1159:
525:. In many ways, Phase II can be considered an effort to make the earlier version (never called Phase I) more generic. LANs could now support more than 255 nodes, and zones were no longer associated with physical networks but were entirely virtual constructs used simply to organize nodes. For instance, one could now make a "Printers" zone that would list all the printers in an organization, or one might want to place that same device in the "2nd Floor" zone to indicate its physical location. Phase II also included changes to the underlying inter-networking protocols to make them less "chatty", which had previously been a serious problem on networks that bridged over wide-area networks.
1150:
1622:
allowing the construction of a PC-only AppleTalk network, it allowed communication between PCs and Macs with TOPS software installed. (Macs without TOPS installed could use the same network but only to communicate with other Apple machines.) The Mac TOPS software did not match the quality of Apple's own either in ease of use or in robustness and freedom from crashes, but the DOS software was relatively simple to use in DOS terms, and was robust.
359:, which limited speeds to about 500 kbit/s, but allowed one conductor to be removed. This meant that common three-conductor cables could be used for wiring. Additionally, the adaptors were designed to be "self-terminating", meaning that nodes at the end of the network could simply leave their last connector unconnected. There was no need for the wires to be connected back together into a loop, nor the need for hubs or other devices.
416:, which used a separate box that plugged in between the computer and a normal LocalTalk/PhoneNet box. Dayna also offered a PC expansion card that ran up to 1.7 Mbit/s when talking to other Dayna PC cards. Several other systems also existed with even higher performance, but these often required special cabling that was incompatible with LocalTalk/PhoneNet, and also required patches to the networking stack that often caused problems.
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of the Mac – a system that was user-installable and required no configuration or fixed network addresses – in short, a true plug-and-play network. Considerable effort was needed, but by the time the Mac was released, the basic concepts had been outlined, and some of the low-level protocols were on their way to completion. Sidhu mentioned the work to
Belleville only two hours after the Mac was announced.
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the same name. Later, when a client wanted to access that service, it used NBP to query machines to find that service. NBP provided browsability ("what are the names of all the services available?") as well as the ability to find a service with a particular name. Names were human-readable, containing spaces and upper- and lower-case letters, and including support for searching.
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that only connected to LocalTalk. Apple initially relied on the aforementioned LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridge products, but contrary to Apple's belief that these would be low-volume products, by the end of 1987, 130,000 such networks were in use. AppleTalk was at that time the most used networking system in the world, with over three times the installations of any other vendor.
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837:, in which a name translates to a machine's address, not including the port number that might be providing a service. Thus, if people are accustomed to using a particular machine name to access a particular service, their access will break when the service is moved to a different machine. This can be mitigated somewhat by insistence on using
639:, a system that allowed the Mac to support TCP/IP on machines with suitable Ethernet hardware. However, this left many universities with the problem of supporting IP on their many LocalTalk-equipped Macs. It was soon common to include MacIP support in LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridges. MacTCP would not become a standard part of the
1234:, the same cables used to connect landline telephones. Since it used the second pair of wires, network devices could even be connected through existing telephone jacks if a second line was not present. Foreshadowing today's network hubs and switches, Farallon provided solutions for PhoneNet to be used in
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segment. The system was slow by today's standards, but at the time the additional cost and complexity of networking on PC machines was such that it was common that Macs were the only networked personal computers in an office. Other larger computers, such as UNIX or VAX workstations, would commonly be
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PAP also provided for out-of-band status queries, handled by separate ATP transactions. Even while it was busy servicing a print job from one client, a PAP server could continue to respond to status requests from any number of other clients. This allowed other
Macintoshes on the LAN that were waiting
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AppleTalk had an included attention message system which allowed short messages to be sent which would bypass the normal stream data flow. These were delivered reliably but out of order with respect to the stream. Any attention message would be delivered as soon as possible instead of waiting for the
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An AppleTalk address was a four-byte quantity. This consisted of a two-byte network number, a one-byte node number, and a one-byte socket number. Of these, only the network number required any configuration, being obtained from a router. Each node dynamically chose its own node number, according to a
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was separated from the SEAGATE code and became the de facto method for IP packets to be routed over LocalTalk networks. By 1986, Columbia
University released the first version of the Columbia AppleTalk Package (CAP) that allowed higher integration of Unix, TCP/IP, and AppleTalk environments. In 1988,
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Jobs' earlier question to Sidhu had already sparked a number of ideas. When AppleNet was cancelled in
October, Sidhu led an effort to develop a new networking system based on the AppleBus hardware. This new system would not have to conform to any existing preconceptions, and was designed to be worthy
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Four months later, in
October, AppleNet was cancelled. At the time, they announced that "Apple realized that it's not in the business to create a networking system. We built and used AppleNet in-house, but we realized that if we had shipped it, we would have seen new standards coming up." In January,
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printers. It was built on top of ATP. When a PAP connection was opened, each end sent the other an ATP request which basically meant "send me more data". The client's response to the server was to send a block of PostScript code, while the server could respond with any diagnostic messages that might
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identified as an AEP packet, it is forwarded to the node where the packet is examined by the DDP at the destination. After the packet is identified as an AEP packet, the packet is then copied and a field in the packet is altered to create an AEP reply packet, and is then returned to the source node.
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being provided by a machine, which was entirely separate from the name of the machine itself. Thus, services could be moved to a different machine and, so long as they kept the same service name, there was no need for users to do anything different in order to continue accessing the service. And the
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As Apple expanded into more commercial and education markets, they needed to integrate AppleTalk into existing network installations. Many of these organizations had already invested in a very expensive
Ethernet infrastructure and there was no direct way to connect a Macintosh to Ethernet. AppleTalk
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The main advantage of AppleTalk was that it was completely maintenance-free. To join a device to a network, a user simply plugged the adaptor into the machine, then connected a cable from it to any free port on any other adaptor. The AppleTalk network stack negotiated a network address, assigned the
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When AppleTalk was first introduced, the dominant office computing platform was the PC compatible running MS-DOS. Apple introduced the AppleTalk PC Card in early 1987, allowing PCs to join AppleTalk networks and print to LaserWriter printers. A year later AppleShare PC was released, allowing PCs to
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The AppleTalk
Transaction Protocol (ATP) was the original reliable transport-level protocol for AppleTalk, built on top of DDP. At the time it was being developed, a full, reliable connection-oriented protocol like TCP was considered to be too expensive to implement for most of the intended uses of
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asking for a network address, intending to hear back from controllers such as routers. If no address is provided, one is picked at random from the "base subnet", 0. It then broadcasts another packet saying "I am selecting this address", and then waits to see if anyone else on the network complains.
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LLAP and later, for
Ethernet/EtherTalk, the AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol, AARP) which handled contention between different nodes accidentally choosing the same number. For socket numbers, a few well-known numbers were reserved for special purposes specific to the AppleTalk protocol itself.
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The Name
Binding Protocol (NBP) was a dynamic, distributed system for managing AppleTalk names. When a service started up on a machine, it registered a name for itself as chosen by a human administrator. At this point, NBP provided a system for checking that no other machine had already registered
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Both AARP and NBP had defined ways to allow "controller" devices to override the default mechanisms. The concept was to allow routers to provide the information or "hardwire" the system to known addresses and names. On larger networks where AARP could cause problems as new nodes searched for free
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Ethernet had become almost universal by 1990, and it was time to build
Ethernet into Macs direct from the factory. However, the physical wiring used by these networks was not yet completely standardized. Apple solved this problem using a single port on the back of the computer into which the user
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The appearance of a Macintosh with a direct Ethernet connection also magnified the Ethernet and LocalTalk compatibility problem: Networks with new and old Macs needed some way to communicate with each other. This could be as simple as a network of Ethernet Mac II's trying to talk to a LaserWriter
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The "TOPS Teleconnector" MS-DOS networking system over AppleTalk system enabled MS-DOS PCs to communicate over AppleTalk network hardware; it comprised an AppleTalk interface card for the PC and a suite of networking software allowing such functions as file, drive and printer sharing. As well as
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and file shares, but alternate connection solutions common in this era, notably USB for printers, limited their demand. As Apple abandoned many of these product categories, and all new systems were based on IP, AppleTalk became less and less common. AppleTalk support was finally removed from the
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addresses, the addition of a router could reduce "chattiness." Together AARP and NBP made AppleTalk an easy-to-use networking system. New machines were added to the network by plugging them in and optionally giving them a name. The NBP lists were examined and displayed by a program known as the
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The Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) was the protocol by which routers kept each other informed about the topology of the network. This was the only part of AppleTalk that required periodic unsolicited broadcasts: every 10 seconds, each router had to send out a list of all the network
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The system was designed for future expansion; the addressing system allowed for expansion to 255 nodes in a LAN (although only 32 could be used at that time), and by using "bridges" (which came to be known as "routers", although technically not the same) one could interconnect LANs into larger
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star with "PhoneNet Star Controller" hub hardware. In a star configuration, any wiring issue only affected one device, and problems were easy to pinpoint. PhoneNet's low cost, flexibility, and easy troubleshooting resulted in it being the dominant choice for Mac networks into the early 1990s.
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The AppleTalk Echo Protocol (AEP) was a transport layer protocol designed to test the reachability of network nodes. AEP generates packets to be sent to the network node and is identified in the Type field of a packet as an AEP packet. The packet is first passed to the source DDP. After it is
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If another machine has that address, the newly connecting machine will pick another address, and keep trying until it finds a free one. On a network with many machines it may take several tries before a free address is found, so for performance purposes the successful address is recorded in
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The physical layer had a number of limitations, including a speed of only 230.4 kbit/s, a maximum distance of 1,000 feet (300 m) from end to end, and only 32 nodes per LAN. But as the basic hardware was built into the Mac, adding nodes only cost about $ 50 for the adaptor box. In
663:. Additionally, a number of server products appeared that allowed the Mac to host Internet content. Through this period, Macs had about 2 to 3 times as many clients connected to the Internet as any other platform, despite the relatively small overall microcomputer market share.
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was a subdivision of the network that made sense to humans (for example, "Accounting Department"); but while a network number had to be assigned to a topologically contiguous section of the network, a zone could include several different discontiguous portions of the network.
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pioneered the development of IP packets encapsulated in DDP as part of the SEAGATE (Stanford Ethernet–AppleTalk Gateway) project. SEAGATE was commercialized by Kinetics in their LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridge as an additional routing option. A few years later,
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collections. "Zones" allowed devices to be addressed within a bridge-connected internet. Additionally, AppleTalk was designed from the start to allow use with any potential underlying physical link, and within a few years, the physical layer would be renamed
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to be connected with no prior setup or the need for a centralized router or server of any sort. Connected AppleTalk-equipped systems automatically assign addresses, update the distributed namespace, and configure any required inter-networking routing.
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By this point, Apple had a wide variety of communications products under development, and many of these were announced along with AppleTalk Phase II. These included updates to EtherTalk and TokenTalk, AppleTalk software and LocalTalk hardware for the
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service with no guarantees of delivery. All application-level protocols, including the infrastructure protocols NBP, RTMP and ZIP, were built on top of DDP. AppleTalk's DDP corresponds closely to the Network layer of the Open Systems Interconnection
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equipped with similar SCCs could communicate using the built-in protocols, interleaving their data with other peripherals on the same bus. This would eliminate the need for more ports on the back of the machine, and allowed for the elimination of
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included a protocol structure for interconnecting AppleTalk subnets and so as a solution, EtherTalk was initially created to use the Ethernet as a backbone between LocalTalk subnets. To accomplish this, organizations would need to purchase a
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connections. The SCC cost about $ 5 more than a UART, but offered much higher speeds of up to 250 kilobits per second (or higher with additional hardware) and internally supported a number of basic networking-like protocols like IBM's
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instead of Apple's round connectors. PhoneNet allowed AppleTalk networks to be connected together using normal telephone wires, and with very little extra work, could run analog phones and AppleTalk on a single four-conductor phone cable.
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The "new" AppleBus was announced in early 1984, allowing direct connection from the Mac or Lisa through a small box that is plugged into the serial port and connected via cables to the next computer upstream and downstream. Adaptors for
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and had considered a number of other options to answer the question of how to share these expensive machines and other resources. A series of memos from Bob Belleville clarified these concepts, outlining the Mac, LaserWriter, and a
375:. AppleTalk was so easy to use that ad hoc networks tended to appear whenever multiple Macs were in the same room. Apple would later use this in an advertisement showing a network being created between two seats in an airplane.
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The AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) was an intermediate protocol, built on top of AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP), which in turn was the foundation of AFP. It provided basic services for requesting responses to arbitrary
308:. By late 1983 it was clear that IBM's Token Ring would not be ready in time for the launch of the Mac, and might miss the launch of these other products as well. In the end, Token Ring would not ship until October 1985.
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in 2007) that also used the RS-422 port and was indistinguishable from LocalTalk as far as Apple's LocalTalk port drivers were concerned, but ran over very inexpensive standard phone cabling with four-wire, six-position
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packet from the requestor, or until a timeout elapsed. This way, it could respond to duplicate requests with the same transaction ID by resending the same response data, without performing the actual operation again.
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For some time in the early 1990s, the Mac was a primary client on the rapidly expanding Internet. Among the better-known programs in wide use were Fetch, Eudora, eXodus, NewsWatcher, and the NCSA packages, especially
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and used as the default address in the future. This means that in most real-world setups where machines are added a few at a time, only one or two tries are needed before the address effectively becomes constant.
1001:(for AFP over TCP), it provides services for authenticating users (extensible to different authentication methods including two-way random-number exchange) and for performing operations specific to the Macintosh
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However, the loss of AppleTalk did not reduce the desire for networking solutions that combined its ease of use with IP routing. Apple has led the development of many such efforts, from the introduction of the
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Other companies took advantage of the SCC's ability to read external clocks in order to support higher transmission speeds, up to 1 Mbit/s. In these systems, the external adaptor also included its own
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product, which used the same Network control panel and underlying software. Over time, many third-party companies would introduce compatible Ethernet and Token Ring cards that used these same drivers.
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As the world quickly moved to IP for both LAN and WAN uses, Apple was faced with maintaining two increasingly outdated code bases on an ever-wider group of machines as well as the introduction of the
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were also announced. Apple also announced that an AppleBus network could be attached to, and would appear to be a single node within, a Token Ring system. Details of how this would work were sketchy.
1266:, respectively. EtherTalk gradually became the dominant implementation method for AppleTalk as Ethernet became generally popular in the PC industry throughout the 1990s. Besides AppleTalk and
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indicating service rather than actual machine names to refer to the service, but there is no way of guaranteeing that users will follow such a convention. Some newer protocols, such as
1637:, which implements the complete protocol suite and allows them to both act as native file or print servers for Macintosh computers, and print to LocalTalk printers over the network.
226:(NCC) in Anaheim in May 1983. All of the systems were jockeying for position in the market, but even at this time, Ethernet's widespread acceptance suggested it was to become a
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that allowed the user to select which physical connection to use for networking (from "Built-in" or "EtherTalk"). At introduction, Ethernet interface cards were available from
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system. The intended target was not Ethernet, and it did not have 48-bit addresses to route. Nevertheless, many portions of the AppleTalk system have direct analogs in XNS.
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slot in the machine. The new networking stack also expanded the system to allow a full 255 nodes per LAN. With EtherTalk's release, AppleTalk Personal Network was renamed
698:, AppleTalk was strictly a legacy system. Support was added to Mac OS X in order to provide support for a large number of existing AppleTalk devices, notably
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computer, one of Apple's first two Macintoshes with expansion slots (the Macintosh SE had one slot of a different type), the operating system included a new Network
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ports at 230.4 kbit/s. LocalTalk used a splitter box in the RS-422 port to provide an upstream and downstream cable from a single port. The topology was a
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AppleBus is mentioned by name in Steve Jobs' introduction of the Macintosh at the Boston Computer Society meeting in 1984. It appears just after the 7:20 mark
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A thriving third-party market for AppleTalk devices developed over the next few years. One particularly notable example was an alternate adaptor designed by
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computer a human-readable name, and compiled a list of the names and types of other machines on the network so the user could browse the devices through the
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In addition, Columbia University released the Columbia AppleTalk Package (CAP) which implemented the protocol suite for various Unix flavors including
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which, being chosen by humans, could be expected to be meaningful to users, and also could be sufficiently long to minimize the chance of conflicts.
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during the 1990s led to a reimplementation of most of these types of support on that protocol, and AppleTalk became unsupported as of the release of
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AppleTalk was released in 1985 and was the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 1990s. Versions were also released for the
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computers, and used across much of the Mac line for some time. As with LocalTalk, a number of third-party FriendlyNet adaptors quickly appeared.
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The AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP) was a comparatively late addition to the AppleTalk protocol suite, done when it became clear that a
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Apart from these, all application-level protocols were expected to use dynamically assigned socket numbers at both the client and server end.
513:. AppleShare was effectively the replacement for the failed Macintosh Office efforts, which had been based on a dedicated file server device.
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Through this period, Apple was deep in development of the Macintosh computer. During development, engineers had made the decision to use the
199:. AppleNet was announced early in 1983 with a full introduction at the target price of $ 500 for plug-in AppleNet cards for the Lisa and the
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As NBP names translated to an address, which included a socket number as well as a node number, a name in AppleTalk mapped directly to a
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767:) was a dynamic system for mapping network addresses to user-readable names. Although systems similar to AARP existed in other systems,
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ATP could operate in either "at-least-once" mode or "exactly-once" mode. Exactly-once mode was essential for operations which were not
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packet containing a bit mask indicating which of the response packets it received, so the responder could retransmit the remainder.
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as well prior versions. HELIOS Software GmbH offers a proprietary implementation of the AppleTalk protocol stack, as part of their
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There were no "half-open" connections; once one end initiated a tear-down of the connection, the whole connection would be closed (
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One key differentiation for AppleTalk was it contained two protocols aimed at making the system completely self-configuring. The
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Because of this dynamism, users could not be expected to access services by specifying their address. Instead, all services had
678:. Early versions had problems and did not become stable for some time. By that point, Apple was deep in their ultimately doomed
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or AUI, but deliberately chose a non-standard connector that was smaller and easier to use, which they called "Apple AUI", or
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Interior of Apple LocalTalk interface box. In 1989, these boxes typically cost US$ 90 each. The connectors feature automatic
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By 1987, Ethernet was clearly winning the standards battle over Token Ring, and in the middle of that year, Apple introduced
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The Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) was the protocol by which AppleTalk network numbers were associated with zone names. A
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same machine could host any number of instances of services of the same type, without any network connection conflicts.
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to print to display status messages indicating that the printer was busy, and what the job was that it was busy with.
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which would display a list of machines on the local network, divided into classes such as file-servers and printers.
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be generated as a result, after which another "send-more-data" request was sent. This use of ATP provided automatic
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efforts, which re-implemented both MacTCP and AppleTalk on an entirely new code base adapted from the Unix standard
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The Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) was the lowest-level data-link-independent transport protocol. It provided a
877:
445:, an implementation of the AppleTalk protocol over the Ethernet physical layer. Introduced for the newly released
283:, envisioning a system controlled by the host Macintosh polling "dumb" devices in a fashion similar to the modern
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467:, the name it would be known under for the bulk of its life. Token Ring would later be supported with a similar
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1207:: cables were daisy-chained from each connected machine to the next, up to the maximum of 32 permitted on any
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AppleTalk. Thus, ATP was a simple request/response exchange, with no need to set up or tear down connections.
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server. This is essentially a File and Print Server suite that runs on a whole range of different platforms.
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filesystem. AFP is still in use in macOS, even though most other AppleTalk protocols have been deprecated.
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1053:; in this mode, the responder kept a copy of the response buffers in memory until successful receipt of a
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and Apple left it to third parties to produce these products. A number of companies responded, including
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comparison, Ethernet or Token Ring cards cost hundreds or thousands of dollars. Additionally, the entire
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1110:; each end could only send data to the other end if there was an outstanding ATP request to respond to.
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957:-style reliable connection-oriented transport was needed. Significant differences from TCP were that:
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As of 2020, AppleTalk support has been completely removed from legacy support with macOS 11 Big Sur.
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The initial default hardware implementation for AppleTalk was a high-speed serial protocol known as
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in 2009. Many of AppleTalk's more advanced autoconfiguration features have since been introduced in
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Other physical implementations were also available. A very popular replacement for LocalTalk was
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AppleTalk protocols also came to run over Ethernet (first coaxial and then twisted pair) and
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star connections (with the phone wires simply bridged to each other at a central point), and
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1652:. Miramar included AppleTalk in its PC MacLAN product which was discontinued by CA in 2007.
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of the LocalTalk signal bus; insertion of a LocalTalk bus cable depresses a normally closed
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The relatively slow speed of AppleTalk allowed further reductions in cost. Instead of using
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and performing out-of-band status queries. It also allowed the server to send asynchronous
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file servers. Built on top of AppleTalk Session Protocol (for legacy AFP over DDP) or the
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asked Gursharan Sidhu a seemingly innocuous question: "Why has networking not caught on?"
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759:) allowed AppleTalk hosts to automatically generate their own network addresses, and the
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787:) provided capabilities and usability using IP that were similar to those of AppleTalk.
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in 1987. This was essentially a replacement for Apple's connector that had conventional
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The SCC was chosen because it would allow multiple devices to be attached to the port.
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were the final Macs to include AAUI, and 10BASE-T became universal starting with the
222:. This was a topic of major commercial effort at the time, dominating shows like the
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computer in January 1983, Apple invested considerable effort in the development of a
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AARP is a fairly simple system. When powered on, an AppleTalk machine broadcasts an
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993:(AFP), formerly AppleTalk Filing Protocol, is the protocol for communicating with
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The AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP) resolves AppleTalk addresses to
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The Printer Access Protocol (PAP) was the standard way of communicating with
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to identify services by name, which is much closer to the AppleTalk model.
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is a free, open-source implementation of the AppleTalk suite of protocols.
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operating systems support AppleTalk through an open source project called
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From the beginning of AppleTalk, users wanted to connect the Macintosh to
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891: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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serial controller chip (SCC) instead of the lower-cost and more common
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for supporting more complex devices. The initial concept was known as
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At that time, early LAN systems were just coming to market, including
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2203:"April 22, 1993: Mosaic Browser Lights Up Web With Color, Creativity"
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required only about 6 kB of RAM, allowing it to run on any Mac.
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1810:"1983 National Computer Conference, May 16-19, Anaheim, California"
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became the de facto cabling system for Ethernet, second-generation
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The Macintosh team had already begun work on what would become the
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server software for Macintosh-Windows integration which supports
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system and their implementation of it, Rendezvous, later renamed
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1390:
1221:, a third-party solution from Farallon Computing, Inc. (renamed
932:
and obtains address resolution by a method very similar to ARP.
691:
644:
566:
549:
545:
534:
495:
454:
255:
242:'s Token Ring, which he expected to come out in a "few months".
2287:
1175:
behind the connector, disabling termination for that connector.
2512:
Sidhu, Gursharan; Andrews, Richard; Oppenheimer, Alan (1989).
1684:
1626:
1428:
1275:
860:
487:
412:
networking system. A similar solution was the 850 kbit/s
332:
Just prior to its release in early 1985, AppleBus was renamed
239:
1123:
numbers it knew about and how far away it thought they were.
1644:
Server operating systems supported AppleTalk starting with
2489:"TOPS Teleconnectors Link PCs with Own Flashtalk Networks"
367:, so as to differentiate it from the AppleTalk protocols.
556:
could plug an adaptor for any given cabling system. This
2545:"Apple, waiting for IBM net, links micros with AppleBus"
1941:"Apple, waiting for IBM net, links micros with AppleBus"
589:
machines added a 10BASE-T port in addition to AAUI. The
2433:
2351:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1445:
744:
systems, AppleTalk was not built using the archetypal
980:
current stream byte sequence point to become current.
238:
Jobs announced that they would instead be supporting
112:. AppleTalk includes a number of features that allow
1656:
continues to bundle its AppleTalk protocol with its
1774:"Apple plans slower, affordable local area network"
81:
63:
53:
2408:"Inside the Mac OS: A look at AppleTalk and zones"
593:and lower-end Power Macs also added 10BASE-T. The
1691:. This package is no longer actively maintained.
521:A significant re-design was released in 1989 as
433:and a few newly formed companies like Kinetics.
740:of protocol layering. Unlike most of the early
437:LocalTalk, EtherTalk, TokenTalk, and AppleShare
2468:"Apple Starts Shipping AppleShare PC Software"
736:The AppleTalk design rigorously followed the
625:network environments. In 1984, Bill Croft at
490:or more. A common AppleShare machine was the
8:
928:addresses. It is functionally equivalent to
643:until 1994, by which time it also supported
195:system rather than Xerox's 2.94 Mbit/s
32:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2188:
2176:
2161:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2030:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1926:
1896:
1864:
1792:
1359:Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP)
570:. FriendlyNet was first introduced on the
560:system was based on the industry-standard
31:
2322:
907:Learn how and when to remove this message
544:and other network resources, and the Mac
517:AppleTalk Phase II and other developments
478:1987 also marked the introduction of the
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2143:"Study finds NetWare to be OS of choice"
2017:Apple Computer Ad - Powerbook Networking
1463:
1285:
1038:packet could be answered by up to eight
486:that ran on any Mac with 512 kB of
180:(LAN) system for the machines. Known as
2086:"Get More Net Work Out Of Your Network"
1852:
1761:
1733:
961:A connection attempt could be rejected.
1387:TokenTalk Link Access Protocol (TLAP)
1385:LocalTalk Link Access Protocol (LLAP)
1336:AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP)
191:but running on a custom 1 Mbit/s
2581:Pushing AppleTalk Across the Internet
2434:Sidhu, Andrews & Oppenheimer 1989
2352:Sidhu, Andrews & Oppenheimer 1989
1834:Sidhu, Andrews & Oppenheimer 1989
1383:EtherTalk Link Access Protocol (ELAP)
1258:physical layers, labeled by Apple as
920:AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol
753:AppleTalk address resolution protocol
7:
2538:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2266:"Mac OS X v10.6: Mac 101 – Printing"
1346:AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP)
1042:packets. The requestor then sent an
889:adding citations to reliable sources
2558:"A History of Macintosh Networking"
771:for instance. Beginning about 2002
230:standard. It was at this show that
2556:Oppenheimer, Alan (January 2004).
2487:Stephens, Mark (25 January 1988).
2446:Petrosky, Mary (2 February 1987).
1389:Fiber Distributed Data Interface (
1118:Routing Table Maintenance Protocol
387:and commercialized by Farallon as
27:Computer networking protocol suite
25:
715:router to the development of the
670:-based machines. This led to the
457:and Kinetics that plugged into a
2515:Inside AppleTalk, Second Edition
1618:access AppleShare file servers.
1432:
1334:AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP)
1157:
1148:
865:
45:
2311:; Krochmal, M (February 2013).
1292:Corresponding AppleTalk layers
876:needs additional citations for
2543:Bartimo, Jim (26 March 1984).
2476:. 18 January 1988. p. 29.
2064:Battelle, John (23 May 1989).
2043:Brown, Tim (26 October 1987).
1910:"Token-Ring Technical Summary"
1026:AppleTalk Transaction Protocol
949:AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol
808:LocalTalk Link Access Protocol
694:and subsequent development of
304:system which would become the
184:, it was based on the seminal
1:
2141:DiDio, Laura (11 July 1988).
2066:"DaynaTalk accelerators ship"
1939:Barimo, Jim (26 March 1984).
1912:. Section 1.2. Archived from
717:zero-configuration networking
102:suite of networking protocols
2406:Faas, Ryan (15 March 2005).
1996:Larson, Lee (October 1999).
1369:Datagram Delivery Protocol (
427:LocalTalk-to-Ethernet bridge
224:National Computer Conference
1328:Zone Information Protocol (
777:DNS-based service discovery
379:PhoneNet and other adaptors
69:; 39 years ago
2622:
1242:configurations, with both
1062:Datagram Delivery Protocol
1009:AppleTalk Session Protocol
505:in the late 1980s, behind
338:AppleTalk Personal Network
328:AppleTalk Personal Network
2601:Network operating systems
2448:"AppleShare airs at last"
1998:"LocalTalk to EtherTalk?"
1879:Zilog Z8530 User's Manual
1185:Farallon PhoneNET adapter
1127:Zone Information Protocol
806:protocol (originally the
562:Attachment Unit Interface
172:After the release of the
44:
37:
2002:Louisville Computer News
1613:Cross-platform solutions
1212:networked via Ethernet.
1022:messages to the client.
533:, EtherTalk for Apple's
503:network operating system
501:. AppleShare was the #3
336:. Initially marketed as
124:and compatibles and the
2045:"AppleTalk Made Faster"
1353:Name Binding Protocol (
1349:AppleTalk Echo Protocol
1140:Physical implementation
1097:Printer Access Protocol
1088:AppleTalk Echo Protocol
1075:) communication model.
420:AppleTalk over Ethernet
157:Universal Plug and Play
1571:2.1, 2.0 and even 1.1
1186:
1169:electrical termination
686:Legacy and abandonment
617:The capital-I Internet
159:serves similar needs.
1552:Open Transport 2.0.3
1471:Apple Filing Protocol
1316:Apple Filing Protocol
1303:Apple Filing Protocol
1184:
1079:Name Binding Protocol
999:Data Stream Interface
991:Apple Filing Protocol
985:Apple Filing Protocol
785:link-local addressing
761:Name Binding Protocol
690:With the purchase of
482:product, a dedicated
178:local area networking
2376:"AppleTalk Overview"
1772:(14 February 1983).
1722:Server Message Block
885:improve this article
775:(the combination of
595:Power Macintosh 7300
285:Universal Serial Bus
2596:Apple Inc. software
2568:on 16 October 2006.
2094:. 11 December 1989.
1712:Remote File Sharing
1707:Network File System
1662:Windows Server 2008
1650:Windows Server 2003
1539:Open Transport 1.3
829:Contrast this with
659:and its offspring,
627:Stanford University
540:allowing it to use
291:AppleBus networking
114:local area networks
110:Macintosh computers
34:
2521:. Addison-Wesley.
2286:Cheshire, Stuart.
1886:. p. 1-1.
1815:Creative Computing
1467:AppleTalk version
1444:. You can help by
1232:modular connectors
1187:
661:Netscape Navigator
607:Power Macintosh G3
523:AppleTalk Phase II
136:, and a number of
97:is a discontinued
2606:Network protocols
2387:. 2 February 2010
2201:Calore, Michael.
1949:. pp. 45–46.
1916:on 22 April 2012.
1648:and ending after
1610:
1609:
1585:2.2, 3.0 and 3.1
1462:
1461:
1422:
1421:
937:AARP probe packet
917:
916:
909:
494:with an external
357:electrical ground
92:
91:
16:(Redirected from
2613:
2569:
2564:. Archived from
2552:
2539:
2537:
2520:
2499:
2498:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2443:
2437:
2436:, p. 12-19.
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2380:
2372:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2326:
2324:10.17487/RFC6762
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2262:
2256:
2253:Oppenheimer 2004
2250:
2244:
2241:Oppenheimer 2004
2238:
2232:
2229:Oppenheimer 2004
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2198:
2192:
2189:Oppenheimer 2004
2186:
2180:
2177:Oppenheimer 2004
2174:
2165:
2162:Oppenheimer 2004
2159:
2153:
2152:
2138:
2132:
2129:Oppenheimer 2004
2126:
2120:
2117:Oppenheimer 2004
2114:
2108:
2105:Oppenheimer 2004
2102:
2096:
2095:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2040:
2034:
2031:Oppenheimer 2004
2028:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1993:
1987:
1984:Oppenheimer 2004
1981:
1975:
1972:Oppenheimer 2004
1969:
1963:
1960:Oppenheimer 2004
1957:
1951:
1950:
1936:
1930:
1927:Oppenheimer 2004
1924:
1918:
1917:
1906:
1900:
1897:Oppenheimer 2004
1894:
1888:
1887:
1874:
1868:
1865:Oppenheimer 2004
1862:
1856:
1850:
1837:
1836:, p. xxiii.
1831:
1820:
1819:
1802:
1796:
1793:Oppenheimer 2004
1790:
1784:
1783:
1766:
1745:
1738:
1562:Mac OS X 10.0.3
1464:
1457:
1454:
1436:
1429:
1286:
1282:Networking model
1161:
1152:
912:
905:
901:
898:
892:
869:
861:
847:Active Directory
538:operating system
509:and Microsoft's
346:networking stack
306:Macintosh Office
77:
75:
70:
49:
35:
21:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2586:
2585:
2577:
2572:
2555:
2542:
2535:
2529:
2518:
2511:
2507:
2502:
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2418:
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2405:
2404:
2400:
2390:
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2374:
2373:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2288:"Multicast DNS"
2285:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
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2156:
2140:
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2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1840:
1832:
1823:
1808:(August 1983).
1804:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1697:
1615:
1475:Corresponds to
1458:
1452:
1449:
1442:needs expansion
1427:
1414:
1409:
1408:Ethernet driver
1407:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1335:
1333:
1284:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1142:
1129:
1120:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1064:
1044:acknowledgement
1028:
1011:
987:
951:
922:
913:
902:
896:
893:
882:
870:
859:
803:
734:
688:
635:Apple released
619:
591:PowerBook 3400c
587:Power Macintosh
519:
439:
422:
381:
330:
293:
277:expansion slots
248:
170:
165:
73:
71:
68:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2575:External links
2573:
2571:
2570:
2553:
2540:
2527:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2479:
2459:
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2300:
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2193:
2181:
2166:
2154:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2097:
2077:
2056:
2035:
2023:
2007:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1931:
1919:
1901:
1889:
1869:
1857:
1838:
1821:
1818:. p. 188.
1797:
1785:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1726:
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1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1693:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:Mac OS X v10.4
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:Mac OS X v10.3
1586:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:Mac OS X v10.2
1572:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
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1401:
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1375:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1225:, acquired by
1195:that used the
1166:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1063:
1060:
1027:
1024:
1010:
1007:
986:
983:
982:
981:
977:
962:
950:
947:
921:
918:
915:
914:
873:
871:
864:
858:
855:
802:
799:
733:
730:
705:Mac OS X v10.6
703:macOS line in
700:laser printers
687:
684:
672:Open Transport
641:Classic Mac OS
618:
615:
518:
515:
507:Novell NetWare
438:
435:
421:
418:
380:
377:
329:
326:
292:
289:
247:
244:
189:protocol stack
169:
166:
164:
161:
149:Mac OS X v10.6
130:laser printers
106:Apple Computer
90:
89:
83:
79:
78:
65:
61:
60:
58:Apple Computer
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
39:Protocol stack
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2618:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2563:
2562:MacWorld Expo
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2530:
2528:0-201-55021-0
2524:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2497:. p. 12.
2496:
2495:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2453:Network World
2449:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2314:Multicast DNS
2310:
2304:
2301:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2151:. p. 17.
2150:
2149:
2148:Network World
2144:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2053:. p. 27.
2052:
2051:
2050:Network World
2046:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1855:, p. 45.
1854:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1782:. p. 14.
1781:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1770:Markoff, John
1765:
1762:
1756:
1751:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1666:Windows Vista
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1536:Mac OS 7.6.1
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:System 7.1.2
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1440:This section
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
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1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
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943:
938:
933:
931:
927:
919:
911:
908:
900:
890:
886:
880:
879:
874:This section
872:
868:
863:
862:
856:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:CNAME records
836:
832:
827:
824:
819:
817:
812:
809:
800:
798:
796:
795:
788:
786:
782:
781:Multicast DNS
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
731:
729:
726:
724:
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708:
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697:
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685:
683:
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673:
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628:
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616:
614:
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608:
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584:
579:
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547:
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497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
472:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
452:
451:control panel
448:
444:
443:EtherTalk 1.0
436:
434:
432:
428:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
397:
394:
390:
386:
378:
376:
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235:
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217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
193:coaxial cable
190:
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183:
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167:
162:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
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118:
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111:
107:
104:developed by
103:
100:
96:
87:
84:
80:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
48:
43:
40:
36:
30:
19:
2566:the original
2561:
2548:
2514:
2505:Bibliography
2492:
2482:
2471:
2462:
2456:. p. 4.
2451:
2441:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2411:
2401:
2389:. Retrieved
2382:
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2313:
2303:
2291:. Retrieved
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2260:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2212:. Retrieved
2206:
2196:
2184:
2157:
2146:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2089:
2080:
2069:
2059:
2048:
2038:
2026:
2016:
2010:
2001:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1944:
1934:
1922:
1914:the original
1904:
1892:
1878:
1872:
1860:
1853:Bartimo 1984
1813:
1800:
1788:
1777:
1764:
1742:in the video
1736:
1674:
1639:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1500:System 7.12
1450:
1446:adding to it
1441:
1311:Presentation
1263:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1216:
1214:
1199:'s built-in
1190:
1188:
1132:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1108:flow control
1100:
1091:
1082:
1065:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1015:
1012:
988:
974:dual simplex
965:
952:
936:
934:
923:
903:
894:
883:Please help
878:verification
875:
838:
830:
828:
822:
820:
815:
813:
804:
792:
789:
769:Banyan VINES
764:
760:
756:
752:
750:
735:
727:
720:
709:
689:
665:
653:
620:
611:PowerBook G3
580:
565:
557:
554:
542:LaserWriters
527:
522:
520:
477:
473:
468:
462:
447:Macintosh II
442:
440:
423:
413:
405:
398:
382:
369:
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342:
337:
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331:
314:
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294:
280:
269:
249:
236:
227:
205:
181:
171:
143:The rise of
142:
134:file servers
119:
94:
93:
64:Introduction
54:Developer(s)
29:
2309:Cheshire, S
2271:2 September
2255:, Slide 54.
2243:, Slide 51.
2231:, Slide 46.
2191:, Slide 43.
2179:, Slide 36.
2164:, Slide 34.
2131:, Slide 32.
2119:, Slide 30.
2107:, Slide 31.
2033:, Slide 28.
1986:, Slide 17.
1974:, Slide 19.
1962:, Slide 15.
1929:, Slide 10.
1658:ExtremeZ-IP
1549:Mac OS 8.6
1524:System 7.5
1488:System 7.0
1298:Application
1238:as well as
970:full-duplex
851:SRV records
657:NCSA Mosaic
558:FriendlyNet
484:file server
393:phone jacks
302:file server
297:LaserWriter
272:Peripherals
260:serial port
258:to provide
99:proprietary
2590:Categories
2214:14 October
1899:, Slide 9.
1867:, Slide 6.
1806:Ahl, David
1795:, Slide 3.
1752:References
1670:HELIOS UB2
1654:GroupLogic
1646:Windows NT
1411:Token Ring
1289:OSI Model
1256:Token Ring
1103:PostScript
1051:idempotent
995:AppleShare
968:, ADSP is
926:link layer
897:March 2023
801:Addressing
773:Rendezvous
576:Quadra 900
572:Quadra 700
552:products.
499:hard drive
480:AppleShare
252:Zilog 8530
232:Steve Jobs
212:Token Ring
174:Apple Lisa
126:Apple IIGS
108:for their
2549:InfoWorld
2494:InfoWorld
2473:InfoWorld
2337:5 October
2293:5 October
2091:InfoWorld
1946:InfoWorld
1779:InfoWorld
1757:Citations
1453:June 2008
1404:LocalTalk
1379:Data link
1342:Transport
1264:TokenTalk
1260:EtherTalk
1209:LocalTalk
1197:Macintosh
1192:LocalTalk
1020:attention
857:Protocols
831:A records
746:Xerox XNS
738:OSI model
707:in 2009.
682:efforts.
469:TokenTalk
464:LocalTalk
414:DaynaTalk
406:FlashTalk
365:LocalTalk
334:AppleTalk
322:Apple III
186:Xerox XNS
95:AppleTalk
86:LocalTalk
33:AppleTalk
18:Appletalk
2533:Archived
2419:21 March
2413:Macworld
2391:21 March
1701:Netatalk
1695:See also
1635:Netatalk
1425:Versions
1399:Physical
1227:Motorola
1218:PhoneNET
1068:datagram
1040:response
1016:commands
849:use DNS
843:Kerberos
696:Mac OS X
583:10BASE-T
492:Mac Plus
389:PhoneNET
318:Apple II
281:AppleBus
246:AppleBus
228:de facto
208:Ethernet
201:Apple II
197:Ethernet
182:AppleNet
168:AppleNet
155:, while
132:), some
88:, others
82:Hardware
2071:MacWEEK
1642:Windows
1544:60.0a6
1519:58.1.3
1507:58.1.1
1495:57.0.4
1418:driver
1365:Network
1324:Session
1244:passive
1223:Netopia
1055:release
1036:request
1034:An ATP
833:in the
823:service
794:Chooser
722:Bonjour
713:AirPort
680:Copland
676:STREAMS
668:PowerPC
373:Chooser
163:History
153:Bonjour
138:routers
72: (
2525:
1677:Ultrix
1478:Notes
1413:driver
1406:driver
1318:(AFP)
1305:(AFP)
1272:DECnet
1268:TCP/IP
1248:active
1201:RS-422
1173:switch
972:, not
783:, and
732:Design
637:MacTCP
623:TCP/IP
531:IBM PC
511:MS-Net
353:RS-422
265:Bisync
220:ARCNET
218:, and
216:Econet
145:TCP/IP
122:IBM PC
2551:: 45.
2536:(PDF)
2519:(PDF)
2384:Cisco
2379:(PDF)
2208:Wired
1884:Zilog
1728:Notes
1717:Samba
1681:SunOS
1631:Linux
1531:60.3
1351:(AEP)
942:NVRAM
816:names
632:MacIP
459:Nubus
431:Hayes
402:clock
2523:ISBN
2421:2023
2393:2023
2339:2022
2332:6762
2295:2022
2273:2009
2216:2017
1689:IRIX
1687:and
1664:and
1640:The
1629:and
1625:The
1599:3.2
1559:3.0
1416:FDDI
1391:FDDI
1274:and
1262:and
1236:star
1133:zone
989:The
966:i.e.
845:and
757:AARP
692:NeXT
647:and
645:SNMP
609:and
603:9600
599:8600
574:and
567:AAUI
550:MacX
548:and
546:X.25
535:A/UX
496:SCSI
455:3Com
410:TOPS
385:BMUG
320:and
256:UART
74:1985
67:1985
2329:RFC
2319:doi
1685:BSD
1627:BSD
1483:56
1448:.
1371:DDP
1355:NBP
1330:ZIP
1276:IPX
1240:bus
1205:bus
1073:OSI
1003:HFS
955:TCP
930:ARP
887:by
835:DNS
765:NBP
742:LAN
649:PPP
581:As
488:RAM
240:IBM
2592::
2560:.
2547:.
2531:.
2491:.
2470:.
2450:.
2410:.
2381:.
2359:^
2327:.
2317:.
2205:.
2169:^
2145:.
2088:.
2068:.
2047:.
2000:.
1943:.
1882:.
1841:^
1824:^
1812:.
1776:.
1683:,
1679:,
1393:)
1373:)
1278:.
976:).
779:,
725:.
651:.
613:.
287:.
267:.
214:,
210:,
203:.
140:.
2423:.
2395:.
2354:.
2341:.
2321::
2297:.
2275:.
2218:.
2074:.
2020:.
2004:.
1744:.
1455:)
1451:(
1357:)
1332:)
1071:(
910:)
904:(
899:)
895:(
881:.
763:(
755:(
601:/
597:/
76:)
20:)
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