765:
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436:, whether ground, water, air or space vehicles may obtain some or all of the energy required for their operation from the sun. Surface and air vehicles generally require higher power levels than can be sustained by a practically sized solar array, so a battery assists in meeting peak power demand, and the solar array recharges it. Space vehicles have successfully used solar photovoltaic systems for years of operation, eliminating the weight of fuel or primary batteries.
196:, which powers a fluorescent or LED lamp during the night. Solar street lights are stand-alone power systems, and have the advantage of savings on trenching, landscaping, and maintenance costs, as well as on the electric bills, despite their higher initial cost compared to conventional street lighting. They are designed with sufficiently large batteries to ensure operation for at least a week and even in the worst situation, they are expected to dim only slightly.
961:
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45:
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61:(BIPV) are increasingly incorporated into the roof or walls of new domestic and industrial buildings as a principal or ancillary source of electrical power. Roof tiles with integrated PV cells are sometimes used as well. Provided there is an open gap in which air can circulate, rooftop mounted solar panels can provide a
585:
Solar PV power is ideally suited for telecommunication applications such as local telephone exchange, radio and TV broadcasting, microwave and other forms of electronic communication links. This is because, in most telecommunication application, storage batteries are already in use and the electrical
542:
make it possible to power such devices for several years between battery changes, making PV use less common. In contrast, solar powered remote fixed devices have seen increasing use recently in locations where significant connection cost makes grid power prohibitively expensive. Such applications
367:
Concentrated solar power (CSP) systems generate solar power by using a combination of mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight onto a receiver. Electricity is generated when the concentrated light is converted to heat (solar thermal energy), which drives a heat engine (usually a
352:
Hybrid systems combine two or more modes of electricity generation together, usually renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbines. These systems often yield greater economic and environmental returns than wind, solar, geothermal or trigeneration stand-alone systems by
155:
There has been various organic photovoltaics that have demonstrated efficiencies of over 16% from indoor lighting, despite having low efficiencies in energy harvesting under sunlight. This is due to the fact that OPVs have a large absorption coefficient, adjustable absorptions ranges, as well as
16:
There are many practical applications for solar panels or photovoltaics. From the fields of the agricultural industry as a power source for irrigation to its usage in remote health care facilities to refrigerate medical supplies. Other applications include power generation at various scales and
162:
Perovskite solar cells have been tested to display efficiencies over 25% in low light levels. While perovskite solar cells often contain lead, raising the concern of toxicity, lead-free perovskite inspired materials also show promise as indoor photovoltaics. While plenty of research is being
65:
effect on buildings during the day and also keep accumulated heat in at night. Typically, residential rooftop systems have small capacities of around 5–10 kW, while commercial rooftop systems often amount to several hundreds of kilowatts. Although rooftop systems are much smaller than
653:
instead of a battery for backup. These systems usually generate power amount of ≈2 kW or less. Through the internet, the community is now able to obtain plans to (partly) construct the system and there is a growing trend toward building them for domestic requirements.
390:
PV has traditionally been used for electric power in space. PV is rarely used to provide motive power in transport applications, but it can provide auxiliary power in boats and cars. Some automobiles are fitted with solar-powered air conditioning. A self-contained
56:
are most often retrofitted into existing buildings, usually mounted on top of the existing roof structure or on the existing walls. Alternatively, an array can be located separately from the building but connected by cable to supply power for the building.
212:
lighting to replace kerosene lamps. The solar powered lamps were sold at about the cost of a few months' supply of kerosene. Cuba is working to provide solar power for areas that are off grid. More complex applications of off-grid solar energy use include
598:
The smallest, often portable photovoltaic systems are called pico solar PV systems, or pico solar. They mostly combine a rechargeable battery and charge controller, with a very small PV panel. The panel's nominal capacity is just a few watt-peak (1–10
603:) and its area less than 0.1 square metres (1 sq ft) in size. A large range of different applications can be solar powered such as music players, fans, portable lamps, security lights, solar lighting kits, solar lanterns and street light
764:
172:
One of the most cost effective solar applications is a solar powered pump, as it is far cheaper to purchase a solar panel than it is to run power lines. They often meet a need for water beyond the reach of power lines, taking the place of a
117:
photovoltaics, the most common type of photovoltaic cell in the market, is only able to reach an efficiency of around 8% when harvesting ambient indoor light, compared to its 26% efficiency in sunlight. One possible alternative is to use
1194:
Li, Qiang; Shen, Kai; Yang, Ruilong; Zhao, Yongming; Lu, Shulong; Wang, Rongxin; Dong, Jianrong; Wang, Deliang (15 November 2017). "Comparative study of GaAs and CdTe solar cell performance under low-intensity light irradiance".
491:
are usually the sole source of power to run the sensors, active heating and cooling, and communications. A battery stores this energy for use when the solar panels are in shadow. In some, the power is also used for
611:, pico PV systems are useful in small, rural communities that require only a small amount of electricity. Since the efficiency of many appliances have improved considerably, in particular due to the usage of
229:. These are areas where the social costs and benefits offer an excellent case for going solar, though the lack of profitability has relegated such endeavors to humanitarian efforts. However, in 1995 solar
1064:
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207:
where many villages are often more than five kilometres away from grid power are increasingly using photovoltaics. In remote locations in India a rural lighting program has been providing solar powered
721:
90:, emit enough radiation to power small electronic devices or devices with low-power demand. In these applications, indoor photovoltaics will be able to improve reliability and increase lifetimes of
181:. One common application is the filling of livestock watering tanks, so that grazing cattle may drink. Another is the refilling of drinking water storage tanks on remote or self-sufficient homes.
1310:
Freitag, Marina; Teuscher, Joël; Saygili, Yasemin; Zhang, Xiaoyu; Giordano, Fabrizio; Liska, Paul; Hua, Jianli; Zakeeruddin, Shaik; Moser, Jacques; Grätzel, Michael; Hagfeldt, Anders (2017).
1590:
Pathak, M. J. M.; Sanders, P. G.; Pearce, J. M. (2014). "Optimizing limited solar roof access by exergy analysis of solar thermal, photovoltaic, and hybrid photovoltaic thermal systems".
152:
Some single junction III-V cells have band gaps in the range of 1.8 to 1.9 eV, which have been shown to maintain good performances under indoor lighting, with an efficiency of over 20%.
1649:
233:
projects had been found to be difficult to sustain due to unfavorable economics, lack of technical support, and a legacy of ulterior motives of north-to-south technology transfer.
586:
system is basically DC. In hilly and mountainous terrain, radio and TV signals may not reach as they get blocked or reflected back due to undulating terrain. At these locations,
105:
of energy harvested by indoor photovoltaics is usually three orders of magnitude smaller than sunlight, which will affect the efficiencies of the photovoltaic cells. The optimal
1349:
Peng, Yueheng; Huq, Tahmida N.; Mei, Jianjun; Portilla, Luis; Jagt, Robert A.; Occhipinti, Luigi G.; MacManus-Driscoll, Judith L.; Hoye, Robert L. Z.; Pecunia, Vincenzo (2021).
675:
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for indoor light harvesting is around 1.9-2 eV, compared to the optimum of 1.4 eV for outdoor light harvesting. The increase in optimal band gap also results in a larger
163:
conducted on perovskite cells, further research is needed to explore its possibilities for IPVs and developing products that can be used to power the internet of things.
645:) to generate their own power. As a result, the DIY-systems often end up cheaper than their commercial counterparts. Often the system is also connected to the regular
1456:
577:. An Italian manufacturer has promoted a design which track the sun's daily path across the sky to generate more electricity than conventional fixed-mounted systems.
1071:
944:
322:
PV technology. All three power stations will be located in the
Californian desert. When the Solar Star project was completed in 2015, it was the world's largest
399:
allows use of solar power for transportation. Solar-powered cars, boats and airplanes have been demonstrated, with the most practical and likely of these being
192:
raised light sources which are powered by photovoltaic panels generally mounted on the lighting structure. The solar array of such off-grid PV system charges a
994:
257:, which captures the remaining energy and removes waste heat from the PV module. The capture of both electricity and heat allow these devices to have higher
334:
Photovoltaics may also be incorporated as energy conversion devices for objects at elevated temperatures and with preferable radiative emissivities such as
246:
497:
159:
Dye-sensitized solar cells have reached efficiencies of over 28% under low light illumination, through judicious design of sensitizers and electrolytes.
2067:
1275:
Mathews, Ian; King, Paul J.; Stafford, Frank; Frizzell, Ronan (January 2016). "Performance of III–V Solar Cells as Indoor Light Energy
Harvesters".
960:
744:
122:, as it has a wider band gap of 1.6 eV compared to its crystalline counterpart, causing it to be more suitable to capture the indoor light spectra.
607:, phone chargers, radios, or even small, seven-inch LCD televisions, that run on less than ten watts. As it is the case for power generation from
1469:
2124:
1952:
1101:
Ryu, Hwa Sook; Park, Song Yi; Lee, Tack Ho; Kim, Jin Young; Woo, Han Young (12 March 2020). "Recent progress in indoor organic photovoltaics".
976:
376:
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and efficient rechargeable batteries, pico solar has become an affordable alternative, especially in the developing world. The metric prefix
538:
Until a decade or so ago, PV was used frequently to power calculators and novelty devices. Improvements in integrated circuits and low power
516:. To increase the power generated per kilogram, typical spacecraft solar panels use high-cost, high-efficiency, and close-packed rectangular
1907:
461:, the first artificial satellite to orbit the planet, that ran out of batteries within 21 days due to the lack of solar-power, most modern
1563:
Mojiri, A.; Taylor, R.; Thomsen, E.; Rosengarten, G. (2013). "Spectral beam splitting for efficient conversion of solar energy—A review".
2049:
1997:
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Photovoltaic arrays are often associated with buildings: either integrated into them, mounted on them or mounted nearby on the ground.
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small leakage currents in dim light, allowing them to convert indoor lighting more efficiently compared to inorganic PVs.
500:. Spacecraft were one of the earliest applications of photovoltaics, starting with the silicon solar cells used on the
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94:, especially important with the significant number of wireless sensors that will be installed in the coming years.
900:
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222:
134:
2017:
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and electrical energy. These systems combine a solar PV cell, which converts sunlight into electricity, with a
1998:"Pico Solar PV Systems for Remote Homes – A new generation of small PV systems for lighting and communication"
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254:
226:
114:
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satellite, launched by the US in 1958. Since then, solar power has been used on missions ranging from the
2094:"Alternative Energy Development: Michigan will be Nation's Leader in Alternative Energy Technology, Jobs"
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891:
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275:
230:
138:
126:
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A number of experimental solar farms have been established around the world that attempt to integrate
66:
ground-mounted utility-scale power plants, they account for most of the worldwide installed capacity.
1870:
1496:"Mobile Open-Source Solar-Powered 3-D Printers for Distributed Manufacturing in Off-Grid Communities"
1247:
1204:
857:
319:
204:
193:
110:
83:
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149:, have displayed good performance under low light and diffuse conditions, with a band gap of 1.5 eV.
936:
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102:
82:
limitations such as power consumption, toxicity, and maintenance. Ambient indoor lighting, such as
22:
18:
1671:
Takeno, Tadao; Sato, Kenji; Hase, Köji (1981). "A theoretical study on an excess enthalpy flame".
915:
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steam turbine) connected to an electrical power generator or powers a thermochemical reaction.
2046:
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119:
87:
53:
641:. Usually, the DIY-community uses inexpensive or high efficiency systems (such as those with
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Mathews, Ian; Kantareddy, Sai Nithin; Buonassisi, Tonio; Peters, Ian Marius (19 June 2019).
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attempts to integrate them into homes and public infrastructure. PV modules are used in
1844:
642:
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404:
384:
2033:
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1236:"AlGaAs Photovoltaics for Indoor Energy Harvesting in mm-Scale Wireless Sensor Nodes"
1130:
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548:
433:
428:
392:
380:
1335:
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751:
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637:-community have endeavored to build their own solar PV systems from kits or partly
633:
With a growing interest in environmentally friendly green energy, hobbyists in the
574:
1494:
King, Debbie L.; Babasola, Adegboyega; Rozario, Joseph; Pearce, Joshua M. (2014).
1312:"Dye-sensitized solar cells for efficient power generation under ambient lighting"
1216:
559:, temporary traffic signs, charging stations, and remote guard posts and signals.
1288:
1169:
1152:
693:
568:
466:
311:
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and thus be more overall energy efficient than solar PV or solar thermal alone.
221:
3D printers have been solar powered with photovoltaic technology, which enables
214:
44:
1576:
1070:. EPIA – European Photovoltaic Industry Association. p. 45. Archived from
78:, such as smart sensors and communication devices, providing a solution to the
1512:
1022:
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612:
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544:
501:
454:
295:
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have been one of the first applications of photovoltaics since the launch of
1327:
883:
505:
400:
125:
Other promising materials and technologies for indoor photovoltaics include
1377:
1367:
1350:
1311:
1122:
1928:
1230:
Teran, Alan S.; Wong, Joeson; Lim, Wootaek; Kim, Gyouho; Lee, Yoonmyoung;
1001:
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are installed to receive and retransmit the signal for local population.
178:
174:
106:
1712:"World's largest solar-powered boat completes its trip around the world"
1114:
735:
512:
probe to
Jupiter. The largest solar power system flown in space is the
458:
1179:
290:
have been constructed all over the world. In 2011 the 579-megawatt (MW
1482:
How 3D Printers Are
Boosting Off-The-Grid, Underdeveloped Communities
697:
473:
rely on the use of solar panels to derive electricity from sunlight.
258:
218:
2013:
1941:
AT&T installing solar-powered charging stations around New York
1967:"Fotovoltaico e agricoltura: maggiore produttività in meno spazio"
1646:"Solar Star, Largest PV Power Plant in the World, Now Operational"
1351:"Lead-Free Perovskite-Inspired Absorbers for Indoor Photovoltaics"
617:
475:
375:
274:
43:
1153:"Technology and Market Perspective for Indoor Photovoltaic Cells"
1025:, Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, accessed: 23 March 2007.
795:
1699:
Next-gen Prius now official, uses solar panels to keep car cool
74:
Indoor photovoltaics have the potential to supply power to the
1532:"Photovoltaic Technology: Markets, Economics, and Development"
638:
209:
457:
in 1958, the first satellite to use solar cells. Contrary to
1833:, Chapter 11. Typical Onboard Systems, Propulsion Subsystems
1424:
770:
Solar powered electric fence, in
Harwood Northumberland, UK.
508:
probe to
Mercury, to as far out in the solar system as the
2036:. Instructables.com (2007-11-05). Retrieved on 2012-04-23.
1897:. 10news.com (18 February 2009). Retrieved on 3 June 2012.
625:
to indicate the smallness of the system's electric power.
395:
would have limited power and utility, but a solar-charged
1749:
SolidWorks Plays Key Role in
Cambridge Eco Race Effort
1739:
Nydailynews.com (2013-06-17). Retrieved on 2015-04-15.
782:
Solar sailor boat, Darling
Harbour, Sydney, Australia.
1447:. BBC News (29 April 2007). Retrieved on 3 June 2012.
696:
on a small yacht to charge 12 volt batteries up to 9
1931:. NBC News (24 July 2009). Retrieved on 3 June 2012.
514:
249:(PVT) are systems that convert solar radiation into
1065:"Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014–2018"
681:
Profile picture of a mobile solar powered generator
2047:Low-cost PV solar kit preferred by diy-communities
1908:"Solar-powered parking meters make downtown debut"
738:- furthest spacecraft to be powered by solar cells
2014:People building their own solar systems from kits
1737:Solar-powered plane lands outside Washington D.C.
2024:Greenplanet4energy.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-23.
1392:'Pay bill for 4 months, get power for 25 years'
1953:Chevrolet Dealers Install Green Zone Stations
1929:Philadelphia's Solar-Powered Trash Compactors
1849:SOLAR EVOLUTION – The History of Solar Energy
306:in the future, both with a capacity of 550 MW
8:
298:project was proposed, to be followed by the
2099:. State of Michigan, Office Of The Governor
1758:. cambridgenetwork.co.uk (4 February 2009).
247:Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector
242:Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector
2056:. Treehugger.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-23.
524:(GaAs) and other semiconductor materials.
1818:
1816:
1628:"DOE Closes on Four Major Solar Projects"
1603:
1547:
1511:
1376:
1366:
1259:
1178:
1168:
1565:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
113:, which affects the efficiency as well.
1673:Symposium (International) on Combustion
1015:
671:
575:solar power generation with agriculture
413:longest non-stop solo flight in history
34:Rooftop and building integrated systems
2034:Example of diy PV system with pictures
1895:Solar-Powered Parking Meters Installed
1845:"Late 1950s – Saved by the Space Race"
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
415:and completed the first solar-powered
1240:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
1096:
1094:
1092:
1045:. University of California, San Diego
7:
1648:. GreenTechMedia.com. 24 June 2015.
1000:Rental station for shared bicycles,
2068:"Appropriate Technology Sourcebook"
23:large variety of electrical devices
1457:Off grid solutions for remote poor
1234:; Phillips, Jamie D. (July 2015).
1043:"Solar panels keep buildings cool"
966:A solar sewage treatment plant in
310:, to be constructed by US-company
145:Thin-film materials, specifically
14:
1985:Non-Conventional Energy Resources
1652:from the original on 25 June 2015
1530:, Jon D.; Chapman, Duane (1995).
1023:Building Integrated Photovoltaics
950:A solar-powered trash compactor,
59:Building-integrated photovoltaics
48:Rooftop PV on half-timbered house
1965:Gandola, Cristina (2012-09-25).
1459:. ebono.org. (26 February 2008).
1445:Solar loans light up rural India
993:
975:
959:
943:
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864:
849:
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803:
787:
775:
763:
743:
720:
704:
686:
674:
1697:Miller, Ross (13 January 2009)
1468:Barclay, Eliza (31 July 2003).
871:A small solar water pump system
581:Telecommunication and signaling
2045:Graham, Michael. (2005-10-15)
1910:. Impactnews.com. 22 July 2009
1614:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.01.041
711:A mobile charging station for
664:List of solar-powered products
1:
2125:Applications of photovoltaics
2065:Ken Darrow and Mike Saxenian
1685:10.1016/S0082-0784(81)80052-5
1404:"Pumping Water with Sunshine"
1277:IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics
1217:10.1016/j.solener.2017.08.023
658:Gallery of standalone systems
97:Due to the lack of access to
1799:exploringgreentechnology.com
1549:10.1016/0305-750x(95)00033-9
1500:Challenges in Sustainability
1289:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2015.2487825
588:low power transmitters (LPT)
1470:Rural Cuba Basks in the Sun
1170:10.1016/j.joule.2019.03.026
131:organic photovoltaics (OPV)
2141:
1577:10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.026
661:
566:
531:
518:multi-junction solar cells
489:Solar panels on spacecraft
451:Solar panels on spacecraft
446:Solar panels on spacecraft
443:
426:
363:Concentrated photovoltaics
360:
357:Concentrated photovoltaics
348:Solar hybrid power systems
345:
324:photovoltaic power station
300:Desert Sunlight Solar Farm
271:Photovoltaic power station
268:
135:dye-sensitized solar cells
129:, III-V light harvesters,
111:open-circuit voltage (VOC)
70:Indoor Photovoltaics (IPV)
37:
2003:. IEA-PVPS. January 2014.
1795:"History of Solar Energy"
1769:"Space-Based Solar Power"
1513:10.12924/cis2014.02010018
1355:Advanced Energy Materials
463:communications satellites
223:distributed manufacturing
1484:– MotherBoard, Nov. 2014
1261:10.1109/TED.2015.2434336
908:solar cell phone charger
825:A solar navigation light
727:Artist's concept of the
668:Stand-alone power system
629:Do it yourself community
336:heterogeneous combustors
1829:8 December 2006 at the
1328:10.1038/nphoton.2017.60
1029:2 February 2007 at the
540:liquid crystal displays
440:Spacecraft applications
417:aerial circumnavigation
330:Specialty Power Systems
279:Satellite image of the
255:solar thermal collector
227:sustainable development
120:amorphous silicon, a-Si
1955:Retrieved 28 June 2013
1943:Retrieved 28 June 2013
1824:Basics of Space Flight
1822:NASA JPL Publication:
1632:Renewable Energy World
1368:10.1002/aenm.202002761
858:lighthouse in Scotland
838:Solar pathway lighting
485:
419:of the globe in 2016.
387:
283:
139:perovskite solar cells
49:
2074:on September 22, 2010
1871:"Solar water pumping"
1851:. The Rahus Institute
1843:Perlin, John (2005).
892:World Solar Challenge
534:Standalone PV systems
494:spacecraft propulsion
479:
379:
278:
231:rural electrification
200:Rural electrification
47:
1634:. 30 September 2011.
553:emergency telephones
342:Hybrid power systems
205:Developing countries
194:rechargeable battery
19:photovoltaic systems
1983:Khan, B. H. (2006)
1252:2015ITED...62.2170T
1209:2017SoEn..157..216L
937:Solar powered watch
498:electric propulsion
286:Many utility-scale
190:Solar street lights
185:Solar street lights
127:thin-film materials
2083:. villageearth.org
2052:2011-10-15 at the
2020:2022-04-09 at the
1987:, TMH Publications
1754:2013-11-13 at the
1472:. islamonline.net.
1425:"Solar Well Pumps"
1115:10.1039/D0NR00816H
528:Standalone systems
486:
471:inner Solar System
388:
284:
88:fluorescent lights
76:Internet of Things
54:Rooftop PV systems
50:
1536:World Development
1109:(10): 5792–5804.
987:electric aircraft
923:solar-powered fan
842:Steamboat Springs
713:electric vehicles
92:wireless networks
2132:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2070:. Archived from
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2011:
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1875:builditsolar.com
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1542:(7): 1129–1141.
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1382:
1380:
1370:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1316:Nature Photonics
1307:
1301:
1300:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1246:(7): 2170–2175.
1227:
1221:
1220:
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1184:
1182:
1172:
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1148:
1135:
1134:
1098:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
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968:Santuari de Lluc
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812:solar calculator
807:
791:
779:
767:
747:
724:
708:
690:
678:
557:trash compactors
522:gallium arsenide
397:electric vehicle
304:Topaz Solar Farm
281:Topaz Solar Farm
237:Power generation
40:Rooftop solar PV
2140:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2054:Wayback Machine
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2022:Wayback Machine
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
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1889:
1879:
1877:
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1837:
1831:Wayback Machine
1821:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1778:
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1766:
1762:
1756:Wayback Machine
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1701:. engadget.com.
1696:
1692:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1605:10.1.1.1028.406
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1588:
1584:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1493:
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1077:on 25 June 2014
1074:
1067:
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1062:
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1046:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1031:Wayback Machine
1021:
1017:
1012:
1005:
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989:
980:
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964:
955:
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888:Japanese winner
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739:
725:
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709:
700:
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660:
631:
602:
596:
594:Pico PV systems
583:
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565:
547:, water pumps,
536:
530:
448:
442:
431:
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411:, achieved the
409:Solar Impulse 2
374:
365:
359:
350:
344:
332:
309:
293:
273:
267:
244:
239:
202:
187:
170:
99:solar radiation
72:
63:passive cooling
42:
36:
31:
12:
11:
5:
2138:
2136:
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2127:
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1775:. 6 March 2014
1760:
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1729:
1703:
1690:
1663:
1637:
1619:
1592:Applied Energy
1582:
1555:
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1461:
1449:
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1395:
1384:
1341:
1322:(6): 372–378.
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856:Solar powered
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630:
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600:
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567:Main article:
564:
561:
549:parking meters
532:Main article:
529:
526:
484:'s solar array
444:Main article:
441:
438:
427:Main article:
424:
423:Solar vehicles
421:
405:solar aircraft
385:solar aircraft
373:
372:Transportation
370:
361:Main article:
358:
355:
346:Main article:
343:
340:
331:
328:
307:
291:
269:Main article:
266:
265:Power stations
263:
243:
240:
238:
235:
201:
198:
186:
183:
169:
166:
165:
164:
160:
157:
153:
150:
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38:Main article:
35:
32:
30:
29:Infrastructure
27:
21:and include a
13:
10:
9:
6:
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2062:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1836:
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1819:
1817:
1813:
1800:
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1787:
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1679:(1): 465–72.
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983:Solar Impulse
978:
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957:
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932:
927:
924:
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894:in Australia.
893:
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847:
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801:
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756:Otago Harbour
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620:
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578:
576:
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434:Solar vehicle
430:
429:Solar vehicle
422:
420:
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414:
410:
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402:
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394:
393:solar vehicle
386:
382:
381:Solar Impulse
378:
371:
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356:
354:
349:
341:
339:
337:
329:
327:
326:at the time.
325:
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20:
2103:February 22,
2101:. Retrieved
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:the original
2061:
2041:
2029:
2009:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1971:Scienze News
1970:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1914:19 September
1912:. Retrieved
1902:
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1878:. Retrieved
1874:
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1848:
1838:
1803:. Retrieved
1798:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1772:
1763:
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1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1718:. 4 May 2012
1715:
1706:
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1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1640:
1631:
1622:
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1558:
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1489:
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1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1398:
1387:
1358:
1354:
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1315:
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1200:
1197:Solar Energy
1196:
1189:
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1106:
1102:
1079:. Retrieved
1072:the original
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1037:
1018:
752:lateral mark
729:
694:Solar panels
651:net metering
632:
622:
616:
604:
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563:Agrivoltaics
537:
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467:space probes
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432:
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353:themselves.
351:
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316:CdTe modules
285:
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1855:25 February
1722:30 December
1598:: 115–124.
1571:: 654–663.
1361:: 2002761.
1203:: 216–226.
952:Jersey City
840:in winter (
798:in Mongolia
794:Powering a
605:(see below)
569:Agrivoltaic
545:solar lamps
312:First Solar
288:solar farms
215:3D printers
168:Solar pumps
2078:2015-08-05
1801:. May 2012
1773:energy.gov
1716:Gizmag.com
1180:10468/8600
1010:References
732:spacecraft
662:See also:
647:power grid
623:trillionth
613:LED lights
609:pico hydro
502:Vanguard 1
455:Vanguard 1
401:solar cars
296:Solar Star
1600:CiteSeerX
1430:7 January
1409:7 January
1131:212405777
1103:Nanoscale
1004:, Hungary
884:Solar car
734:orbiting
715:in France
506:MESSENGER
320:thin-film
103:intensity
2119:Category
2050:Archived
2018:Archived
1827:Archived
1805:29 April
1779:29 April
1752:Archived
1650:Archived
1528:Erickson
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1297:20959765
1123:32129404
1027:Archived
1002:Budapest
890:of 2009
649:, using
543:include
520:made of
480:Part of
314:, using
302:and the
179:windpump
175:windmill
107:band gap
1880:16 June
1656:25 June
1248:Bibcode
1205:Bibcode
970:, Spain
736:Jupiter
469:in the
459:Sputnik
251:thermal
115:Silicon
80:battery
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1334:
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1081:19 May
1049:19 May
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886:. The
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259:exergy
219:RepRap
101:, the
2097:(PDF)
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1157:Joule
1127:S2CID
1075:(PDF)
1068:(PDF)
985:, an
618:pico-
383:2, a
2105:2012
1916:2011
1882:2010
1857:2007
1807:2015
1781:2015
1724:2017
1658:2015
1432:2014
1411:2014
1119:PMID
1083:2015
1051:2015
796:Yurt
758:, NZ
730:Juno
698:amps
666:and
510:Juno
482:Juno
465:and
318:, a
225:for
147:CdTe
137:and
86:and
84:LEDs
1681:doi
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1373:hdl
1363:doi
1324:doi
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1165:doi
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639:DIY
635:DIY
210:LED
177:or
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496:—
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