368:
54:
33:
578:
in building and maintaining their shell material. This species of sea hare is unique for its shell resilience in acidified ocean environments. Most marine species with shells (mollusks, echinoderms, corals, coccolithophores, foraminiferans, calcifying algae, etc.) experience increased dissolution and
509:
and so the function of the rhinophore is critical. This chemosensatory action assists in the localization of food and in sexual behavior. Amino acids are observed to be an olfactory stimulant to elicit feeding responses. Serotoninergic fibers are also found in the rhinophore nerves which are believed
583:
naturally faces fluctuations in pH and has been observed to have no decrease in calcification of new shell material when exposed to acidic environments similar to those of having increased dissolved carbon dioxide. Although, they do undergo increased metabolic rate in low pH environments which is
465:
area are recorded to be larger than those in deep waters due to a comparatively larger abundance of food. However, individuals with smaller diets are thought to have lower initial mortality rates and live longer than those with unlimited diets suggesting that caloric restriction is advantageous.
428:
with their individual sexual role being determined by either mass or egg-laying specialization. However, they do not self-fertilize and engage in mating behavior that can involve multiple individuals. During warmer months, behavior is dominated by reproduction and feeding, with little time spent
524:
also have large neurons which make them a model species in the study of the cellular basis of learning and memory. They are known to be among the largest in nature which assists in studies that attempt to explain how neural circuits control behavior. Their increased size is attributed to being
532:. It is observed to be an advantageous adaptation that allows for enhanced speed of electrical signals resulting in faster behavioral response times. The central nervous system and neurons are located on the ganglionic surface and possess unique coloration depending on location.
887:
Blumberg, S.; Haran, T.; Botzer, D.; Susswein, A. J.; Teyke, T. (1998). "Pheromones linked to sexual behaviors excite the appetitive phase of feeding behavior of
Aplysia fasciata II. Excitation of C-PR, a neuron involved in the generation of appetitive behaviors".
429:
crawling or remaining sedentary. Embryos develop from laid eggs and continue to a larval stage, becoming temporary members of the plankton. Larva rapidly transform into juveniles with sexual maturity typically occurring within three and four months from birth.
1010:
Pedrozo, H. A.; Schwartz, Z.; Dean, D. D.; Harrison, J. L.; Campbell, J. W.; Wiederhold, M. L. (1997). "Evidence for the
Involvement of Carbonic Anhydrase and Urease in Calcium Carbonate Formation in the Gravity-Sensing Organ of Aplysia californica".
500:
are located both on their head and posterior tentacle. Their namesake as "sea hares" arises from the morphology of the rhinophores which look similar to rabbit ears. The rhinophore is the olfactory organ for the species and it is used to detect
437:
found in both littoral and sublittoral habitats with a large range spanning the northeast
Atlantic and the Mediterranean sea. They are known to colonize both shallow, intertidal waters and also deeper zones within their range.
801:
Kladi, M.; Ntountaniotis, D.; Zervou, M.; Vagias, C.; Ioannou, E.; Roussis, V. (2014). "Glandulaurencianols A–C, brominated diterpenes from the red alga, Laurencia glandulifera and the sea hare, Aplysia punctata".
543:
shell is located internally to protect their heart and other organs from environmental conditions like wave action. However, it is comparatively thinner and smaller than ones possessed by other
420:
Spawning occurs in the springtime beginning in May as water temperature warms and continues until around
October with species tending to only live for approximately one year.
579:
increasing energetic costs of maintaining and growing these structures in this basic environment. However, living in the middle to lower intertidal zone and shallow waters,
547:. Their shell is observed to measure up to 6 cm in larger specimens. Accretionary growth bands may be observed on larger specimens, akin to those seen on the shells of
1489:
470:. Their coloration is usually determined from the pigments in the seaweed they feed upon which in turn also provides them with camouflage. Mediterranean species of
518:
are segments of the rhinophore which represent different processing stages of sensory information; the processing of odor information takes place in the ganglion.
1528:
923:
Audesirk, T. E.; Audesirk, G. J. (1977). "Chemoreception in
Aplysia californica—II. Electrophysiological evidence for detection of the odor of conspecifics".
1463:
1502:
1631:
1626:
1554:
1220:
Dionísio, G.; Rui, R.; Leal, M.; Cruz, S.; Brandão, C.; Calado, G. (2013). "Beauties and beasts: A portrait of sea slugs aquaculture".
1450:
1315:
European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification
457:
tear up seaweeds in order to consume them and are found to eat up to one-third of their body weight per day of algae. Individuals of
763:
Pennings, S. C. (1991). "Reproductive behavior of
Aplysia californica Cooper: diel patterns, sexual roles and mating aggregations".
1593:
400:, the sea hares. It reaches a length of up to 20 cm (7.9 in) and is found in the northeast Atlantic, ranging from
1507:
1515:
1424:
1063:"Sea Hare Aplysia punctata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Can Maintain Shell Calcification under Extreme Ocean Acidification"
1169:
Dupont, S.; Ortega-Martínez, O.; Thorndyke, M. (2010). "Impact of near-future ocean acidification on echinoderms".
584:
attributed to the maintenance of calcium carbonate and aragonite structures in waters depleted of these materials.
425:
1533:
466:
Feeding and sexual reproduction both take place upon algal beds which provide a source of food and protection for
53:
952:"Amino acid-induced reflexes and their neural pathways in an opisthobranch mollusc Pleurobranchaea japonica"
1377:
511:
991:
Usuki, I. (1981). "Growth
Characteristics of the Early Juvenile of Aplysia juliana Collected in Winter".
1429:
1113:"Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms"
174:
367:
1330:"Sea hare I (Mollusca: Gastropoda) can maintain shell calcification under extreme ocean acidification"
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200:
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Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001).
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Gofas, S. (2011). Aplysia punctata. Accessed through: World
Register of Marine Species at
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are grazing organisms which prefer to reside and feed on algal seaweed beds. Using their
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681:
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1322:
aune et flore du littoral du Nord, du Pas-de-Calais et de la
Belgique: inventaire.
1310:. Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen: Brussels, Belgium. 106 pp
1206:
1155:
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Orr, J. C.; Fabry, V. J.; Aumont, O.; Bopp, L.; Doney, S. C.; Feely, R. A. (2005).
1040:
909:
652:
Carefoot, T. H. (1967). "Studies on a sublittoral population of
Aplysia punctata".
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481:
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which provide them with metabolites known to produce antifungals, antivirals, and
815:
1580:
1520:
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to have a physiological role in olfactory responses to amino acid presence. The
131:
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1324:. Commission Régionale de Biologie Région Nord Pas-de-Calais: France. 307 pp
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which notably is susceptible to dissolution in lower sea water pH.
654:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
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that is deposited within a protein matrix. Aragonite is a form of
366:
610:
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138758
1559:
1375:
838:"Functional neuroanatomy of the rhinophore of Aplysia punctata"
836:
Wertz, A.; Roessler, W.; Obermayer, M.; Bickmeyer, U. (2006).
1251:
Wertz, A.; Rössler, W.; Obermayer, M.; Bickmeyer, U. (2006).
950:
Chiken, S.; Kuwasawa, K.; Kurokawa, M.; Ohsuga, K. (2016).
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This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from reference.
1317:. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
1384:
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The Department of Environment and Natural Resources
765:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
1308:Lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van België
505:. Auditory and visual information is limited in
1253:"Functional neuroanatomy of the rhinophore of
1061:Carey, N.; Dupont, S.; Sigwart, J. D. (2016).
980:– via EBSCOhost Academic Search Premier.
1328:Carey, N.; Dupont, S.; Sigwart, J.D. (2016).
8:
939:– via Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals.
818:– via Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals.
787:– via Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals.
752:– via Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals.
1043:– via SpringerLink Journals Complete.
912:– via SpringerLink Journals Complete.
876:– via SpringerLink Journals Complete.
1372:
31:
20:
1284:
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925:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
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474:feed primarily on red algae of the genus
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600:
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213:
993:Venus (Japanese Journal of Malacology)
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1054:
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7:
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890:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
14:
1238:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.04.033
52:
1013:Calcified Tissue International
1:
555:. The main element composing
1632:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier
1627:Gastropods described in 1803
937:10.1016/0300-9629(77)90234-1
816:10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.03.083
785:10.1016/0022-0981(91)90048-2
426:simultaneous hermaphrodites
1648:
1191:10.1007/s10646-010-0463-6
732:10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.028
674:10.1017/s0025315400056447
570:As a species of mollusk,
206:
199:
180:
173:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
1337:The Biological Bulletin
1070:The Biological Bulletin
1306:Backeljau, T. (1986).
375:
306:Aplysia nigromarginata
1276:10.1186/1742-9994-3-6
1025:10.1007/s002239900330
902:10.1007/s003590050223
855:10.1186/1742-9994-3-6
370:
248:Aplysia griffithsiana
1320:Muller, Y. (2004). F
1262:Frontiers in Zoology
842:Frontiers in Zoology
216:Aplysia albopunctata
16:Species of gastropod
1230:2013Aquac.408....1D
1183:2010Ecotx..19..449D
1140:10.1038/nature04095
1132:2005Natur.437..681O
804:Tetrahedron Letters
777:1991JEMBE.149..249P
724:2011CBio...21..R60M
666:1967JMBUK..47..335C
536:Shell calcification
273:Aplysia longicornis
969:10.2108/zsj.18.465
956:Zoological Science
706:Moroz, L. (2011).
623:"Spotted Sea Hare"
541:Aplysia punctata's
484:for self defense.
376:
294:(dubious synonym)
253:(dubious synonym)
232:Aplysia dumortieri
227:Delle Chiaje, 1828
1609:
1608:
1568:Open Tree of Life
1378:Taxon identifiers
1224:. 408–409: 1–14.
810:(17): 2835–2837.
565:calcium carbonate
410:Mediterranean Sea
365:
364:
358:
354:Laplysia punctata
350:
346:Aplysia virescens
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
302:
301:Thompson W., 1845
293:
289:Aplysia mustelina
285:
281:Aplysia marginata
277:
269:
261:
252:
244:
240:Aplysia ferussaci
236:
228:
220:
109:Euopisthobranchia
42:Mediterranean Sea
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1601:
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1521:NBNSYS0000173903
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1386:Aplysia punctata
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1368:
1334:
1299:
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1255:Aplysia punctata
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1242:
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703:
686:
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649:
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619:
613:
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574:performs marine
572:Aplysia punctata
522:Aplysia punctata
498:Aplysia punctata
447:Aplysia punctata
422:Aplysia punctata
385:Aplysia punctata
380:spotted sea hare
356:
348:
340:
332:
330:Aplysia unicolor
324:
322:Aplysia stellata
316:
308:
300:
291:
284:Blainville, 1823
283:
275:
267:
259:
250:
242:
234:
226:
218:
186:
184:Aplysia punctata
166:A. punctata
57:
56:
35:
25:Aplysia punctata
21:
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1542:Observation.org
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1126:(7059): 681–6.
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538:
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418:
361:
338:Aplysia varians
268:Sowerby I, 1806
265:Aplysia hybrida
257:Aplysia guttata
235:Cantraine, 1835
224:Aplysia cuvieri
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51:
17:
12:
11:
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1343:(2): 142–151.
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1212:
1177:(3): 449–462.
1161:
1103:
1082:10.1086/690094
1076:(2): 142–151.
1046:
1019:(3): 247–255.
1002:
983:
962:(4): 465–473.
942:
931:(3): 267–270.
915:
896:(6): 785–791.
879:
821:
790:
771:(2): 249–266.
755:
718:(2): R60–R61.
687:
660:(2): 335–350.
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537:
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488:Sensory organs
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396:in the family
373:Canary Islands
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1171:Ecotoxicology
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612:on 2012-03-31
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576:calcification
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557:A. punctata's
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530:somatic cells
528:
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517:
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508:
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461:found in the
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314:Aplysia rosea
312:
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292:Pennant, 1812
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175:Binomial name
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1581:SeaLifeBase
1477:iNaturalist
1410:Wikispecies
1222:Aquaculture
581:A. punctata
507:A. punctata
494:rhinophores
472:A. punctata
468:A. punctata
459:A. punctata
455:A. punctata
431:A. punctata
349:Risso, 1818
341:Leach, 1852
333:Risso, 1818
325:Risso, 1818
309:Risso, 1818
251:Leach, 1852
132:Aplysioidea
1616:Categories
999:: 212–223.
588:References
551:and other
545:gastropods
503:pheromones
482:cytotoxins
463:intertidal
435:gastropods
416:Life cycle
398:Aplysiidae
276:Rang, 1828
243:Rang, 1828
142:Aplysiidae
96:Gastropoda
1416:Anaspidea
708:"Aplysia"
632:29 August
561:aragonite
559:shell is
527:polyploid
512:glomeruli
477:Laurencia
402:Greenland
160:Species:
122:Anaspidea
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
1495:10595852
1395:Wikidata
1365:39936586
1357:27820906
1295:16597345
1199:20130988
1148:16193043
1098:39936586
1090:27820906
978:83854199
874:16597345
750:21256433
682:85266127
553:mollusks
549:bivalves
516:ganglion
514:and the
394:sea slug
201:Synonyms
138:Family:
86:Mollusca
82:Phylum:
76:Animalia
62:Domain:
1622:Aplysia
1469:5191252
1401:Q520464
1286:1526719
1226:Bibcode
1207:7688901
1179:Bibcode
1156:4306199
1128:Bibcode
1041:2659713
1033:9262517
910:1119935
865:1526719
773:Bibcode
741:4024469
720:Bibcode
662:Bibcode
442:Feeding
408:to the
390:species
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371:In the
194:, 1803)
153:Aplysia
148:Genus:
92:Class:
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192:Cuvier
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1508:78036
1490:IRMNG
1482:57663
1456:58758
1451:EUNIS
1443:67NTY
1430:33121
1361:S2CID
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116:Clade
103:Clade
1586:8436
1555:OBIS
1529:NCBI
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1353:PMID
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870:PMID
746:PMID
634:2022
496:for
492:The
424:are
404:and
378:The
210:List
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