343:
following years. A study by Hunter et al. 1959 was conducted, where buds from virus infected trees were grafted onto healthy trees. The healthy trees with the buds were then incubated at 37 °C for 28, 30, 36 and 40 days. A year following the incubation, there were no symptoms present on the healthy tree other than from the buds. However, a potential drawback to this study was that the plants were not tested for more than a year, and sometimes symptoms can take up to two years to develop. Other studies have also reported similar results. Another study conducted by Pandey et al. (1972) suggested that plant exposure to temperatures of 40 degrees
Celsius or 50 degrees Celsius for, respectively, 30 and 15 minutes were successful in inactivating ApMV. This inactivation was ultimately tested by the ELISA detection method. On the contrary, lower temperatures and low heat durations have commonly failed to inactivate the virus.
368:
known to be a labile virus because its concentrations are negatively affected by high temperatures. In a study completed by
Svoboda and Polák, they observed five symptomless apple trees infected with ApMV. These five symptomless trees were selected from a pool of 472 apple trees that were inoculated with ApMV in two different orchards. Samples of various plant tissue from young leaves, flower petal, dormant buds, and phloem were taken at different time of the vegetation period. In this study, ELISA was used to detect ApMV in the different samples from the five apple trees. It is important to note that not all pathogens resulting in Apple Mosaic Virus Disease are detected using ELISA, as novel ilavirus is not detectable in an ELISA test.
326:
produce pale yellow irregular spots or bands along the major veins on the leaves as they expand in the spring. The amount and severity of infected leaves with ApMV has a large dependence on temperature. Severe symptoms are pronounced during moderate spring temperatures. Partial symptoms are also commonly expressed in apple trees infected with ApMV. A Danish study conducted from 1958 to 1960 showed that the expression of partial symptoms are possible only a year after inoculation. Overall plants with ApMV, both moderate and severe strains, have been shown to reduce growth to 42% and decrease fruit quality.
31:
49:
372:
highest in the leaf and flower, rather than the phloem and dormant bud. Once May and June occur, the relative concentrations of the disease severely decreases. This was evident by
Svoboda and Polák's study because as the temperature rose from spring to summer, the ELISA test detected lower relative concentrations of ApMV. As a result of this heat sensitivity, symptoms of ApMV tend to be masked in the summer months versus the spring months.
347:
Johnathon apples. Healthy strains of the
Johnathon apples were infected with a mild strain of ApMV and then further exposed to viral infections by moderate and severe strains. The trees infected with the mild strains were found to be resistant by further attack of the virus. As it can be seen, cross protection provides a control technique for mild strains of ApMV.
206:. It is named after its symptoms that were first present on apples. ApMV is a positive sense RNA based virus. The disease itself has several synonyms including Mild Apple Mosaic Virus, Hop Virus, Rose Mosaic Virus, and European Plum Line Patten Virus. It causes a severe yield reduction and decreased life-expectancy of
346:
Another method that has been tested is cross protection. Cross protection is a type of induced resistance that is developed among plants against viruses. During this event, a prior infection with one virus may offer protection against another closely related viruses. This technique has been tested on
367:
ApMV prefers areas where there is a clear distinction between the spring and summer seasons. Most samples of plants are commonly collected in the spring time for molecular determination of ApMV using ELISA. This is vital because concentration of ApMV is highly varied from season to season. ApMV is
342:
Various other techniques have been utilized to eliminate the virus from diseased plant species. A common technique used in the past is thermotherapy. Since many viruses are sensitive to elevated temperatures, utilizing heat treatment in a controlled growth chamber will deplete the symptoms for the
325:
spots on hawthorn leaves. There is an Apple
Necrotic Mosaic Virus (ApNMV) which is a very similar virus but displays signs of necrosis. Furthermore, in plum trees, ApMV can cause line-pattern symptoms, while in roses, the symptoms are mosaic. However, the most common host, the apple tree, tends to
371:
The relative concentrations of the virus in the leaves and flower were highest in the earlier spring months such as March and April. This suggests that the virus propagates better when it is under colder weather conditions. Furthermore, during cooler months, the virus's relative concentration is
334:
The most efficient way to manage the disease is through preventative measures and avoid planting contaminated material. Since these viruses cannot be directly removed from the plant itself, the most practical technique to manage ApMV is to plant certified trees obtained from Plant
Improvement
316:
ApMV can differ from showing no symptoms to showing many symptoms on its leaf. Most popular apple cultivars are asymptomatic after infection. For plants that display symptoms, it may take up to two years to develop these symptoms. Additionally, sensitive varieties of the disease tend to have
227:
are capable of infecting over 65 species in 19 different families including different types of woody and herbaceous plants. This virus can infect either experimentally or naturally. Some of the natural hosts that are commonly targeted by ApMV include apples
363:
ApMV infects crops from all around the world including
Denmark, Turkey, South Africa, New Zealand, England, Germany, Canada, Italy, Spain and the United States, including as far north as Alaska. It has even stretched to Japan and China.
350:
All in all, as stated above, the best way to manage ApMV is through prevention. Utilizing sterile equipment and plant certified trees are the most efficient ways to get ApMV free crops. Other methods such as
335:
Organizations . Because ApMV can be asymptomatic for quite a while, it is also best to test for the pathogen using high sensitivity and high specificity detection methods such as
546:
637:"Tissue and Time Optimization for Real-Time Detection of Apple Mosaic Virus and Apple Necrotic Mosaic Virus Associated with Mosaic Disease of Apple (Malus domestica)"
1147:
1160:
1193:
304:
Furthermore, ApMV is not currently thought to be seed or pollen transmitted due to limited time and space within studies. There have also been no reported
284:
ApMV is primarily transmitted via root grafting and via infected vegetative propagation equipment. These two transmission routes are the primary source of
982:
Svoboda J., Polak J., 2010. Relative concentration of Apple mosaic virus coat protein in different parts of apple tree. Hort. Sci. (Prague), 37: 22–26.
224:
565:
Sokmen, M. Arli; Yilmaz, N.D. Kutluk; Mennan, H.; Sevik, M.A. (2005). "Natural Weed Hosts of Apple Mosaic Virus in
Hazelnut Orchards in Turkey".
1011:
1038:
1046:
805:
288:
for the virus. Experimentally, the virus can be sap-transmitted by mechanical inoculations especially to herbaceous plants such as
497:"The Incidence and Genetic Diversity of Apple Mosaic Virus (ApMV) and Prune Dwarf Virus (PDV) in Prunus Species in Australia"
30:
48:
1165:
478:
592:
Petrzik, Karel (2005-04-01). "Capsid protein sequence gene analysis of Apple mosaic virus infecting pears".
1099:
1061:
741:"Note on a modification in technique for inactivating apple mosaic virus in apple wood by heat treatment"
1188:
540:
305:
1121:
43:
994:"Apple necrotic mosaic virus, a novel iilavirus from mosaic-diseased apple trees in Japan and China"
952:"Apple necrotic mosaic virus, a novel ilavirus from mosaic-diseased apple trees in Japan and China"
697:
617:
574:
168:
1152:
1108:
932:
867:
819:
811:
801:
762:
609:
528:
450:
885:
922:
857:
793:
752:
688:
Kristensen, H. Rønde; Thomsen, Arne (1963). "Apple mosaic virus – Host plants and strains".
601:
518:
508:
442:
272:
259:
245:
1050:
1043:
121:
97:
430:
446:
523:
496:
479:"The importance of planting certified trees that are free of Apple mosaic virus (ApMV)"
238:
1182:
109:
85:
621:
862:
845:
757:
740:
352:
203:
133:
1113:
797:
1093:
429:
Grimová, Lenka; Winkowska, Lucie; Konrady, Michal; Ryšánek, Pavel (2016-05-12).
285:
1084:
605:
207:
871:
815:
766:
613:
454:
1134:
993:
951:
927:
910:
781:
322:
317:
different symptoms. Possible symptoms produced tend to vary from white gray
145:
73:
936:
823:
532:
636:
1078:
297:
265:
701:
661:
578:
715:
513:
318:
1055:
495:
Kinoti WM, Constable FE, Nancarrow N, Plummer KM, Rodoni B. (2018).
1139:
336:
289:
252:
231:
199:
60:
844:
Chamberlain, E. E.; Atkinson, J. D.; Hunter, J. A. (1964-11-01).
739:
Hunter, J. A.; Chamberlain, E. E.; Atkinson, J. D. (1959-10-01).
1126:
1059:
780:
Barba, Marina; Ilardi, Vincenza; Pasquini, Graziella (2015).
846:"Cross-protection between strains of apple mosaic virus"
716:"Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Pome and Stone Fruits"
1039:
ICTVdB—The
Universal Virus Database: Apple mosaic virus
1012:"In Europe, climate change brings new crops, new ideas"
355:
and cross protection have also been used in the past.
1068:
782:"Control of pome and stone fruit virus diseases"
662:"Plant Viruses Online – Apple mosaic ilarvirus"
911:"First Report of Apple mosaic virus in Alaska"
886:"plant virus detection: Topics by Science.gov"
641:Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
8:
850:New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research
745:New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research
545:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
38:Apple tree infected with apple mosaic virus
1056:
225:positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
29:
18:
926:
861:
756:
522:
512:
380:
643:. Plant Virus Epidemiology and Control
538:
1000:. Journal of General Plant Pathology.
978:
976:
974:
972:
839:
837:
835:
833:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
223:ApMV has a diverse host range. These
7:
958:. Journal of General Plant Pathology
683:
681:
560:
558:
556:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
402:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
390:
388:
386:
384:
594:European Journal of Plant Pathology
447:10.14601/phytopathol_mediterr-16295
186:Horse chestnut yellow mosaic virus
1194:Viral plant pathogens and diseases
1044:Family Groups—The Baltimore Method
14:
214:Hosts, transmission, and symptoms
182:European plum line pattern virus
47:
863:10.1080/00288233.1964.10416375
758:10.1080/00288233.1959.10423262
180:Dutch plum line pattern virus
1:
798:10.1016/bs.aivir.2014.11.001
690:Phytopathologia Mediterranea
435:Phytopathologia Mediterranea
1210:
786:Advances in Virus Research
567:Journal of Plant Pathology
606:10.1007/s10658-004-4889-7
321:on field maple to yellow
196:Apple mosaic virus (ApMV)
176:Birch line pattern virus
174:
167:
42:
37:
28:
21:
477:Malan, SS (March 2015).
928:10.1094/PDIS-08-11-0707
909:Robertson NL. (2012).
198:is a plant pathogenic
178:Birch ringspot virus
431:"Apple mosaic virus"
44:Virus classification
1100:Apple mosaic virus
1070:Apple mosaic virus
1049:2013-03-30 at the
188:Rose mosaic virus
160:Apple mosaic virus
23:Apple mosaic virus
1176:
1175:
1062:Taxon identifiers
514:10.3390/v10030136
302:Cucumis sativus).
193:
192:
1201:
1169:
1168:
1156:
1155:
1143:
1142:
1130:
1129:
1117:
1116:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1057:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1008:
1002:
1001:
989:
983:
980:
967:
966:
964:
963:
947:
941:
940:
930:
906:
900:
899:
897:
896:
882:
876:
875:
865:
841:
828:
827:
777:
771:
770:
760:
736:
730:
729:
727:
726:
712:
706:
705:
685:
676:
675:
673:
672:
658:
652:
651:
649:
648:
632:
626:
625:
589:
583:
582:
562:
551:
550:
544:
536:
526:
516:
492:
486:
485:
483:
474:
459:
458:
426:
273:Corylus avellana
270:, and hazelnut (
260:Prunus domestica
246:Prunus armeniaca
52:
51:
33:
19:
16:Species of virus
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1164:
1159:
1151:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1064:
1051:Wayback Machine
1035:
1030:
1021:
1019:
1010:
1009:
1005:
991:
990:
986:
981:
970:
961:
959:
949:
948:
944:
908:
907:
903:
894:
892:
890:www.science.gov
884:
883:
879:
843:
842:
831:
808:
779:
778:
774:
738:
737:
733:
724:
722:
714:
713:
709:
687:
686:
679:
670:
668:
660:
659:
655:
646:
644:
634:
633:
629:
591:
590:
586:
564:
563:
554:
537:
494:
493:
489:
481:
476:
475:
462:
428:
427:
382:
378:
361:
332:
314:
308:for the virus.
282:
263:), strawberry (
232:Malus domestica
221:
216:
187:
185:
183:
181:
179:
177:
163:
123:Martellivirales
99:Kitrinoviricota
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1157:
1144:
1131:
1118:
1105:
1090:
1074:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1041:
1034:
1033:External links
1031:
1029:
1028:
1016:Deutsche Welle
1003:
984:
968:
942:
901:
877:
856:(4): 480–490.
829:
806:
772:
751:(5): 945–946.
731:
707:
677:
653:
627:
600:(4): 355–360.
584:
573:(3): 239–242.
552:
487:
460:
379:
377:
374:
360:
357:
331:
328:
313:
310:
306:insect vectors
281:
278:
253:Prunus persica
239:Pyrus communis
220:
217:
215:
212:
202:of the family
191:
190:
172:
171:
165:
164:
157:
155:
151:
150:
143:
139:
138:
131:
127:
126:
119:
115:
114:
107:
103:
102:
95:
91:
90:
83:
79:
78:
71:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1206:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
999:
998:Springer Link
995:
988:
985:
979:
977:
975:
973:
969:
957:
956:Springer Link
953:
946:
943:
938:
934:
929:
924:
920:
916:
915:Plant Disease
912:
905:
902:
891:
887:
881:
878:
873:
869:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
838:
836:
834:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
807:9780128027622
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
776:
773:
768:
764:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
732:
721:
717:
711:
708:
703:
699:
696:(3): 97–102.
695:
691:
684:
682:
678:
667:
663:
657:
654:
642:
638:
631:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
588:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
561:
559:
557:
553:
548:
542:
534:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
506:
502:
498:
491:
488:
480:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
415:
413:
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
401:
399:
397:
395:
393:
391:
389:
387:
385:
381:
375:
373:
369:
365:
358:
356:
354:
353:thermotherapy
348:
344:
340:
338:
329:
327:
324:
320:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
279:
277:
275:
274:
269:
267:
262:
261:
256:
254:
248:
247:
242:
240:
235:
233:
226:
218:
213:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
189:
173:
170:
166:
162:
161:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:Alsuviricetes
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
96:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:Orthornavirae
84:
81:
80:
77:
76:
72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
24:
20:
1189:Bromoviridae
1069:
1020:. Retrieved
1018:. 2020-08-18
1015:
1006:
997:
987:
960:. Retrieved
955:
945:
918:
914:
904:
893:. Retrieved
889:
880:
853:
849:
789:
785:
775:
748:
744:
734:
723:. Retrieved
719:
710:
693:
689:
669:. Retrieved
666:sdb.im.ac.cn
665:
656:
645:. Retrieved
640:
630:
597:
593:
587:
570:
566:
541:cite journal
504:
500:
490:
438:
434:
370:
366:
362:
349:
345:
341:
333:
315:
301:
294:Vinca rosea)
293:
283:
280:Transmission
271:
264:
258:
250:
244:
243:, apricots (
237:
229:
222:
204:Bromoviridae
195:
194:
184:Hop A virus
175:
159:
158:
146:
135:Bromoviridae
134:
122:
110:
98:
86:
74:
67:
57:(unranked):
22:
1094:Wikispecies
635:Nabi, S.U.
441:(1): 1–19.
359:Environment
208:fruit trees
1183:Categories
1022:2021-01-14
962:2024-04-30
921:(3): 463.
895:2021-01-14
725:2021-01-14
671:2017-12-05
647:2024-04-30
507:(3): 136.
376:References
330:Management
290:periwinkle
219:Host range
992:Noda, H.
950:Noda, H.
872:0028-8233
816:1557-8399
792:: 47–83.
767:0028-8233
614:0929-1873
455:1593-2095
323:chlorotic
249:), peach
236:, pears (
154:Species:
147:Ilarvirus
82:Kingdom:
75:Riboviria
1153:11459088
1085:Q4781279
1079:Wikidata
1047:Archived
937:30727114
824:25591877
702:42683857
622:34196628
579:41998245
533:29562672
319:mottling
312:Symptoms
298:cucumber
286:inoculum
266:Fragaria
257:, plum (
169:Synonyms
130:Family:
94:Phylum:
524:5869529
501:Viruses
142:Genus:
118:Order:
106:Class:
1140:APMV00
1127:740923
935:
870:
822:
814:
804:
765:
700:
620:
612:
577:
531:
521:
453:
1166:12319
1148:IRMNG
720:Issuu
698:JSTOR
618:S2CID
575:JSTOR
482:(PDF)
337:ELISA
200:virus
68:Realm
61:Virus
1161:NCBI
1135:EPPO
1114:FWKH
933:PMID
868:ISSN
820:PMID
812:ISSN
802:ISBN
763:ISSN
610:ISSN
547:link
529:PMID
451:ISSN
296:and
268:sp.)
1122:EoL
1109:CoL
923:doi
858:doi
794:doi
753:doi
602:doi
598:111
519:PMC
509:doi
443:doi
276:).
1185::
1163::
1150::
1137::
1124::
1111::
1096::
1081::
1014:.
996:.
971:^
954:.
931:.
919:96
917:.
913:.
888:.
866:.
852:.
848:.
832:^
818:.
810:.
800:.
790:91
788:.
784:.
761:.
747:.
743:.
718:.
692:.
680:^
664:.
639:.
616:.
608:.
596:.
571:87
569:.
555:^
543:}}
539:{{
527:.
517:.
505:10
503:.
499:.
463:^
449:.
439:55
437:.
433:.
383:^
339:.
210:.
70::
1025:.
965:.
939:.
925::
898:.
874:.
860::
854:7
826:.
796::
769:.
755::
749:2
728:.
704:.
694:2
674:.
650:.
624:.
604::
581:.
549:)
535:.
511::
484:.
457:.
445::
300:(
292:(
255:)
251:(
241:)
234:)
230:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
