903:
1888:
1814:
4760:
2013:
5828:
5353:
3830:
802:∗Periapsis and apoapsis as distances: the smallest and largest distances between the orbiter and its host body.
683:
598:
35:
2097:
of 23.4° away from perpendicular to the plane of Earth's orbit. Indeed, at both perihelion and aphelion it is
105:
5838:
5146:
3260:
2849:
917:
554:
31:
3958:
1338:
form is also used as a generic closest-approach-to "any planet" term—instead of applying it only to Earth.
931:, the nearest point of approach of an orbiting body, is the pericenter (also periapsis) of an orbit; point
5700:
5302:
5222:
5210:
4538:
3810:
914:
of the spacecraft above the surface of the central body (assuming a constant, standard reference radius).
748:
471:
181:
79:
188:
5823:
5765:
5735:
5523:
5400:
5368:
5338:
5297:
5282:
5161:
4282:
2002). "A star in a 15.2-year orbit around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way".
3857:
3786:
2820:
2137:
1864:
1836:
The perihelion (q) and aphelion (Q) are the nearest and farthest points respectively of a body's direct
656:
491:
399:
259:
165:
39:
3003:
112:
3134:
1275:
to describe the orbital motions of the planets around the Sun. The words are formed from the prefixes
5848:
5670:
5454:
5343:
5312:
5240:
5215:
5190:
5151:
5132:
5087:
4591:"Solar System Exploration: Science & Technology: Science Features: Weather, Weather, Everywhere?"
4412:
4301:
4221:
3451:
2770:
2141:
2121:
2034:
1968:
1575:
529:
486:
476:
404:
3735:
3710:
1322:
are frequently used in the astronomical literature when referring to the Earth, Sun, stars, and the
5941:
5710:
5505:
5245:
3933:
3852:
3793:
2878:
2078:
2005:
2002:
1848:
1440:
1416:
903:
789:
571:
409:
271:
94:
5929:
5917:
5383:
5272:
5170:
4508:
4457:
4400:
4325:
4291:
3986:
3714:
2149:
1419:
system. However, only for the Earth, Moon and Sun systems are the unique suffixes commonly used.
1388:
644:
519:
3343:
2004:
2003:
3314:
5750:
5648:
5578:
5333:
5287:
5205:
5025:
4996:
4317:
3847:
3743:
3698:
2124:
not in terms of days and hours, but rather as an angle of orbital displacement, the so-called
2059:
2049:
2000:
1972:
1852:
1714:
1254:
are also used. Since the Moon has no natural satellites this only applies to man-made objects.
895:
559:
496:
375:
4343:
2015:
5893:
5730:
5662:
5426:
5388:
5262:
5232:
5185:
4420:
4309:
4229:
3998:
3727:
3702:
3690:
3188:
2583:
2008:
2007:
1960:
1856:
1518:
1474:
1194:
1143:
1091:
1030:
982:
924:
872:
729:
678:
443:
387:
211:
5019:
2136:
angle of the Sun, which is a result of the tilt of the axis of the Earth measured from the
2112:
Perihelion and aphelion do however have an indirect effect on the seasons: because Earth's
5957:
5770:
5363:
5267:
5257:
5156:
5080:
5051:
5038:
4257:
4057:
4036:
3992:
3826:
3602:
3590:
3374:
2128:(also called longitude of the pericenter). For the orbit of the Earth, this is called the
2048:
Currently, the Earth reaches perihelion in early
January, approximately 14 days after the
2014:
1362:
1323:
1272:
734:
639:
549:
524:
4185:. 38th International Communications Satellite Systems Conference (ICSSC). Arlington, VA.
2006:
4416:
4399:
Cecconi, B.; Lamy, L.; Zarka, P.; Prangé, R.; Kurth, W. S.; Louarn, P. (March 4, 2009).
4305:
4248:
4225:
3912:
3829:
of 1 year that have not or will not come to perihelion for roughly 100 years can have a
1996:
5866:
5818:
5810:
5805:
5690:
5685:
5616:
5596:
5587:
5180:
5166:
5142:
5137:
5112:
4567:. Astronomical Applications Department of the U.S. Naval Observatory. August 11, 2011.
4078:
3897:
3765:
3731:
3706:
3665:
3598:
3191:) and the conservation of energy, these two quantities are constant for a given orbit:
1860:
1543:
1342:
1303:
899:
807:
793:
785:
706:
622:
616:
539:
464:
458:
453:
4061:
5951:
5720:
5715:
5634:
5277:
5195:
5044:
5031:
4268:
4073:
3718:
2113:
2063:
1946:
1930:
1122:
711:
544:
501:
4182:
NASA Lunar
Exploration – Gateway's Power and Propulsion Element Communications Links
366:
281:
have distinct names to differentiate themselves from other apsides; these names are
164:
The apsides refer to the farthest (2) and nearest (3) points reached by an orbiting
5905:
5785:
5695:
5569:
5552:
5410:
5307:
5175:
4329:
3872:
3862:
3790:
2546:
2022:
1964:
1914:
1876:
1820:
921:
837:
429:
419:
414:
346:
263:
169:
119:
4704:
780:
4620:
2066:. The aphelion distance between the Earth's and Sun's centers is currently about
5790:
5625:
5395:
5375:
5292:
4786:
4149:
4048:
A Key to the
Classical Pronunciation of Greek, Latin, and Scripture Proper Names
3995:, pronouncing the "p" and "h" in separate syllables. However, the pronunciation
1354:
1133:
593:
61:
4564:
4477:
4106:
3717:
can be even more sensitive to the epoch selected. Using an epoch of 2005 shows
1898:
planets, situated outward from the Sun as
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The
5358:
4912:
4738:
4689:
4234:
4209:
4180:
3816:
2570:
2094:
2082:
2026:
1760:
1744:
1415:
to form unique names of apsides for the orbiting bodies of the indicated host/
907:
797:
673:
629:
588:
5775:
5127:
4812:
4030:
1501:
1420:
4321:
956:
are used for naming the extreme points of orbits (see table, top figure);
5032:
Earth's
Seasons: Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion, 2000–2020
3934:"Happy Aphelion Day! Earth is at its farthest from the sun for 2023 today"
3892:
1357:; they reference Cynthia, an alternative name for the Greek Moon goddess
4424:
4296:
2030:
1884:
1880:
1677:
911:
840:, with a suffix that describes the primary body. The suffix for Earth is
342:
4313:
4088:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 149.
5680:
5072:
4881:"Horizons Batch for Eris at perihelion around 7 December 2257 ±2 weeks"
3799:
2913:
2738:
2667:
1778:
1663:
1606:
1592:
1585:
1547:
1358:
906:
and the center of mass of the orbiting body. However, in the case of a
330:
17:
2120:
Astronomers commonly express the timing of perihelion relative to the
1387:(from a Greek root) were used by physicist and science-fiction author
2709:
2688:
2542:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2025:
from the Sun. The left and right edges of each bar correspond to the
1734:
1725:
1656:
1646:
1639:
1635:
1613:
1551:
1484:
1467:
948:
For generic situations where the primary is not specified, the terms
898:, the apsides technically refer to the distance measured between the
334:
194:
4850:"Horizons Batch for 12P/Pons-Brooks (90000223) at 2024-Apr-21 03:20"
5900:
4462:
3593:
of the two limiting distances is the length of the semi-major axis
5104:
3652:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {-2\varepsilon }}={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{a}}}}
2791:
2625:
2604:
2086:(which in turn defines the timing of perihelion in a given year).
1837:
1825:
1819:
1508:
1491:
1077:
916:
779:
338:
310:
255:
50:
3662:
which is the speed of a body in a circular orbit whose radius is
2993:{\textstyle v_{\text{per}}={\sqrt {\frac {(1+e)\mu }{(1-e)a}}}\,}
4594:
3833:
uncertainty of 77.3 years (28,220 days) in the perihelion date.
3124:{\textstyle v_{\text{ap}}={\sqrt {\frac {(1-e)\mu }{(1+e)a}}}\,}
2646:
1706:
1602:
1568:
1558:
1525:
1081:
294:
46:
5076:
4941:(Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive).
4852:(Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive).
4133:
A Comprehensive
Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
1334:
has very rarely been used in the last 50 years for Saturn. The
5068:
list of Main-Belt
Asteroids (H<8) sorted by perihelion date
4077:
4010:
1984:
1841:
1829:
1457:
1152:
1109:
1100:
1065:); when discussing orbits around other stars the terms become
1045:
1003:
991:
972:
278:
235:
55:
5045:
Dates and times of Earth's perihelion and aphelion, 2000–2025
1832:
with its nearest (perihelion) and farthest (aphelion) points
1435:
Host objects in the Solar System with named/nameable apsides
4513:
The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight
1427:, but typically, for other host systems the generic suffix,
1221:
1170:
4019:
4016:
4001:
3427:{\displaystyle a={\frac {r_{\text{per}}+r_{\text{ap}}}{2}}}
1945:
The perihelion (green) and aphelion (orange) points of the
1929:
The perihelion (green) and aphelion (orange) points of the
1227:
1224:
1206:
1176:
1173:
1054:
1051:
1012:
1009:
5061:
List of asteroids currently closer to the Sun than Mercury
1106:
27:
Either of two extreme points in a celestial object's orbit
4210:"Effects of massive black holes on dense stellar systems"
4044:
McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms,
1215:
1200:
1164:
1155:
1103:
1033:
994:
226:
217:
4179:
R. Dendy; D. Zeleznikar; M. Zemba (September 27, 2021).
3918:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
3367:
is the distance from the pericenter to the primary focus
3338:
is the distance from the apocenter to the primary focus
2916:
characterize the pericenter and apocenter of an orbit:
2033:
of the body, respectively, hence long bars denote high
810:. The name for each apsis is created from the prefixes
160:
3346:
3317:
3137:
3060:
3006:
2929:
1859:) of the actual minimum distance to the Sun using the
1291:, away from), affixed to the Greek word for the Sun, (
910:, the terms are commonly used to refer to the orbital
5877:
4022:
4007:
3668:
3620:
3462:
3385:
3270:
3251:{\displaystyle h={\sqrt {\left(1-e^{2}\right)\mu a}}}
3205:
1979:
of the orbits of various objects around a host body.
1910:
planets, being Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
1230:
1218:
1212:
1197:
1179:
1167:
1161:
1146:
1057:
1015:
985:
247:
238:
229:
223:
4454:
2021 Global Space Exploration Conference Proceedings
4013:
1863:. Precise predictions of perihelion passage require
1391:
in a story published in 1998, thus appearing before
1203:
1149:
1097:
1048:
1036:
1006:
988:
232:
220:
5749:
5661:
5605:
5541:
5494:
5434:
5425:
5321:
5231:
5120:
5111:
4004:
1399:(from Latin) in the scientific literature in 2002.
1209:
1158:
1094:
1042:
1039:
1000:
997:
792:(yellow); both are in elliptic orbits around their
214:
86:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3674:
3651:
3573:
3426:
3359:
3330:
3297:
3250:
3171:
3123:
3040:
2992:
1967:: the planets, the known dwarf planets, including
1407:The suffixes shown below may be added to prefixes
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
3611:The geometric mean of the two limiting speeds is
1902:Earth-orbit is colored yellow and represents the
1806:"Perihelion" redirects here. For other uses, see
5001:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4705:"Earth at Perihelion and Aphelion: 2001 to 2100"
3298:{\displaystyle \varepsilon =-{\frac {\mu }{2a}}}
1913:The orbital nodes are the two end points of the
788:: The smaller, satellite body (blue) orbits the
4813:"101P/Chernykh – A (NK 1293) by Syuichi Nakano"
4565:"Variation in Times of Perihelion and Aphelion"
2549:from the Sun at their perihelion and aphelion.
2541:The following table shows the distances of the
1813:"Aphelion" redirects here. For other uses, see
1686:Other host objects with named/nameable apsides
4983:. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018
4405:Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
321:, of its orbit around the host Sun. The terms
313:. Earth's two apsides are the farthest point,
293:for the nearest point in the solar orbit. The
5088:
3858:Hyperbolic trajectory § Closest approach
2074:or 152,097,700 km (94,509,100 mi).
2052:. At perihelion, the Earth's center is about
1136:, the point of least distance are called the
1023:), and the point of greatest distance is the
756:
8:
5063:(These objects will be close to perihelion)
4939:"Horizons Batch for 4 Vesta on 2021-Dec-26"
4208:Frank, J.; Rees, M.J. (September 1, 1976).
2697:1,503,509,229 km (934,237,322 mi)
2694:1,349,823,615 km (838,741,509 mi)
1787:
836: 'near') for the closest point to the
5862:
5431:
5117:
5095:
5081:
5073:
4959:(Epoch 2021-Jul-01/Soln.date: 2021-Apr-13)
3725:
3601:of the two distances is the length of the
2551:
1894:The first image (below-left) features the
763:
749:
351:
254:) is the farthest or nearest point in the
4461:
4295:
4260:, by Geoffrey Landis, first published in
4233:
3667:
3637:
3621:
3619:
3554:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3514:
3501:
3489:
3476:
3469:
3461:
3412:
3399:
3392:
3384:
3351:
3345:
3322:
3316:
3280:
3269:
3229:
3212:
3204:
3142:
3136:
3120:
3074:
3065:
3059:
3011:
3005:
2989:
2943:
2934:
2928:
2779:446,428,973 km (277,398,103 mi)
2776:380,951,528 km (236,712,305 mi)
2676:816,001,807 km (507,040,016 mi)
2673:740,679,835 km (460,237,112 mi)
2655:249,232,432 km (154,865,853 mi)
2652:206,655,215 km (128,409,597 mi)
1302:Various related terms are used for other
146:Learn how and when to remove this message
5028:Photographic Size Comparison, perseus.gr
5022:Photographic Size Comparison, perseus.gr
4539:"Perihelion, Aphelion and the Solstices"
3959:"Earth-Moon Barycenter - SkyMarvels.com"
3825:when it had only 8 observations over an
2634:152,098,233 km (94,509,460 mi)
2631:147,098,291 km (91,402,640 mi)
2613:108,942,780 km (67,693,910 mi)
2610:107,476,170 km (66,782,600 mi)
2158:
1684:
1433:
277:Apsides pertaining to orbits around the
159:
5884:
4949:from the original on September 26, 2021
4893:from the original on September 13, 2021
4682:"Data.GISS: Earth's Orbital Parameters"
4601:from the original on September 29, 2015
4113:from the original on September 30, 2019
3884:
3748:
2592:69,817,445 km (43,382,549 mi)
2589:46,001,009 km (28,583,702 mi)
2563:
2560:
2554:
1919:
825: 'away from') for the farthest or
654:
569:
373:
359:
329:apply in the same way to the orbits of
297:'s two apsides are the farthest point,
5741:Transposition, docking, and extraction
4994:
4860:from the original on February 12, 2023
1875:The two images below show the orbits,
1330:is occasionally used for Jupiter, but
4919:from the original on January 31, 2018
4571:from the original on January 11, 2018
4488:from the original on December 8, 2015
4431:from the original on December 9, 2019
4380:from the original on October 24, 2018
4350:from the original on November 8, 2018
4063:dictionaries give both pronunciations
3981:
3979:
1084:, the point of least distance is the
975:, the point of least distance is the
875:are independent of the smaller mass.
7:
4838:JPL SBDB: 101P/Chernykh (Epoch 2012)
4819:from the original on October 3, 2020
4545:from the original on January 3, 2018
4519:from the original on August 23, 2019
3000:, at minimum (pericenter) distance,
2161:
2021:Distances of selected bodies of the
84:adding citations to reliable sources
4870:(JPL#K242/3 Soln.date: 2022-Oct-24)
4189:from the original on March 29, 2022
4160:from the original on March 19, 2010
3131:, at maximum (apocenter) distance,
2891:14,594,512,904 km (9.068609883
784:The two-body system of interacting
202:
4793:from the original on July 17, 2020
4767:from the original on July 16, 2020
4761:"JPL SBDB: Hale-Bopp (Epoch 1996)"
4715:from the original on July 13, 2021
4627:from the original on July 17, 2015
4439:– via ui.adsabs.harvard.edu.
3196:Specific relative angular momentum
3041:{\textstyle r_{\text{per}}=(1-e)a}
2884:5,765,732,799 km (3.582660263
2862:7,894,762,625 km (4.905578065
2855:5,671,928,586 km (3.524373028
2833:7,706,399,149 km (4.788534427
2826:5,157,623,774 km (3.204798834
2804:7,376,124,302 km (4.583311152
2797:4,436,756,954 km (2.756872958
2751:4,537,039,826 km (2.819185846
2744:4,459,753,056 km (2.771162073
2722:3,006,318,143 km (1.868039489
2715:2,734,998,229 km (1.699449110
2152:. (This is closely related to the
2109:are easier to heat than the seas.
25:
5801:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
4735:"NASA planetary comparison chart"
4662:from the original on July 6, 2020
4370:"Dawn Journal: 11 Years in Space"
3185:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
3172:{\textstyle r_{\text{ap}}=(1+e)a}
1117:), and of greatest distance, the
535:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
5935:
5923:
5911:
5899:
5887:
5861:
5796:Interplanetary Transport Network
5676:Collision avoidance (spacecraft)
3997:
3443:standard gravitational parameter
2093:, which result instead from the
1938:
1922:
1193:
1187:) and the greatest distance the
1142:
1090:
1029:
981:
365:
309:, of its orbit around the host
210:
60:
5761:Astronomical coordinate systems
5515:Longitude of the ascending node
5056:United States Naval Observatory
4266:, January 1998, republished at
4135:, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1965. (
2561:Distance from Sun at perihelion
1871:Inner planets and outer planets
1076:When discussing a satellite of
878:When used as a suffix—that is,
270:is the line connecting the two
71:needs additional citations for
5834:Retrograde and prograde motion
4969:JPL SBDB: 4 Vesta (Epoch 2021)
3921:(5th ed.). HarperCollins.
3705:that does not account for the
3187:(based on the conservation of
3163:
3151:
3110:
3098:
3090:
3078:
3032:
3020:
2979:
2967:
2959:
2947:
2101:in one hemisphere while it is
1:
4913:"JPL SBDB: Eris (Epoch 2021)"
2564:Distance from Sun at aphelion
2044:Earth perihelion and aphelion
852:. For the Sun, the suffix is
806:There are two apsides in any
5781:Equatorial coordinate system
4656:University of Southern Maine
4623:. Space Weather. July 2008.
4344:"MAVEN » Science Orbit"
3843:Distance of closest approach
3701:chosen using an unperturbed
1361:. More recently, during the
1353:were used when referring to
844:, so the apsides' names are
168:(2 and 3) with respect to a
4056:September 21, 2019, at the
3868:Perifocal coordinate system
3738:time of perihelion passage
3360:{\textstyle r_{\text{per}}}
1824:Diagram of a body's direct
1808:Perihelion (disambiguation)
689:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
5974:
5533:Longitude of the periapsis
4256:February 25, 2019, at the
4150:"Apollo 15 Mission Report"
3991:December 22, 2015, at the
3695:time of perihelion passage
3331:{\textstyle r_{\text{ap}}}
3183:While, in accordance with
2126:longitude of the periapsis
1904:orbital plane of reference
1812:
1805:
1326:respectively. The suffix
658:Engineering and efficiency
477:Bi-elliptic transfer orbit
187:
44:
29:
5857:
5844:Specific angular momentum
5050:October 13, 2007, at the
5037:October 13, 2007, at the
4478:"the definition of apsis"
3898:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2765:
2578:
2167:
2164:
1815:Aphelion (disambiguation)
317:, and the nearest point,
303:, and the nearest point,
4263:Asimov's Science Fiction
4107:"Basics of Space Flight"
3932:Joe Rao (July 6, 2023).
2185:
2182:
2175:
2172:
971:For a body orbiting the
684:Propellant mass fraction
583:Gravitational influences
45:Not to be confused with
36:Perigee (disambiguation)
5839:Specific orbital energy
4235:10.1093/mnras/176.3.633
4085:Encyclopædia Britannica
3811:Trans-Neptunian objects
3749:Date of perihelion (tp)
3261:Specific orbital energy
2130:longitude of perihelion
1802:Perihelion and aphelion
869:Newton's laws of motion
555:Specific orbital energy
32:Apogee (disambiguation)
5251:Geostationary transfer
4981:"JPL SBDB: 2015 TH367"
4050:, Townsend Young 1859
4035:July 29, 2017, at the
3676:
3653:
3575:
3428:
3361:
3332:
3299:
3252:
3173:
3125:
3042:
2994:
2154:precession of the axes
1881:Earth's ecliptic plane
1833:
1788:
1129:), "land" or "earth").
936:
803:
472:Hohmann transfer orbit
173:
170:primary, or host, body
5824:Orbital state vectors
5766:Characteristic energy
5736:Trans-lunar injection
5524:Argument of periapsis
5201:Prograde / Retrograde
5162:Hyperbolic trajectory
5026:Aphelion – Perihelion
4787:"JPL SBDB: Hale-Bopp"
3787:Numerical integration
3677:
3654:
3576:
3429:
3362:
3333:
3300:
3253:
3174:
3126:
3043:
2995:
2908:Mathematical formulae
2138:plane of the ecliptic
1889:Earth's orbital plane
1865:numerical integration
1823:
1423:studies commonly use
920:
794:common center of mass
783:
668:Preflight engineering
400:Argument of periapsis
287:for the farthest and
201: 'arch, vault';
163:
40:Apse (disambiguation)
5671:Bi-elliptic transfer
5191:Parabolic trajectory
4425:10.1029/2008JA013830
3666:
3618:
3460:
3383:
3344:
3315:
3268:
3203:
3135:
3058:
3004:
2927:
2122:First Point of Aries
2095:tilt of Earth's axis
2035:orbital eccentricity
1977:the lines of apsides
1861:full dynamical model
886:point, or 2) at the
724:Propulsive maneuvers
80:improve this article
5711:Low-energy transfer
4692:on October 2, 2015.
4646:Rockport, Steve C.
4621:"Earth at Aphelion"
4541:. timeanddate.com.
4417:2009JGRA..114.3215C
4314:10.1038/nature01121
4306:2002Natur.419..694S
4226:1976MNRAS.176..633F
3853:Flyby (spaceflight)
3739:
3715:Short-period comets
3697:are defined at the
2079:Milankovitch cycles
1949:of the Solar System
1933:of the Solar System
1849:osculating elements
1687:
1436:
1431:, is used instead.
1403:Terminology summary
856:, so the names are
776:General description
701:Efficiency measures
604:Sphere of influence
573:Celestial mechanics
355:Part of a series on
5706:Inclination change
5354:Distant retrograde
4686:data.giss.nasa.gov
3963:www.skymarvels.com
3726:
3686:Time of perihelion
3672:
3649:
3571:
3424:
3357:
3328:
3295:
3248:
3169:
3121:
3038:
2990:
2150:apsidal precession
2060:astronomical units
1834:
1685:
1434:
1389:Geoffrey A. Landis
937:
873:orbital parameters
804:
520:Dynamical friction
174:
38:, and
5875:
5874:
5849:Two-line elements
5657:
5656:
5579:Eccentric anomaly
5421:
5420:
5288:Orbit of the Moon
5147:Highly elliptical
4741:on August 4, 2016
4374:www.planetary.org
4290:(6908): 694–696.
4220:(6908): 633–646.
4060:, page 26.) Many
3848:Eccentric anomaly
3784:
3783:
3703:two-body solution
3675:{\displaystyle a}
3647:
3646:
3632:
3569:
3560:
3557:
3547:
3521:
3517:
3504:
3492:
3479:
3422:
3415:
3402:
3354:
3325:
3293:
3246:
3145:
3118:
3117:
3068:
3014:
2987:
2986:
2937:
2905:
2904:
2534:
2533:
2050:December solstice
1799:
1798:
1683:
1682:
1355:orbiting the Moon
1304:celestial objects
896:orbital mechanics
773:
772:
623:Lagrangian points
560:Vis-viva equation
530:Kepler's equation
377:Orbital mechanics
156:
155:
148:
130:
16:(Redirected from
5965:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5904:
5903:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5883:
5865:
5864:
5806:Lagrangian point
5701:Hohmann transfer
5646:
5632:
5623:
5614:
5594:
5585:
5576:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5550:
5530:
5521:
5512:
5503:
5483:
5479:
5470:
5461:
5452:
5432:
5401:Heliosynchronous
5350:Lagrange points
5303:Transatmospheric
5118:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5074:
5020:Apogee – Perigee
5007:
5006:
5000:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4977:
4971:
4966:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4846:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4737:. Archived from
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4688:. Archived from
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4507:Darling, David.
4504:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4449:Example of use:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4299:
4297:astro-ph/0210426
4278:
4272:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4146:
4140:
4137:Archived version
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4103:
4090:
4089:
4081:
4070:
4064:
4039:is also common (
4029:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
3983:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3889:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3780:2024-Apr-23.069
3770:2024-Apr-21.139
3760:2024-Apr-19.892
3740:
3691:Orbital elements
3681:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3622:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3470:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3393:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3281:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3213:
3189:angular momentum
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3096:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3016:
3015:
3012:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2965:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2894:
2887:
2881:
2865:
2858:
2852:
2836:
2829:
2823:
2807:
2800:
2794:
2773:
2754:
2747:
2741:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2691:
2670:
2649:
2628:
2607:
2586:
2552:
2159:
2073:
2071:
2058:
2057:
1961:celestial bodies
1955:Lines of apsides
1942:
1926:
1791:
1688:
1674:
1670:
1653:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1599:
1582:
1565:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1515:
1498:
1481:
1464:
1437:
1373:have been used.
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1080:, including the
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
925:orbital elements
765:
758:
751:
730:Orbital maneuver
679:Payload fraction
659:
640:Lissajous orbits
574:
545:Orbital velocity
492:Hyperbolic orbit
388:Orbital elements
378:
369:
352:
250:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
204:
198:
191:
151:
144:
140:
137:
131:
129:
88:
64:
56:
21:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5936:
5934:
5924:
5922:
5912:
5910:
5898:
5888:
5886:
5878:
5876:
5871:
5853:
5771:Escape velocity
5752:
5745:
5726:Rocket equation
5653:
5645:
5639:
5630:
5621:
5612:
5601:
5592:
5583:
5574:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5548:
5537:
5528:
5519:
5510:
5501:
5490:
5481:
5477:
5473:Semi-minor axis
5468:
5464:Semi-major axis
5459:
5450:
5444:
5417:
5339:Areosynchronous
5323:
5317:
5298:Sun-synchronous
5283:Near-equatorial
5227:
5107:
5101:
5052:Wayback Machine
5041:, usno.navy.mil
5039:Wayback Machine
5016:
5011:
5010:
4993:
4986:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4963:
4952:
4950:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4894:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4863:
4861:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4836:
4832:
4822:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4796:
4794:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4744:
4742:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4718:
4716:
4703:Espenak, Fred.
4702:
4701:
4697:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4630:
4628:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4604:
4602:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4574:
4572:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4548:
4546:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4522:
4520:
4509:"line of nodes"
4506:
4505:
4501:
4491:
4489:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4434:
4432:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4383:
4381:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4258:Wayback Machine
4247:
4243:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4163:
4161:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4131:Klein, Ernest,
4130:
4126:
4116:
4114:
4105:
4104:
4093:
4079:"Perigee"
4072:
4071:
4067:
4058:Wayback Machine
4037:Wayback Machine
4000:
3996:
3993:Wayback Machine
3984:
3977:
3967:
3965:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3839:
3827:observation arc
3819:
3818:
3815:
3808:
3736:12P/Pons–Brooks
3711:Comet Hale–Bopp
3688:
3664:
3663:
3616:
3615:
3603:semi-minor axis
3591:arithmetic mean
3550:
3540:
3537:
3510:
3497:
3496:
3485:
3472:
3471:
3458:
3457:
3408:
3395:
3394:
3381:
3380:
3375:semi-major axis
3347:
3342:
3341:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3285:
3266:
3265:
3225:
3218:
3214:
3201:
3200:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3097:
3077:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3054:Minimum speed,
3007:
3002:
3001:
2966:
2946:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2923:Maximum speed,
2910:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2863:
2856:
2848:
2834:
2827:
2819:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2769:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2687:
2666:
2645:
2624:
2603:
2582:
2574:difference (%)
2573:
2539:
2069:
2067:
2055:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2018:
2016:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1934:
1927:
1915:"line of nodes"
1873:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1785:
1776:
1768:
1766:
1752:
1750:
1700:
1692:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1651:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1605:
1597:
1580:
1563:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1513:
1496:
1479:
1462:
1451:
1442:
1405:
1363:Artemis program
1324:Galactic Center
1306:. The suffixes
1273:Johannes Kepler
1271:were coined by
1261:
1196:
1192:
1145:
1141:
1132:For objects in
1093:
1089:
1032:
1028:
984:
980:
942:
801:
786:elliptic orbits
778:
769:
740:
739:
735:Orbit insertion
725:
717:
716:
702:
694:
693:
669:
661:
657:
650:
649:
645:Lyapunov orbits
636:
635:
619:
609:
608:
584:
576:
572:
565:
564:
550:Surface gravity
525:Escape velocity
515:
507:
506:
487:Parabolic orbit
483:
482:
449:
447:
444:two-body orbits
435:
434:
425:Semi-major axis
390:
380:
376:
268:line of apsides
248:
213:
209:
152:
141:
135:
132:
89:
87:
77:
65:
54:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5971:
5969:
5961:
5960:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5944:
5932:
5920:
5908:
5896:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5867:List of orbits
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5819:Orbit equation
5816:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5757:
5755:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5691:Gravity assist
5688:
5686:Delta-v budget
5683:
5678:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5643:
5637:
5628:
5619:
5617:Orbital period
5609:
5607:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5597:True longitude
5590:
5588:Mean longitude
5581:
5572:
5555:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5526:
5517:
5508:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5475:
5466:
5457:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5378:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5344:Areostationary
5341:
5336:
5327:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5313:Very low Earth
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5241:Geosynchronous
5237:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5223:Transfer orbit
5220:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5181:Lagrange point
5178:
5173:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5103:Gravitational
5102:
5100:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5042:
5029:
5023:
5015:
5014:External links
5012:
5009:
5008:
4972:
4961:
4930:
4904:
4872:
4841:
4830:
4804:
4778:
4752:
4726:
4695:
4673:
4638:
4612:
4582:
4556:
4530:
4499:
4482:Dictionary.com
4469:
4442:
4411:(A3): A03215.
4391:
4361:
4335:
4273:
4241:
4200:
4171:
4141:
4124:
4091:
4076:, ed. (1911).
4074:Chisholm, Hugh
4065:
3975:
3950:
3924:
3904:
3901:(Online). n.d.
3883:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3838:
3835:
3807:
3804:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3707:n-body problem
3687:
3684:
3671:
3660:
3659:
3645:
3642:
3636:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3599:geometric mean
3584:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3567:
3564:
3553:
3543:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3513:
3509:
3500:
3488:
3484:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3421:
3411:
3407:
3398:
3391:
3388:
3368:
3350:
3339:
3321:
3306:
3305:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3263:
3258:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3198:
3181:
3180:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3141:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3073:
3064:
3052:
3049:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3010:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2942:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2567:difference (%)
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2140:. The Earth's
2045:
2042:
2019:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1973:Halley's Comet
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1872:
1869:
1857:two-body model
1851:at a specific
1803:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1541:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1404:
1401:
1343:Apollo program
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1130:
1074:
969:
941:
938:
900:center of mass
808:elliptic orbit
777:
774:
771:
770:
768:
767:
760:
753:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
732:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
709:
707:Gravity assist
703:
700:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
686:
681:
676:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
642:
634:
633:
625:
621:
620:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
540:Orbital period
537:
532:
527:
522:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
505:
504:
502:Decaying orbit
499:
494:
489:
481:
480:
474:
467:
465:Transfer orbit
463:
462:
461:
459:Elliptic orbit
456:
454:Circular orbit
450:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
391:
386:
385:
382:
381:
374:
371:
370:
362:
361:
357:
356:
333:and the other
272:extreme values
260:planetary body
166:planetary body
154:
153:
68:
66:
59:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5970:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5943:
5933:
5931:
5921:
5919:
5909:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5895:
5885:
5881:
5868:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5814:-body problem
5813:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5716:Oberth effect
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5636:
5635:Orbital speed
5629:
5627:
5620:
5618:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5598:
5591:
5589:
5582:
5580:
5573:
5571:
5556:
5554:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5527:
5525:
5518:
5516:
5509:
5507:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5487:
5476:
5474:
5467:
5465:
5458:
5456:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5390:
5389:Earth's orbit
5387:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5246:Geostationary
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5098:
5093:
5091:
5086:
5084:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5004:
4998:
4987:September 23,
4982:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4965:
4962:
4953:September 26,
4948:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4931:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4905:
4897:September 13,
4892:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4873:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4834:
4831:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4805:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4753:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4639:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4605:September 19,
4600:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4500:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4446:
4443:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4392:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:Infinity Plus
4265:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4201:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4175:
4172:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4027:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3812:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3734:solution for
3733:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3719:101P/Chernykh
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3683:
3669:
3643:
3640:
3634:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3565:
3562:
3551:
3541:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3511:
3507:
3498:
3486:
3482:
3473:
3466:
3463:
3456:
3455:
3454:, defined as
3453:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3419:
3409:
3405:
3396:
3389:
3386:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3348:
3340:
3319:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3148:
3139:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3050:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3008:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2766:Dwarf planet
2764:
2760:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:dwarf planets
2544:
2537:Other planets
2536:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2171:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2114:orbital speed
2110:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2065:
2064:June solstice
2061:
2051:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1947:outer planets
1941:
1936:
1932:
1931:inner planets
1925:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1877:orbital nodes
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1676:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:, near) and
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1246:, as well as
1245:
1241:
1238:). The terms
1235:
1190:
1184:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:Ancient Greek
1120:
1114:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1026:
1020:
978:
974:
970:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:
945:
939:
934:
930:
926:
923:
919:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
867:According to
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
817:
813:
809:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
775:
766:
761:
759:
754:
752:
747:
746:
744:
743:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
721:
720:
713:
712:Oberth effect
710:
708:
705:
704:
698:
697:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
665:
664:
660:
653:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
631:
627:
626:
624:
618:
617:N-body orbits
613:
612:
605:
602:
600:
599:Perturbations
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
580:
579:
575:
568:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
511:
510:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
478:
475:
473:
469:
468:
466:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
445:
439:
438:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
420:Orbital nodes
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
389:
384:
383:
379:
372:
368:
364:
363:
360:Astrodynamics
358:
354:
353:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:
302:
301:
296:
292:
291:
286:
285:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:
243:
208:
200:
197:
190:
186:
183:
182:Ancient Greek
179:
171:
167:
162:
158:
150:
147:
139:
136:December 2020
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97: –
96:
92:
91:Find sources:
85:
81:
75:
74:
69:This article
67:
63:
58:
57:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5942:Solar System
5829:Perturbation
5811:
5786:Ground track
5696:Gravity turn
5647:
5640:
5633:
5624:
5615:
5595:
5586:
5577:
5570:True anomaly
5568:
5553:Mean anomaly
5551:
5531:
5522:
5513:
5504:
5485:
5484:
5471:
5462:
5455:Eccentricity
5453:
5411:Lunar cycler
5384:Heliocentric
5324:other points
5273:Medium Earth
5171:Non-inclined
4985:. Retrieved
4975:
4964:
4951:. Retrieved
4943:JPL Horizons
4933:
4921:. Retrieved
4907:
4895:. Retrieved
4886:JPL Horizons
4884:
4875:
4864:February 11,
4862:. Retrieved
4854:JPL Horizons
4844:
4833:
4821:. Retrieved
4807:
4795:. Retrieved
4781:
4769:. Retrieved
4755:
4743:. Retrieved
4739:the original
4729:
4717:. Retrieved
4708:
4698:
4690:the original
4685:
4676:
4664:. Retrieved
4651:
4641:
4629:. Retrieved
4615:
4603:. Retrieved
4585:
4573:. Retrieved
4559:
4547:. Retrieved
4533:
4521:. Retrieved
4512:
4502:
4492:November 28,
4490:. Retrieved
4481:
4472:
4453:
4445:
4433:. Retrieved
4408:
4404:
4394:
4382:. Retrieved
4373:
4364:
4352:. Retrieved
4338:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4267:
4261:
4249:
4244:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4191:. Retrieved
4181:
4174:
4162:. Retrieved
4153:
4144:
4132:
4127:
4115:. Retrieved
4083:
4068:
4047:
4043:
4040:
3966:. Retrieved
3962:
3953:
3941:. Retrieved
3937:
3927:
3916:
3907:
3896:
3887:
3873:True anomaly
3863:Mean anomaly
3809:
3798:
3791:dwarf planet
3785:
3730:solution vs
3723:
3694:
3693:such as the
3689:
3661:
3610:
3605:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3452:eccentricity
3447:
3438:
3370:
3307:
3182:
2911:
2555:Type of body
2540:
2146:
2142:eccentricity
2134:
2129:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2088:
2076:
2047:
2023:Solar System
2020:
1976:
1965:Solar System
1958:
1912:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1874:
1846:
1835:
1793:
1782:
1773:
1736:
1730:-galacticon
1718:
1701:of the name
1693:host object
1691:Astronomical
1452:of the name
1441:Astronomical
1428:
1424:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1396:
1393:perinigricon
1392:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1365:, the terms
1350:
1347:pericynthion
1346:
1345:, the terms
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1188:
1138:pericynthion
1137:
1126:
1118:
1085:
1070:
1066:
1024:
976:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
943:
932:
928:
904:central body
893:
887:
883:
879:
877:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
838:primary body
833:
830:
826:
822:
819:
815:
811:
805:
790:primary body
497:Radial orbit
448:eccentricity
430:True anomaly
415:Mean anomaly
405:Eccentricity
394:
347:Solar System
326:
322:
318:
314:
305:
304:
299:
298:
289:
288:
283:
282:
276:
267:
264:primary body
206:
195:
192:
185:
177:
175:
157:
142:
133:
123:
116:
109:
102:
90:
78:Please help
73:verification
70:
5930:Outer space
5918:Spaceflight
5791:Hill sphere
5626:Mean motion
5506:Inclination
5495:Orientation
5396:Mars cycler
5334:Areocentric
5206:Synchronous
4709:astropixels
4652:Planetarium
4575:January 10,
4549:January 10,
4435:December 9,
4384:October 24,
4354:November 7,
4250:Perimelasma
4164:October 16,
2895:10 mi)
2888:10 mi)
2866:10 mi)
2859:10 mi)
2837:10 mi)
2830:10 mi)
2808:10 mi)
2801:10 mi)
2755:10 mi)
2748:10 mi)
2726:10 mi)
2719:10 mi)
2165:Perihelion
1883:, which is
1840:around the
1828:around the
1772:Gr: melos;
1443:host object
1397:aponigricon
1381:perimelasma
1351:apocynthion
1341:During the
1320:-galacticon
1189:apocynthion
1134:lunar orbit
940:Terminology
800:), (red +).
630:Halo orbits
594:Hill sphere
410:Inclination
5731:Rendezvous
5427:Parameters
5263:High Earth
5233:Geocentric
5186:Osculating
5143:Elliptical
4923:January 5,
4463:2106.09409
3879:References
3806:Short arcs
2920:Pericenter
2571:insolation
2521:January 2
2504:January 5
2487:January 3
2470:January 3
2453:January 4
2436:January 3
2419:January 4
2402:January 4
2385:January 2
2083:barycenter
2027:perihelion
1847:Comparing
1769:-nigricon
1761:Black hole
1745:Barycenter
1735:galaxias;
1715:Lat: astra
1673:-poseidion
1669:-poseideum
1627:-saturnium
1385:apomelasma
1379:The terms
1332:-saturnium
1265:perihelion
1263:The words
1248:periselene
1067:periastron
977:perihelion
950:pericenter
908:spacecraft
862:perihelion
829:(from
823:, (ap(o)-)
818:(from
798:barycenter
674:Mass ratio
589:Barycenter
341:, and the
327:perihelion
319:perihelion
290:perihelion
262:about its
180:(from
106:newspapers
5894:Astronomy
5776:Ephemeris
5753:mechanics
5663:Maneuvers
5606:Variation
5369:Libration
5364:Lissajous
5268:Low Earth
5258:Graveyard
5157:Horseshoe
5066:JPL SBDB
5054:from the
4745:August 4,
3968:April 23,
3943:April 22,
3938:Space.com
3641:μ
3630:ε
3624:−
3530:−
3483:−
3283:μ
3278:−
3272:ε
3241:μ
3223:−
3094:μ
3085:−
3051:Apocenter
3027:−
2974:−
2963:μ
2368:January 5
2351:January 3
2334:January 3
2317:January 4
2300:January 2
2283:January 4
2266:January 4
2249:January 2
2232:January 5
2215:January 3
2198:January 3
2168:Aphelion
1900:reference
1535:-cynthion
1502:Cytherean
1421:Exoplanet
1417:(primary)
1259:Etymology
1252:aposelene
958:periapsis
954:apocenter
922:Keplerian
884:periapsis
514:Equations
442:Types of
343:asteroids
251:-sih-deez
5952:Category
5542:Position
5167:Inclined
5138:Circular
5048:Archived
5035:Archived
4997:cite web
4947:Archived
4917:Archived
4891:Archived
4858:Archived
4823:July 17,
4817:Archived
4797:July 16,
4791:Archived
4771:July 16,
4765:Archived
4719:June 24,
4713:Archived
4660:Archived
4625:Archived
4599:Archived
4569:Archived
4543:Archived
4517:Archived
4486:Archived
4429:Archived
4378:Archived
4348:Archived
4322:12384690
4254:Archived
4193:July 18,
4187:Archived
4158:Archived
4154:Glossary
4111:Archived
4109:. NASA.
4054:Archived
4033:Archived
3989:Archived
3837:See also
3728:Two body
2914:formulae
2850:Makemake
2072: AU
2031:aphelion
1885:coplanar
1767:-bothron
1765:-melasma
1711:-astron
1678:Poseidon
1652:-uranion
1581:-demeter
1480:-hermion
1367:perilune
1287:(Greek:
1279:(Greek:
1269:aphelion
1240:perilune
1071:apastron
1025:aphelion
962:apoapsis
927:: point
912:altitude
888:apoapsis
858:aphelion
323:aphelion
315:aphelion
284:aphelion
5880:Portals
5751:Orbital
5721:Phasing
5681:Delta-v
5486:Apsides
5480:,
5278:Molniya
5196:Parking
5133:Capture
5121:General
4666:July 4,
4631:July 7,
4523:May 17,
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