54:
31:
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264:
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They have unusual mating habits: they can mate in pairs with one acting as a male, the other as a female, but they commonly occur in quite crowded numbers during the mating season, and this often leads to chains of three or more sea hares mating together. The one at the front acts as a female and the
489:, making it a favorite subject for investigation by neuroscientists. Also, the 'tongue' on the underside is controlled by only two neurons, which allowed complete mapping of the innervation network to be carried out.
504:
The authority of this family is still somewhat in dispute. The family was incorrectly originally spelled as
Laplysiana. This was a Latinized form of the original common name "les Laplysiens" as described in
410:
is situated in the mantle cavity, beneath the shell, deep down between the parapodia. It is therefore physically impossible for mating partners to act as both male and female at the same time.
414:
one at the back as a male. The animal(s) in between are acting as both males and females, in other words, the animal receiving sperm passes its own sperm to a third sea hare.
1351:
1390:
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1364:
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Some species spout ink when disturbed or attacked, and they may also swim (rather than crawl) away, using their broad wing-like flaps or
242:
with shells reduced to a small plate hidden between the parapodia, and some species are extremely large. The
Californian black sea hare,
1135:
Klussmann‐Kolb, A. (2004). "Phylogeny of the
Aplysiidae (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) with new aspects of the evolution of seahares".
517:
introduced the new name
Laplysinia in 1815. In 2001 Bouchet & Rocroi advocated the attribution of the name Aplysiidae to Lamarck.
369:
purple gland: lying on top of the mantle cavity, above the gill. It gives off a red or purple fluid, or, in some species, a white ink.
1092:
980:
1449:
1179:"Corrections of Authorship and date for gastropod (Mollusca) family-group names placed on the Official List and Official Index"
1369:
1377:
514:
993:
1286:
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322:
and found in temperate and tropical seas, inhabiting shallow coastal areas and sheltered bays, thick with vegetation.
53:
1006:
Vue Z., Kamel B. S., Capo T. R., Bardales A. T. & Medina M. (2014). "Comparative analysis of early ontogeny in
372:
opaline gland: situated on the floor of the mantle cavity, beneath the gill. It gives off a white opaque secretion.
1395:
319:
43:, a typical sea hare, shown here releasing a cloud of purple pigment, probably as a reaction to being disturbed.
481:
to fire synchronously. This quick neural response is necessary for a speedy reaction to danger by the animal.
346:
1226:
337:. Their color is diet-derived from the pigments of the algae. They concentrate the toxins found on algae.
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690:
611:
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510:
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39:
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226:, they are often quite large, and when they are underwater, their rounded body shape and the long
936:
553:
474:
387:
169:
48:
651:
631:
529:
1431:
1081:
Redish, Edward F. (2003). ""Chapter 2: Cognitive
Principles and Guidelines for Instruction".".
1413:
1299:
1098:
1088:
976:
108:
1441:
1356:
1418:
1144:
1024:
501:
taxon with two distinct clades: Aplysiinae and
Dolabellinae + Dolabriferinae + Notarchinae.
294:
244:
1264:
301:, the shell is ear-shaped. The shell is only present in the larval stage of the two genera
269:
458:
450:
248:
is arguably the largest living gastropod species, and is certainly the largest living
1471:
1148:
949:
Paige, John A. (January 1988). "Biology, Metamorphosis and
Postlarval Development of
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131:
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641:
580:
434:
426:
311:, and on this basis they have been grouped into the subfamily Dolabriferinae.
303:
278:
277:
Members of the
Aplysiidae have an atrophied inner shell (in contrast with the
252:
227:
95:
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362:. The ink is extracted from their algal food, rather than being synthesized.
1102:
681:
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326:
239:
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65:
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Basic
Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects. 6th edition
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290:
230:
on their heads mean that their overall shape resembles that of a sitting
223:
85:
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They are rather large animals. Their length can reach up to 75 cm (
569:
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1343:
478:
430:
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75:
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1016:
403:
402:, with fully functional male and female reproductive organs. The
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Sea hares have two main secretory glands in their mantle cavity.
339:
262:
155:
1317:
1116:
Agranoff, Bernard W.; Cotman, Carl W.; Uhler, Michael D. (1999).
330:
235:
1224:
1058:"Eric Kandel: Learning about the human brain from sea slugs"
991:
Kandel E. R., Schwartz J. H. & Jessell T. M. (2000).
293:
rear end, where it is fully or partially enclosed in the
318:), and they can weigh well over 2 kg. They are
1233:
390:, which mediate the release of the clouds of ink.
289:, this shell is a soft flattened plate over the
973:Nudibranchs of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
1084:Teaching physics : with the physics suite
1046:. San Francisco, W.H.Freeman & Co. 463pp.
8:
497:A 2004 study has shown that Aplysiidae is a
406:is on the right side of the head while the
1221:
329:, eating a variety of red, green or brown
29:
20:
525:Classification after N. B. Eales (1984):
997:, 4th ed., New York, McGraw-Hill 180 pp.
937:MolluscaBase. Aplysiidae Lamarck, 1809.
928:
1177:Bouchet, P. & J.P. Rocroi (2001).
1087:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
210:is the only family in the superfamily
953:Rang (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)".
273:showing general anatomy of sea hares.
7:
1406:7ef94f51-c906-4bf6-925c-13ae8d8e6ad8
218:. These animals are commonly called
199:· accepted, alternate representation
192:· accepted, alternate representation
182:· accepted, alternate representation
1483:Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
1183:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
1118:"Invertebrate Learning and Memory"
281:, which have no shell at all). In
14:
467:gill and siphon withdrawal reflex
1149:10.1111/j.0300-3256.2004.00158.x
382:has proved useful as a model in
52:
1044:Behavioural Biology of Aplysia
1:
873:H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854
686:H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854
1200:"Notes on cephalaspideans".
1166:. Paris: Dentu. p. 428.
994:Principles of Neural Science
699:Genera brought into synonymy
694:(A. Adams & Reeve, 1850)
1499:
955:Bulletin of Marine Science
935:MolluscaBase eds. (2021).
866:A. Adams & Reeve, 1850
175:
168:
161:
154:
49:Scientific classification
47:
37:
28:
23:
688:- the only one species:
238:. Sea hares are however
185:Dolabriferidae (synonym)
1164:Philosophize zoologique
951:Bursatella leachii plei
939:Accessed on 2021-01-27.
833:Aplysia (Pruvotaplysia)
740:Eales & Engel, 1935
347:Dolabrifera dolabrifera
1162:Lamarck, J.B. (1809).
507:Philosophie zoologique
485:has only about 20,000
477:, which allow several
457:has been studied as a
445:Following the lead of
427:pycnogonid sea spiders
350:
274:
267:Dorsal view of a live
1427:Paleobiology Database
1062:The Lasker Foundation
691:Syphonota geographica
343:
299:Dolabella auricularia
266:
222:because, unlike most
1056:Foundation, Lasker.
971:Zsilavecz, G. 2007.
811:Aplysia (Phycophila)
16:Family of gastropods
1012:Aplysia californica
789:Aplysia (Neaplysia)
475:electrical synapses
471:Aplysia californica
388:electrical synapses
325:The Aplysiidae are
214:, within the clade
40:Aplysia californica
1008:Bursatella leachii
792:J. G. Cooper, 1863
785:J. G. Cooper, 1863
351:
275:
1465:
1464:
1414:Open Tree of Life
1227:Taxon identifiers
1137:Zoologica Scripta
1029:10.7717/peerj.700
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109:Euopisthobranchia
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907:Aplysia (Varria)
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888:Pruvot-Fol, 1933
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885:Aplysia (Tullia)
881:Pruvot-Fol, 1933
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858:Blainville, 1817
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585:Blainville, 1817
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557:Mazzarelli, 1893
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469:, as studied in
316:Aplysia vaccaria
245:Aplysia vaccaria
197:Mazzarelli, 1893
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463:neurobiologists
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270:Aplysia parvula
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188:Dolabriferinae
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843:Linnaeus, 1767
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821:Linnaeus, 1767
814:A. Adams, 1861
807:A. Adams, 1861
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799:Linnaeus, 1767
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777:Linnaeus, 1767
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546:Dolabriferinae
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494:
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465:, because its
459:model organism
451:Eric R. Kandel
449:and his pupil
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441:Laboratory use
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400:hermaphrodites
398:Sea hares are
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905:: synonym of
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883:: synonym of
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868:: synonym of
864:
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853:: synonym of
851:Iredale, 1929
849:
846:
841:
834:
831:: synonym of
827:
826:Pruvotaplysia
824:
819:
812:
809:: synonym of
805:
802:
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790:
787:: synonym of
783:
780:
775:
772:: synonym of
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757:: synonym of
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742:: synonym of
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727:: synonym of
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712:: synonym of
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447:Ladislav Tauc
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1065:. Retrieved
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762:Cuvier, 1816
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689:
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672:Stylocheilus
670:
662:Phyllaplysia
660:
650:
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626:Cuvier, 1817
620:
610:
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579:
576:- type genus
568:
538:Dolabellinae
524:
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499:monophyletic
496:
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250:heterobranch
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195:Notarchinae
162:
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102:
38:
18:
1339:iNaturalist
1259:Wikispecies
961:(1): 65–75.
910:Eales, 1960
903:Eales, 1960
836:Engel, 1936
829:Engel, 1936
755:Risso, 1826
676:Gould, 1852
601:Dolabrifera
554:Notarchinae
521:Subfamilies
509:, 1:320 by
435:sea turtles
327:herbivorous
279:nudibranchs
259:Description
228:rhinophores
212:Aplysioidea
178:Aplysiinae
132:Aplysioidea
24:Aplysiidae
1478:Aplysiidae
1472:Categories
1279:Aplysiidae
1265:Aplysiidae
1235:Aplysiidae
1067:2020-11-12
923:References
863:Siphonotus
855:Bursatella
804:Phycophila
744:Bursatella
732:Gray, 1847
729:Petalifera
722:Aplysiella
714:Bursatella
710:Rang, 1828
652:Phycophila
646:Gray, 1847
642:Petalifera
632:Paraplysia
612:Floribella
605:Gray, 1847
581:Bursatella
530:Aplysiinae
515:Rafinesque
376:The genus
304:Bursatella
240:sea snails
208:Aplysiidae
163:See text.
142:Aplysiidae
96:Gastropoda
870:Syphonota
782:Neaplysia
759:Notarchus
682:Syphonota
622:Notarchus
591:Dolabella
513:in 1809.
423:Predators
418:Predators
360:parapodia
344:Sea hare
297:skin. In
287:Syphonota
253:gastropod
224:sea slugs
220:sea hares
216:Anaspidea
122:Anaspidea
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
1318:46448984
1244:Wikidata
1103:53287676
767:Laplysia
493:Taxonomy
425:include
354:Defenses
335:eelgrass
291:visceral
170:Synonyms
138:Family:
86:Mollusca
82:Phylum:
76:Animalia
62:Domain:
1442:6923799
1250:Q618732
1042:(1979)
1023:: e700
914:Aplysia
892:Aplysia
840:Aplysia
818:Aplysia
796:Aplysia
774:Aplysia
752:Busiris
707:Aclesia
570:Aplysia
511:Lamarck
487:neurons
483:Aplysia
479:neurons
455:Aplysia
431:wrasses
379:Aplysia
283:Aplysia
147:Lamarck
92:Class:
1439:uBio:
1419:126323
1403:NZOR:
1357:105045
1101:
1091:
979:
900:Varria
878:Tullia
563:Genera
408:vagina
295:mantle
232:rabbit
156:Genera
149:, 1809
1450:WoRMS
1432:59152
1370:78022
1352:IRMNG
1344:48656
1305:7NFYL
1017:PeerJ
404:penis
331:algae
116:Clade
103:Clade
1396:6498
1391:NCBI
1365:ITIS
1331:6814
1326:GBIF
1292:1827
1287:BOLD
1099:OCLC
1089:ISBN
1010:and
977:ISBN
433:and
333:and
307:and
285:and
236:hare
1455:172
1378:NBN
1313:EoL
1300:CoL
1274:AFD
1145:doi
1025:doi
1014:".
461:by
234:or
1474::
1452::
1429::
1416::
1393::
1380::
1367::
1354::
1341::
1328::
1315::
1302::
1289::
1276::
1261::
1246::
1206:16
1204:.
1187:58
1185:.
1181:.
1141:33
1139:.
1120:.
1097:.
1060:.
975:.
959:42
957:.
609:†
453:,
437:.
429:,
255:.
118::
105::
1151:.
1147::
1124:.
1105:.
1070:.
1027::
1021:2
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