392:
314:
134:
116:
286:
601:
373:
includes the majority of land snails and slugs, many freshwater snails, and a small number of marine species. The mantle cavity of the
Pulmonata is modified into an air-breathing organ. They are also characterized by detorsion and a symmetrically-arranged nervous system. The pulmonates almost always
589:
616:
1481:
Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Kaim, Andrzej; Kano, Yasunori; Nützel, Alexander; Parkhaev, Pavel; Schrödl, Michael; Strong, Ellen E. (2017).
554:
The families currently included in
Heterobranchia have historically been placed in many different parts of the taxonomic class of gastropods. Earlier authors (such as
1950:
611:
shows that there is no clade-supporting pattern for the monophyly of
Opisthobranchia (green) or of Pulmonata (yellow) based on datasets by Jörger et al. (2010).
2042:
1769:
558:, 1840) considered Heterobranchia to consist of only marine gastropods, and conceptualized it as a borderline category, intermediate between the
1778:
1569:
1776:
Dinapoli A.; Klussmann-Kolb A. (2010). "The long way to diversity – Phylogeny and evolution of the
Heterobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda)"".
1680:
Ponder, W. F.; Warén, A. (1988). "Classification of the
Caenogastropoda and Heterostropha- A list of family-group names and higher taxa".
581:, in other words the apical whorls are coiled in the opposite plane to the adult whorls. The classification of this group was revised by
2037:
1457:
362:
and some not. The internal organs of the opisthobranchs have undergone detorsion (unwinding of the viscera that were twisted during
1999:
1710:"On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia"
133:
2032:
1885:
1872:
270:
Heterobranchia is one of the main clades of gastropods. Currently
Heterobranchia comprises three informal groups: the
1955:
1916:
1929:
1714:
2027:
1128:
1812:
1890:
1986:
627:
Jörger et al. (2010) have redefined major groups within the
Heterobranchia: they created the new clades
375:
391:
1653:
Haszprunar G. (1985). "The
Heterobranchia ― a new concept of the phylogeny of the higher Gastropoda".
1448:
Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005.
1965:
1898:
1859:
1390:
349:
271:
203:
2004:
577:, the sundial or staircase snails, is primarily characterized by a shell which has a heterostrophic
325:. The reason given is: This section uses long abandoned groups, refuted by molecular phylogenetics..
1850:
792:
401:
363:
1594:
1564:
1197:
434:
396:
258:
235:
128:
1483:"Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families"
1465:
1991:
1614:"Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic worm-like Rhodopemorpha slugs as basal Heterobranchia"
1424:
615:
Heterobranchia is currently one of the main clades of gastropods. For a detailed taxonomy, see
1973:
1795:
1743:
1662:
1635:
1586:
1545:
1504:
1461:
1453:
1452:. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology, 47(1-2). ConchBooks: Hackenheim, Germany.
835:
628:
608:
574:
532:
461:
455:
213:
115:
1978:
1787:
1733:
1723:
1625:
1578:
1565:"A polyvalent and universal tool for genomic studies in gastropod molluscs (Heterobranchia)"
1535:
1496:
682:
605:
555:
469:
1613:
1612:
Wilson, Nerida G; Jörger, Katharina M; Brenzinger, Bastian; Schrödl, Michael (2017-11-01).
1523:
1175:
1088:
559:
359:
355:
275:
1469:
327:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
285:
1924:
1911:
1864:
1738:
1709:
1256:
1051:
998:
582:
379:
254:
250:
1877:
2021:
1598:
1150:
1073:
947:
848:
570:
514:
505:
446:
296:
73:
642:
showing phylogenic relations of
Heterobranchia as proposed by Jörger et al. (2010):
978:
807:
632:
600:
537:
497:
440:
291:
218:
1708:
Jörger K. M.; Stöger I.; Kano Y.; Fukuda H.; Knebelsberger T.; Schrödl M. (2010).
1482:
1937:
1844:
1791:
1582:
1487:
1219:
1162:
748:
660:
527:
491:
486:
428:
48:
1013:
877:
779:
769:
733:
578:
520:
481:
208:
175:
93:
58:
1835:
1728:
1666:
1639:
1549:
1524:"Phylogenomics confirms monophyly of Nudipleura (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia)"
1508:
1630:
1540:
1241:
914:
899:
639:
617:
Taxonomy of the
Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)#Clade Heterobranchia
563:
370:
279:
261:
145:
98:
17:
1799:
1747:
1590:
1829:
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704:
475:
165:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
264:
103:
78:
1942:
155:
41:
1806:
1766:
Phylogeny and Evolution of the Heterobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda)
599:
390:
284:
246:
242:
238:
1903:
1810:
1655:
Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung
344:
The three subdivisions of this large clade are quite diverse:
307:
573:
within the Heterobranchia, which includes such families as
590:
taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
1470:
http://www.vliz.be/Vmdcdata/imis2/ref.php?refid=78278
1450:
Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families
1819:
592:the Heterobranchia were ranked as a superorder.
352:includes shelled marine and freshwater species.
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1522:Pabst, Emily A; Kocot, Kevin M (2018-08-01).
8:
1807:
234:(meaning "different-gilled snails"), is a
114:
31:
1737:
1727:
1629:
1539:
1416:
1563:Moles, Juan; Giribet, Gonzalo (2021).
1779:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1768:. Thesis, Frankfurt am Main, 176 pp.
1570:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
1966:1da8af2b-09ca-4d67-952c-5fd9742fa2a4
1930:65130c2b-1010-4e7e-a668-cc317c4ce273
569:The (sometimes recognized) category
358:are almost all marine species, some
1234:
1212:
1190:
1168:
1143:
1121:
1066:
1044:
1037:
991:
984:
892:
870:
863:
841:
831:
785:
775:
726:
719:
697:
675:
653:
645:
25:
566:, and all the other gastropods.
312:
132:
123:Four examples of Heterobranchia
1682:Malacological Review Supplement
2043:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
289:A shell of the marine species
1:
1618:Journal of Molluscan Studies
1528:Journal of Molluscan Studies
1792:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.019
1583:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106996
1395:(not monophyletic in study
2059:
2038:Protostome unranked clades
1387:
1254:
1239:
1232:
1217:
1210:
1195:
1188:
1173:
1166:
1148:
1141:
1126:
1119:
1086:
1071:
1064:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1011:
996:
989:
982:
945:
912:
897:
890:
875:
868:
861:
846:
839:
829:
805:
790:
783:
773:
746:
731:
724:
717:
702:
695:
680:
673:
658:
651:
321:This section needs to be
204:Lower Heterobranchia
202:informal group
200:
195:
129:Scientific classification
127:
122:
113:
34:
1729:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323
1715:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1397:by Jörger et al. (2010))
588:According to the older
196:Taxonomic subcategories
612:
405:
300:
1987:Paleobiology Database
1631:10.1093/mollus/eyx031
1541:10.1093/mollus/eyy013
1429:Paleobiology Database
603:
585:& Warén in 1988.
394:
288:
1925:Fauna Europaea (new)
1764:Dinapoli A. (2009).
1501:10.4002/040.061.0201
1391:Lower Heterobranchia
350:Lower Heterobranchia
793:Pleurobranchomorpha
272:lower heterobranchs
27:Clade of gastropods
2033:Gastropod taxonomy
1198:Systellommatophora
613:
435:Architectonicoidea
406:
397:Berthella martensi
301:
2015:
2014:
1974:Open Tree of Life
1813:Taxon identifiers
1407:
1406:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1024:
1023:
968:
967:
959:
958:
934:
933:
925:
924:
836:Euopisthobranchia
818:
817:
759:
758:
629:Euopisthobranchia
609:phylogenetic tree
575:Architectonicidae
456:Murchisonelloidea
342:
341:
249:, which includes
225:
224:
214:Euopisthobranchia
191:
16:(Redirected from
2050:
2008:
2007:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1919:
1907:
1906:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1808:
1803:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1731:
1705:
1690:
1689:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1543:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1478:
1472:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1421:
1235:
1213:
1191:
1169:
1144:
1122:
1067:
1045:
1038:
992:
985:
893:
871:
864:
842:
832:
786:
776:
727:
720:
698:
683:Orbitestelloidea
676:
654:
646:
606:neighbor-joining
533:Euopistobranchia
470:Orbitestelloidea
449:G. O. Sars, 1878
421:
420:
416:
409:Current taxonomy
337:
334:
328:
316:
315:
308:
189:
137:
136:
118:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2003:
1998:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1962:
1954:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1815:
1775:
1761:
1759:Further reading
1756:
1755:
1707:
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1679:
1678:
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1651:
1647:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1176:Stylommatophora
1109:
1100:
1089:Pyramidelloidea
1025:
969:
960:
935:
926:
819:
760:
649:Heterobranchia
625:
598:
560:Opisthobranchia
552:
494:d'Orbigny, 1843
425:Heterobranchia
422:
418:
414:
412:
411:
389:
356:Opisthobranchia
338:
332:
329:
326:
317:
313:
306:
216:
211:
206:
190:J.E. Gray, 1840
188:
131:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2028:Heterobranchia
2020:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1996:
1983:
1970:
1960:
1947:
1934:
1921:
1912:Fauna Europaea
1908:
1895:
1882:
1878:Heterobranchia
1869:
1865:Heterobranchia
1856:
1851:Heterobranchia
1841:
1825:
1823:
1821:Heterobranchia
1817:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1773:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1691:
1672:
1645:
1624:(4): 399–408.
1604:
1555:
1534:(3): 259–265.
1514:
1495:(1–2): 1–526.
1473:
1441:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:Trimusculoidea
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:Glacidorboidea
1048:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:Siphonarioidea
995:
990:
988:
983:
981:
975:
974:
971:
970:
966:
965:
962:
961:
957:
956:
953:
952:
944:
941:
940:
937:
936:
932:
931:
928:
927:
923:
922:
919:
918:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
896:
891:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
874:
869:
867:
862:
860:
857:
856:
853:
852:
845:
840:
838:
830:
828:
825:
824:
821:
820:
816:
815:
812:
811:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
789:
784:
782:
774:
772:
766:
765:
762:
761:
757:
756:
753:
752:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
701:
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
679:
674:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
657:
652:
650:
644:
624:
621:
597:
594:
551:
550:Older taxonomy
548:
547:
546:
545:
544:
543:
542:
541:
540:
535:
525:
524:
523:
518:
517:Philippi, 1853
509:
503:
502:
501:
495:
479:
473:
467:
466:
465:
459:
450:
444:
438:
432:
410:
407:
388:
385:
384:
383:
380:hermaphroditic
367:
353:
340:
339:
320:
318:
311:
305:
302:
295:, which is an
276:opisthobranchs
228:Heterobranchia
223:
222:
198:
197:
193:
192:
186:Heterobranchia
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
125:
124:
120:
119:
111:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
46:
37:
35:Heterobranchia
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2055:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:3-925919-72-4
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:Acochlidiacea
1146:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1124:
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1103:
1095:
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1080:
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1074:Amphiboloidea
1069:
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948:Cephalaspidea
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849:Umbraculoidea
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623:2010 taxonomy
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604:The graph of
602:
596:2005 taxonomy
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1820:
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1654:
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946:
913:
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808:Nudibranchia
806:
791:
747:
732:
703:
681:
659:
637:
633:Panpulmonata
626:
614:
587:
568:
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538:Panpulmonata
511:Ringipleura
441:Mathildoidea
402:pleurobranch
395:
343:
330:
322:
292:Bulla quoyii
290:
269:
231:
227:
226:
219:Panpulmonata
201:
185:
29:
18:Heterobranch
1938:iNaturalist
1845:Wikispecies
1488:Malacologia
1220:Ellobioidea
1163:Eupulmonata
749:Acteonoidea
661:Valvatoidea
528:Tectipleura
508:Warén, 1991
492:Acteonoidea
487:Actenonacea
478:Warén, 1993
462:Rhodopoidea
458:Casey, 1904
452:Allomorpha
429:Valvatoidea
333:August 2023
259:terrestrial
2022:Categories
1688:: 288–317.
1577:: 106996.
1468:. 397 pp.
1411:References
1129:Hygrophila
1014:Sacoglossa
878:Runcinacea
780:Nudipleura
770:Euthyneura
734:Rissooidea
579:protoconch
521:Nudipleura
500:Gray, 1850
482:Euthyneura
443:Dall, 1889
437:Gray, 1850
431:Gray, 1840
280:pulmonates
209:Nudipleura
182:Subclass:
176:Gastropoda
1667:0044-3808
1640:0260-1230
1599:226258146
1550:0260-1230
1509:0076-2997
1466:0076-2997
1242:Otinoidea
915:Pteropoda
900:Anaspidea
640:cladogram
564:Pulmonata
556:J.E. Gray
376:operculum
371:Pulmonata
304:Diversity
262:gastropod
236:taxonomic
152:Kingdom:
146:Eukaryota
1904:46447445
1830:Wikidata
1800:19778622
1748:20973994
1591:33148425
705:Cimoidea
476:Cimoidea
387:Taxonomy
378:and are
374:lack an
278:and the
265:mollusks
166:Mollusca
162:Phylum:
156:Animalia
142:Domain:
44:-Present
1836:Q133143
1739:3087543
1722:: 323.
1434:2 April
364:torsion
360:shelled
323:updated
255:aquatic
172:Class:
1979:178260
1963:NZOR:
1956:216305
1943:551391
1891:348867
1798:
1746:
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413:": -->
274:, the
251:marine
243:snails
230:, the
217:clade
212:clade
207:clade
42:Emsian
2005:14712
2000:WoRMS
1992:60640
1917:11398
1595:S2CID
950:s.s.
247:slugs
239:clade
1951:NCBI
1886:BOLD
1796:PMID
1744:PMID
1663:ISSN
1636:ISSN
1587:PMID
1546:ISSN
1505:ISSN
1462:ISSN
1454:ISBN
1436:2020
631:and
415:edit
400:, a
369:The
348:The
257:and
245:and
49:PreꞒ
1899:EoL
1873:AFD
1860:ADW
1788:doi
1770:PDF
1734:PMC
1724:doi
1626:doi
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241:of
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