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counter-argument includes considerations of the type of corn that is utilized in biofuels, often field corn not suitable for human consumption; the portion of the corn that is used in ethanol, the starch portion; and the negative effect higher prices for corn and grains have on government welfare for these products. The "food vs. fuel" or "food or fuel" debate is internationally controversial, with disagreement about how significant this is, what is causing it, what the effect is, and what can or should be done about it. The world is facing three global crises, energy, food and environment. Changing the trend of recreation or population growth can impact each one of these. By increasing the world population, the ratio of energy and food demands will increase as well. So, it can put these two energy and food industries in completion of supplying. Developing the techniques and utilizing the food crops for biofuel production, especially in shortage areas, can adverse the competition between the food and biofuel industries. It can be cay that harvesting and producing biofuels crop on a large scale can put local food communities at risk, such as challenges to access lands and portions of the food. If the food economy cannot place safe and stable, protocols such as Kyoto can not meet their purposes and help control emissions.
675:. In addition, many LCA studies fail to analyze the effect of substitutes that may come into the market to replace current biomass-based products. In the case of Crude Tall Oil, a raw material used in the production of pine chemicals and now being diverted for use in biofuel, an LCA study found that the global carbon footprint of pine chemicals produced from CTO is 50 percent lower than substitute products used in the same situation offsetting any gains from utilizing a biofuel to replace fossil fuels. Additionally the study showed that fossil fuels are not reduced when CTO is diverted to biofuel use and the substitute products consume disproportionately more energy. This diversion will negatively affect an industry that contributes significantly to the world economy, globally producing more than 3 billion pounds of pine chemicals annually in complex, high technology refineries and providing jobs directly and indirectly for tens of thousands of workers.
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switchgrass (214 gal/acre). Production costs are a big impediment to large-scale implementation of 2nd
Generation bio-fuels, and their market demand will depend primarily on their price competitiveness relative to corn ethanol and gasoline. At this time, costs of conversion of cellulosic fuels, at $ 1.46 per gallon, were roughly twice that of corn-based ethanol, at $ 0.78 per gallon. Cellulosic biofuels from corn stover and miscanthus were 24% and 29% more expensive than corn ethanol, respectively, and switchgrass biofuel is more than twice as expensive as corn ethanol.
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decrease in production. Therefore, it is not only that there is an increase in demand for the food staples, like corn and cassava, that sustain the majority of the world's poor but this also has the potential to increase the price of the remaining crops that these individuals would otherwise need to utilize to supplement their diets. A recent study for the
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development shows that market-driven expansion of
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456:, which produces the hard flesh of embalmed bodies. At high concentrations in an enclosed space, formaldehyde can be a significant respiratory irritant causing nose bleeds, respiratory distress, lung disease, and persistent headaches. Acetaldehyde, which is produced in the body by alcohol drinkers and found in the mouths of smokers and those with poor oral hygiene, is carcinogenic and
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to establish new oil palm plantations. It is an important fact that 90% of the palm oil produced in
Malaysia is used by the food industry; therefore biofuels cannot be held solely responsible for this deforestation. There is a pressing need for sustainable palm oil production for the food and fuel industries; palm oil is used in a wide variety of food products. The
635:. Carbon neutral means that the carbon released during the use of the fuel, e.g. through burning to power transport or generate electricity, is reabsorbed and balanced by the carbon absorbed by new plant growth. These plants are then harvested to make the next batch of fuel. Carbon neutral fuels lead to no net increases in human contributions to atmospheric
72:
662:(LCA). This uses a "cradle to grave" or "well to wheels" approach to calculate the total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted during biofuel production, from putting seed in the ground to using the fuel in cars and trucks. Many different LCAs have been done for different biofuels, with widely differing results. Several
1650:, agronomy, researchers in renewable energies, and representatives for the DOE (Department of Environment), USDA and industry. Aim: to observe the evidences of massive utilization of carbon in history, make a synopsis on present research, and study how carbon-negative energy can be economically deployed today" (See also
270:. Since many of these shortcomings require policy improvements at a country level rather than a global one, they argue for a country-by-country analysis of the potential poverty effects of biofuels. This would consider, among other things, land administration systems, market coordination and prioritizing investment in
1646:"Carbon negative energy to reverse global warming" (a posting to Energy Resources Group on Yahoo). Report on the symposium (EACU) in 2004 at the University of Georgia at Athens (Georgia, USA). Several scientists from very diverse disciplines: chemistry, archeology, physics, anthropology, microbiology,
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In some regions of the world, a combination of increasing demand for food, and increasing demand for biofuel, is causing deforestation and threats to biodiversity. The best reported example of this is the expansion of oil palm plantations in
Malaysia and Indonesia, where rainforest is being destroyed
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analysis for biofuels has shown that first generation biofuels can reduce carbon emissions, with savings depending on the feedstock used, and second generation biofuels can produce even higher savings when compared to using fossil fuels. However, those studies did not take into account emissions from
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and elsewhere), aldehyde emissions increase 40%. Some study results are conflicting on this fact however, and lowering the sulfur content of biofuel mixes lowers the acetaldehyde levels. Burning biodiesel also emits aldehydes and other potentially hazardous aromatic compounds which are not regulated
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multipliers and by stabilising oil prices (many developing countries are net importers of oil). However, this potential is described as 'fragile', and is reduced where feedstock production tends to be large scale, or causes pressure on limited agricultural resources: capital investment, land, water,
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Significant area is likely to be dedicated to sugar cane in future years as demand for ethanol increases worldwide. The expansion of sugar cane plantations will place pressure on environmentally sensitive native ecosystems including rainforest in South
America. In forest ecosystems, these effects
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The increased manufacture of biofuels will require increasing land areas to be used for agriculture. Second and third generation biofuel processes can ease the pressure on land, because they can use waste biomass, and existing (untapped) sources of biomass such as crop residues and potentially even
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state that "the current rush to develop agrofuels (or biofuels) on a large scale is ill-conceived and will contribute to an already unsustainable trade whilst not solving the problems of climate change or energy security". Some mainstream environmental groups support biofuels as a significant step
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on a global scale. Essentially the debate refers to the possibility that by farmers increasing their production of these crops, often through government subsidy incentives, their time and land is shifted away from other types of non-biofuel crops driving up the price of non-biofuel crops due to the
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concludes that rising oil demand, if left unchecked, would accentuate the consuming countries' vulnerability to a severe supply disruption and resulting price shock. The report suggested that biofuels may one day offer a viable alternative, but also that "the implications of the use of biofuels for
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For example, the four ethanol crops: corn, sugarcane, sweet sorghum and pine yield net energy. However, increasing production in order to meet the U.S. Energy
Independence and Security Act mandates for renewable fuels by 2022 would take a heavy toll in the states of Florida and Georgia. The sweet
879:
Several standard-setting and certification initiatives have been set up on the topic of biofuels. The "Roundtable on
Sustainable Biofuels" is an international initiative which brings together farmers, companies, governments, non-governmental organizations, and scientists who are interested in the
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using estimates from the
University of Colorado and UNESCO, as well as a clarification by David Nielsen, Research Agronomist, USDA-ARS, Akron, Colorado, posted on July 19, 2007.) A good ethanol yield is about 480 gallons per acre per year, and a typical corn yield is 5.6 tons per acre per year.
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Assuming that half the crop water needs can be met through rainfall, this would mean that still 1,570 cubic meter (1.57m liter) - 280 cubic meter of water per ton, multiplied by 5.6 tons per acre - of irrigation water are needed per acre per year to produce 1,817 liter (480 gallons) of ethanol.
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From a production standpoint, miscanthus can produce 742 gallons of ethanol per acre of land, which is nearly twice as much as corn (399 gal/acre, assuming average yield of 145 bushels per acre under normal corn-soybean rotation) and nearly three times as much as corn stover (165 gal/acre) and
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In many parts of the world supplemental or full irrigation is needed to grow feedstocks. For example, if in the production of corn (maize) half the water needs of crops are met through irrigation and the other half through rainfall, about 860 liters of water are needed to produce one liter of
274:, as this 'generates more labour, has lower transportation costs and uses simpler technology'. Also necessary are reductions in the tariffs on biofuel imports regardless of the country of origin, especially due to the increased efficiency of biofuel production in countries such as Brazil.
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in the US increased maize prices by 21 percent in 2009, in comparison with what prices would have been had ethanol production been frozen at 2004 levels. A November 2011 study states that biofuels, their production, and their subsidies are leading causes of agricultural price shocks. The
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In the United States, the number of ethanol factories has almost tripled from 50 in 2000 to about 140 in 2008. A further 60 or so are under construction, and many more are planned. Projects are being challenged by residents at courts in
Missouri (where water is drawn from the
699:, found that a carbon debt is created when natural lands are cleared and being converted to biofuel production and to crop production when agricultural land is diverted to biofuel production, therefore this carbon debt applies to both direct and indirect land use changes.
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of biofuels used to substitute gasoline, instead of savings both corn and cellulosic ethanol increased carbon emissions as compared to gasoline by 93 and 50 percent respectively. A second paper published in the same issue of
Sciencexpress, by a team led by Fargione from
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Increased use of biofuels puts increasing pressure on water resources in at least two ways: water use for the irrigation of crops used as feedstocks for biodiesel production; and water use in the production of biofuels in refineries, mostly for boiling and cooling.
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under the assumption of non-carbon neutral energy production. These emissions accrue from agricultural production, crop cultivation, and ethanol processing. Once the ethanol is blended with gasoline, it results in carbon-savings of approximately 0.89 kg of
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is working to define criteria, standards and processes to promote sustainably produced biofuels. Palm oil is also used in the manufacture of detergents, and in electricity and heat generation both in Asia and around the world (the UK burns palm oil in
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to a degree not practical with less recalcitrant forms of organic carbon. For co-production of biochar to be widely adopted, the soil amendment and carbon sequestration value of co-produced charcoal must exceed its net value as a source of energy.
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toward slowing or stopping global climate change. However, supportive environmental groups generally hold the view that biofuel production can threaten the environment if it is not done sustainably. This finding has been backed by reports of the
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outlined the wider and interrelated factors that need to be considered when deciding on the relative merits of pursuing one biofuel over another. The IRP concluded that not all biofuels perform equally in terms of their effect on climate,
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Barnett, Cynthia. "Fueling worries: four ethanol crops under consideration in Florida are very thirsty.(NATURAL RESOURCES)." Florida Trend 52.4 (July 2009): 18(1). General OneFile. Gale. BENTLEY UPPER SCHOOL LIBRARY (BAISL). 6 Oct. 2009
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per gallon for E85 ethanol. Based on a study by Dias de Oliveira et al. (2005), corn-based ethanol requires 65.02 gigajoules (GJ) of energy per hectare (ha) and produces approximately 1236.72 kg per ha of carbon dioxide
1402:"Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century", by Bruno Glaser at the Institute of Soil Science and Soil Geography, University of Bayreuth (see the
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The modifications necessary to run internal combustion engines on biofuel depend on the type of biofuel used, as well as the type of engine used. For example, gasoline engines can run without any modification at all on
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A portion of the biomass should be retained onsite to support the soil resource. Normally this will be in the form of raw biomass, but processed biomass is also an option. If the exported biomass is used to produce
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studies were performed of ambient air in SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil, and compared to Osaka, Japan, which does not burn ethanol fuel. Atmospheric Formaldehyde was 160% higher in Brazil, and Acetaldehyde was 260% higher.
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1432:. 1978. This article studies the evidences concerning the process of generation of Terra preta as well as the reasons why its organic matter's and nutrients' retention is so superior to the surrounding soils.
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504:. While ethanol does produce fewer overall GHG emissions than gasoline, its production is still an energy intensive process with secondary effects. Gasoline generally produces 8.91 kg CO
710:. The methodology, however, drew some criticism, with Wang and Haq from Argonne National Laboratory posted a public letter and send their criticism about the Searchinger paper to Letters to
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651:(GHG) is produced in burning biofuels is a complex and inexact process, which depends very much on the method by which the fuel is produced and other assumptions made in the calculation.
868:) and are asking for global support for this. Also, besides supporting these more sustainable biofuels, environmental organizations are redirecting to new technologies that do not use
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standard has been developed as a metric-based certificate for products and supply chains, as a result of an ongoing multi-stakeholder initiative focussing on the products of
207:, crude oil would be trading 15 per cent higher and gasoline would be as much as 25 per cent more expensive, if it were not for biofuels. Gordon Quaiattini, president of the
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To calculate this relationship, one has to take into account that irrigated corn needs about 560 cubic meters (2.1m gallons) of water per ton of corn (as quoted in
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With regards to the potential for poverty reduction or exacerbation, biofuels rely on many of the same policy, regulatory or investment shortcomings that impede
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296:. Responsible commercialization of biofuels represents an opportunity to enhance sustainable economic prospects in Africa, Latin America and impoverished Asia.
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As a result, governmental and environmental organizations are turning against biofuels made in a non-sustainable way (hereby preferring certain oil sources as
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Timothy Searchinger; Ralph Heimlich; R. A. Houghton; Fengxia Dong; Amani Elobeid; Jacinto Fabiosa; Simla Tokgoz; Dermot Hayes; Tun-Hsiang Yu (2008-02-29).
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ethanol. However, in the United States only 5-15% of the water required for corn comes from irrigation while the other 85-95% comes from natural rainfall.
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for biofuel production can have the inverse effect. Technical issues include possible modifications necessary to run the engine on biofuel, as well as
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Symposium «Alcohol and Health: an Update», June 15, 2005, Abstract of H. K. Seitz, Departement of Medicine, Salem Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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This graph assumes that all bioethanols are burnt in their country of origin and that previously existing cropland is used to grow the feedstock.
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Although biofuels are generally considered to improve net carbon output, biodiesel and other fuels do produce local air pollution, including
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sustainability of biofuels production and distribution. During 2008, the Roundtable is developing a series of principles and criteria for
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production. Farming for biofuels feedstock can be detrimental to the environment if not done sustainably. Environmental concerns include
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themselves will undermine the climate benefits of alternative fuels, in addition to representing a major threat to global biodiversity.
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1090:, By Bruce A. Babcock, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, for ICTSD, Issue Paper No. 35. June 2011.
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A number of environmental NGOs campaign against the production of biofuels as a large-scale alternative to fossil fuels. For example,
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sorghum, which performed the best of the four, would increase the amount of freshwater withdrawals from the two states by almost 25%.
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Sustainable Ethanol: Biofuels, Biorefineries, Cellulosic Biomass, Flex-Fuel Vehicles, and Sustainable Farming for Energy Independence
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Responsible policies and economic instruments would help to ensure that biofuel commercialization, including the development of new
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plantations. In Indonesia alone, over 9,400,000 acres (38,000 km) of forest have been converted to plantations since 1996.
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Despite its occasional proclamation as a "green" fuel, first-generation biofuels, primarily ethanol, are not without their own
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and ecosystems, and suggested that environmental and social effects need to be assessed throughout the entire life-cycle.
1443:"Peak Soil: Why cellulosic ethanol, biofuels are unsustainable and a threat to America", by Alice Friedemann, April 2007.
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Some commentators claim that removal of additional cellulosic biomass for biofuel production will further deplete soils.
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Reply letter by Joe Jobe, CEO of the National Biodiesel Board published in the "Inbox" section in Time's April 21 issue
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1900:"Greenhouse Gas and Energy Life Cycle Assessment of Pine Chemicals Derived from Crude Tall Oil and Their Substitutes"
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is the debate regarding the risk of diverting farmland or crops for biofuels production in detriment of the
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as a result of land clearing for biofuels agriculture. While biofuels can contribute to reduction in global
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global security as well as for economic, environmental, and public health need to be further evaluated".
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211:, argued that a healthy supply of alternative energy sources will help to combat gasoline price spikes.
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1946:"Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change"
1424:. Published online December 20, 2006 in Philosophic Transactions Royal Society B (2007) 362, 187–196.
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1583:"Atmospheric alcohols and aldehydes concentrations measured in Osaka, Japan and in Sao Paulo, Brazil"
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The Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels: Ensuring Biofuels Deliver on their Promise of Sustainability
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2336:"E-Letter response to M. Wang and Z. Haq's E-Letter: Ethanol's Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
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have argued that biofuels could help to reduce poverty in the developing world, through increased
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The published version on Science Letters is included in Searchinger E-Letter responses 2008-08-12
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824:(which are cheaper). However, the latter is only possible when the engine has been foreseen with
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was published in Letters to Science. They argued that Searchinger et al. and Fargione et al. "...
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This reference also includes Timothy Searching and Joseph Fargione responses to Kline and Dale (
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production through meetings, teleconferences, and online discussions. In a similar vein, the
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The Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels Announces Version Zero of our Sustainability Standard
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1835:"Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in the production and use of fuel ethanol in Brazil"
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521:), while sugar cane-based ethanol requires 42.43 GJ/ha and produces 2268.26 kg/ha of CO
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Anthony Gokianluy et al.,. "A Cost And Benefit, Case Study Analysis Of Biofuels Systems".
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do not provide adequate support for their claim that biofuels cause high emissions due to
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135:" debate and the need to develop responsible policies and economic instruments to ensure
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1840:. Secretariat of the Environment, Government of the State of SĂŁo Paulo. Archived from
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828:. If no indirect injection is present, the engine hence needs to be fitted with this.
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1902:. conducted by Franklin Associates, a Division of Eastern Research Group. August 2013
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1866:"Carbon and Sustainability Reporting Within the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation"
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438:. When only a 10% mixture of ethanol is added to gasoline (as is common in American
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2272:"If a Tree Falls in the Forest, Are Biofuels To Blame? It's Not Easy Being Green"
725:. The U.S. biofuel industry also reacted, claiming in a public letter, that the "
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2485:"U.N. raises possible negative impact of biofuels on environment, food security"
1020:"As Biofuels Catch On, Next Task Is to Deal With Environmental, Economic Impact"
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Many aldehydes are toxic to living cells. Formaldehyde irreversibly cross-links
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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
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are social, economic, environmental and technical problems that may arise from
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643:. A carbon negative aim is achieved when a portion of the biomass is used for
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2242:"Executive Summary: Understanding Land Use Change and U.S. Ethanol Expansion"
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Originally published online in Science Express on 7 February 2008, available
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The Impact of US Biofuel Policies on Agricultural Price Levels and Volatility
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The Searchinger and Fargione studies gained prominent attention in both the
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1244:"A review of the literature on biofuels and food security at a local level"
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403:), Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas (all of which draw water from the non-renewable
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Macedo Isaias, M. Lima Verde Leal and J. Azevedo Ramos da Silva (2004).
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Towards sustainable production and use of resources: Assessing Biofuels
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Global Trade and Environmental Impact Study of the EU Biofuels Mandate
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1359:"Once a Dream Fuel, Palm Oil May Be an Eco-Nightmare - New York Times"
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and the Bank Sarasin, which generally remain negative about biofuels.
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1680:"Updated Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Results of Fuel Ethanol"
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For more detail see also the Notes 27 and 28 for Chapter 4, pp. 272
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Friends of the Earth, Oxfam, ... preferring jatropha over palm oil
1995:
Originally published online in Science Express on 7 February 2008.
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Oliver R. Inderwildi; David A. King (2009). "Quo Vadis Biofuels".
1217:"Global responsibility of food, energy and environmental security"
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has labeled Formaldehyde as a probable cause of cancer in humans.
374:, a low-temperature charcoal used as a soil amendment to increase
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Issues Associated with the Use of Higher Ethanol Blends (E17-E24)
1473:
The Economist, March 1, 2008, Ethanol and water: don't mix, p. 36
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Governmental (OECD) organizations against unsustainable biofuels
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849:, and some other smaller environmental and social groups as the
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Searchinger study is clearly a "worst-case scenario" analysis...
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IPCC's Mitigation of Climate Change report negative on biofuels
1726:. Prairie Oak Publishing, Maryville, Missouri. pp. 40–41.
658:) produced by biofuels are calculated using a technique called
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Environmental organizations against non-sustainable biofuels 2
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Environmental organizations against non-sustainable biofuels 1
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29:
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by the International Food Policy Institute (IFPRI) March 2010
1114:"Biofuels are not to blame for high food prices, study finds"
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2734:. World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development
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April 7, 2008 print edition entitled "The Clean Energy Myth"
1871:. Department of Transport (UK). January 2008. Archived from
1304:
Rabalais, N. N; Turner, R. E; Diaz, R. J; Justic, D (2009).
820:. Diesel engines can run on the latter fuels, as well as on
131:
production and use. Social and economic issues include the "
3253:
2743:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Spectrum
1552:
CDC tests confirm FEMA units are toxic - Life - nbcnews.com
1454:
Eco-World. Ed Ring:Is bio-fuel water positive? June 4, 2007
842:
731:
relies on a long series of highly subjective assumptions...
2497:
203:
According to Francisco Blanch, a commodity strategist for
482:
Brazil burns significant amounts of ethanol biofuel. Gas
331:
or most other biofuel feedstock crops do) contributes to
2403:"Statement in Response to Science Articles on Biofuels"
1921:"The Economic Benefits of the Pine Chemicals Industry"
2706:
Agrofuels — towards a reality check in nine key areas
1722:
Goettemoeller, Jeffrey; Adrian Goettemoeller (2007).
1384:"The Cost of the Biofuel Boom on Indonesia's Forests"
2297:"Letter to Science about Searchinger et al. article"
2215:"The Biofuel Debate: Good, Bad or Too Soon to Tell?"
1306:"Global change and eutrophication of coastal waters"
358:). Demand for biofuel has led to clearing land for
27:
Social, economic, environmental and technical issues
3825:
3765:
3718:
3685:
3619:
3612:
3547:
3501:
3431:
3350:
3291:
3177:
3109:
3025:
2916:
2792:
2536:
Biofuels — Transporting Us to a Fossil-Free Future?
812:. Minor modifications are however needed to run on
407:), central Illinois (where water is drawn from the
1748:
2434:"Friends of the Earth: Fueling or Fooling Europe"
1626:Harvard College Review of Environment and Society
1485:http://find.galegroup.com/gps/start.do?prodId=IPS
1042:
1040:
982:2016-05-13 at the Portuguese Web Archive, 2009,
3117:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
2361:Keith L. Kline; Virginia H. Dale (2008-07-11).
1751:Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability
512:per gallon for E10 ethanol and 1.34 kg CO
3269:
2770:
8:
3738:Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange
1251:London: Overseas Development Institute (ODI)
954:Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels
639:levels, reducing the human contributions to
3898:Environmental impact of the energy industry
3812:Social and environmental impact of palm oil
2008:"Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt"
1926:. American Chemistry Council. December 2011
1283:Biofuels, Agriculture and Poverty Reduction
944:Social and environmental impact of palm oil
775:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
714:. Another criticism by Kline and Dale from
3616:
3276:
3262:
3254:
2777:
2763:
2755:
2680:Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels website
2240:Renewable Fuels Association (2008-11-08).
1266:Leturque, Henri and Wiggins, Steve (2009)
530:per gallon consumed (U.S. D.O.E., 2011a).
3122:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
2470:"Move Over, Gasoline: Here Come Biofuels"
1971:
1747:Sperling, Daniel; Deborah Gordon (2009).
1321:
1215:Popp, Jozsef (2009). Popp, Jozsef (ed.).
1076:
1074:
795:Learn how and when to remove this message
112:Learn how and when to remove this message
2474:June 19, 2007 Retrieved November 8, 2008
2441:February 2008 Retrieved November 8, 2008
1708:International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels
686:concluded that once considered indirect
671:, or additional carbon emissions due to
543:
370:, the process can be used to co-produce
1262:
1260:
969:
508:per gallon, compared to 8.02 kg CO
259:and the net cost of food for the poor.
2617:Zero Carbon Environmental Organization
2085:"Better biofuels before more biofuels"
1685:. Center for Transportation Research,
1537:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1530:
678:A paper published in February 2008 in
2741:- by Deepak Divan, Frank Kreikebaum,
1620:
1618:
1616:
1210:
1208:
1140:"Will biofuel leave the poor hungry?"
1047:Quaiattini, Gordon (April 25, 2008).
319:of mature trees (which help remove CO
7:
3817:Vegetable oils as alternative energy
3190:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
2459:July 2007 Retrieved November 8, 2008
2452:"WWF Position on Biofuels in the EU"
2363:"Biofuels: Effects on Land and Fire"
2295:Michael Wang; Zia Haq (2008-03-14).
2006:Fargione; et al. (2008-02-29).
988:United Nations Environment Programme
773:adding citations to reliable sources
496:Energy efficiency and energy balance
209:Canadian Renewable Fuels Association
2732:Biofuels: The Promise and the Risks
2083:Alexander E. Farrell (2008-02-13).
1357:Rosenthal, Elisabeth (2007-01-31).
1049:"Biofuels are part of the solution"
3753:Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil
3733:Federal Land Development Authority
2721:Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels
2334:Timothy Searchinger (2008-08-12).
1808:Energy & Environmental Science
1268:Biofuels: Could the South benefit?
902:Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels
682:by a team led by Searchinger from
25:
3797:Environmental impact of biodiesel
1221:Studies in Agricultural Economics
467:has banned products that contain
306:Environmental impact of biodiesel
3856:
3855:
3238:
3237:
1628:. N.p., 2016. Web. 26 Nov. 2016.
1382:Knudson, Tom (21 January 2009).
1340:, Random House, New York (1981)
1186:Michael Grundwald (2008-03-27).
949:Environmental issues with energy
939:Environmental impact of aviation
745:
70:
34:
2138:Michael Grunwald (2008-03-27).
1336:Paul Ehrlich and Anne Ehrlich,
1190:. Time Magazine. Archived from
1099:"Even the U.N. Hates Ethanol."
647:. Calculating exactly how much
547:Description (CASE) ('000 US$ )
477:Environmental Protection Agency
434:are produced when alcohols are
3780:Certified sustainable palm oil
1310:ICES Journal of Marine Science
1293:Overseas Development Institute
1272:Overseas Development Institute
1164:. Farm Futures. Archived from
559:Developing Nation (1G) CASE D
553:Developing Nation (2G) CASE B
350:, and a reduction of valuable
311:Soil erosion and deforestation
278:Sustainable biofuel production
248:Overseas Development Institute
1:
3743:Malaysia Derivatives Exchange
2213:Tom Zeller Jr. (2008-11-03).
1653:"Energy and Carbon Symposium"
1607:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00136-4
716:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
556:Developed Nation (1G) CASE C
550:Developed Nation (2G) CASE A
2739:Biofuels Aren't Really Green
2270:Stephen Power (2008-11-11).
2181:"The Debate on Clean Energy"
1162:"The Biofuel Smear Campaign"
984:International Resource Panel
959:List of environmental issues
623:Biofuels and other forms of
168:International Resource Panel
3807:Issues relating to biofuels
3220:Issues relating to biofuels
3210:Energy return on investment
2304:Argonne National Laboratory
2110:"The Trouble With Biofuels"
1687:Argonne National Laboratory
1459:September 24, 2008, at the
874:hydrogen and compressed air
870:internal combustion engines
190:International Energy Agency
179:Social and economic effects
3914:
3785:Deforestation by continent
3775:Biofuel policy of Malaysia
3662:Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad
3421:Bursaphelenchus cocophilus
2668:Malaysian Palm Oil Council
2108:Bryan Walsh (2008-02-14).
1788:Concawe European WTW study
1160:Mike Wilson (2008-02-08).
1138:Maggie Ayre (2007-10-03).
909:to generate electricity).
892:, including ethanol fuel.
475:characteristics. The U.S.
303:
281:
218:
125:Issues relating to biofuel
3851:
3233:
3195:Energy content of biofuel
1002:World Energy Outlook 2006
920:, the principal cause of
907:coal-fired power stations
673:indirect land use changes
386:Effect on water resources
43:This article needs to be
3748:Malaysian Palm Oil Board
3169:Thermal depolymerization
3142:Industrial biotechnology
1568:August 19, 2008, at the
471:, due to its documented
157:indirect land use change
3137:Fischer–Tropsch process
3127:Biomass heating systems
2179:Joe Jobe (2008-04-10).
2140:"The Clean Energy Scam"
2089:San Francisco Chronicle
2034:10.1126/science.1152747
1973:10.1126/science.1151861
1757:Oxford University Press
1710:, San Diego, California
1587:Atmospheric Environment
1188:"The Clean Energy Scam"
729:" and that this study "
290:cellulosic technologies
3392:Rhynchophorus palmarum
1706:Presented at the 15th
1404:"Terra Preta Web Site"
1323:10.1093/icesjms/fsp047
1229:10.22004/ag.econ.52193
697:The Nature Conservancy
654:The carbon emissions (
215:"Food vs. fuel" debate
3380:Little leaf syndrome
3376:Cadang-cadang disease
2648:"A guide to Bonsucro"
2160:This article was the
1759:, New York. pp.
1413:). Extract available
692:life cycle assessment
598:Return on Investment
300:Environmental effects
3790:Southeast Asian haze
3677:Wilmar International
3509:Biodiesel production
3399:Oil palm bunch moth
1103:, 14 June 2011, A14.
882:sustainable biofuels
838:Friends of the Earth
769:improve this section
684:Princeton University
645:carbon sequestration
354:(both on land as in
195:World Energy Outlook
184:Oil price moderation
3893:Biofuels technology
3686:Buyers / processors
3642:Equatorial Palm Oil
3539:Transesterification
3369:Ganoderma orbiforme
3225:Sustainable biofuel
2517:Biofuels no panacea
2276:Wall Street Journal
2120:on November 3, 2012
2026:2008Sci...319.1235F
2020:(5867): 1235–1238.
1964:2008Sci...319.1238S
1958:(5867): 1238–1240.
1599:2001AtmEn..35.3075N
1168:on February 9, 2008
1101:Wall Street Journal
1008:. IEA. p. 596.
708:scientific journals
660:Life Cycle Analysis
446:in emissions laws.
376:soil organic matter
327:— much better than
284:Sustainable biofuel
246:Researchers at the
137:sustainable biofuel
3637:Carson Cumberbatch
3582:Girl Scout Cookies
3577:Cellulosic ethanol
3418:Red ring disease (
3411:Tirathaba rufivena
3404:Tirathaba mundella
3385:Oryctes rhinoceros
2622:2008-08-20 at the
2603:2008-08-30 at the
2541:2008-09-15 at the
2522:2008-04-10 at the
2503:2008-12-19 at the
2370:Letters to Science
2068:2010-10-29 at the
1793:2008-02-07 at the
1642:2021-09-13 at the
1581:Nguyen, H (2001).
1420:2008-11-22 at the
1409:2005-10-25 at the
1363:The New York Times
1288:2010-03-02 at the
1086:2017-08-10 at the
1059:on January 2, 2013
826:indirect injection
581:Net Present Value
534:Economic viability
3880:
3879:
3766:Policies, impacts
3761:
3760:
3514:Fat hydrogenation
3251:
3250:
3164:Sabatier reaction
2191:on April 15, 2008
2150:on March 30, 2008
1770:978-0-19-537664-7
1733:978-0-9786293-0-4
1430:10.1098/rstb.2006
1194:on March 30, 2008
805:
804:
797:
669:nitrogen fixation
614:
613:
564:Operating Profit
411:) and Minnesota.
268:poverty reduction
242:Poverty reduction
145:biodiversity loss
122:
121:
114:
64:
63:
18:Aquaflow Bionomic
16:(Redirected from
3905:
3859:
3858:
3721:non-governmental
3617:
3366:Basal stem rot (
3278:
3271:
3264:
3255:
3241:
3240:
3085:Pongamia pinnata
2779:
2772:
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2756:
2709:
2703:
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2671:
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2440:
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2430:
2424:
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2421:
2420:
2414:
2408:. Archived from
2407:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2372:. Archived from
2367:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2306:. Archived from
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2292:
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2267:
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2258:
2257:
2246:
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2210:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2187:. Archived from
2176:
2170:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2146:. Archived from
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2116:. Archived from
2105:
2099:
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2096:
2095:
2080:
2074:
2059:
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2003:
1997:
1993:
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1820:10.1039/b822951c
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1797:
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1779:
1774:
1754:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1689:. Archived from
1684:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1655:. Archived from
1635:
1629:
1622:
1611:
1610:
1578:
1572:
1560:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1513:. Archived from
1512:
1504:
1498:
1493:
1487:
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1471:
1465:
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1439:
1433:
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1173:
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1150:
1148:
1147:
1135:
1129:
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1126:
1125:
1116:. Archived from
1110:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1055:. Archived from
1044:
1035:
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1032:
1031:
1022:. Archived from
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
999:various (2006).
996:
990:
974:
800:
793:
789:
786:
780:
749:
741:
688:land use changes
656:carbon footprint
625:renewable energy
619:Carbon emissions
544:
491:Technical issues
405:Ogallala Aquifer
346:levels, loss of
163:and efficiency.
153:carbon emissions
117:
110:
106:
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97:
74:
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66:
59:
56:
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3229:
3205:Energy forestry
3173:
3105:
3067:Jatropha curcas
3028:
3021:
2929:Camelina sativa
2919:
2912:
2788:
2783:
2745:, November 2009
2717:
2712:
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2678:
2674:
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2646:
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2624:Wayback Machine
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2416:
2415:on 27 July 2008
2412:
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2396:
2390:Science Vol 321
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2077:
2070:Wayback Machine
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1508:"Archived copy"
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722:land-use change
690:effects in the
633:carbon negative
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409:Mahomet Aquifer
388:
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118:
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3534:Saponification
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3056:Chinese tallow
3053:
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3014:
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3004:
2999:
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2903:Water hyacinth
2900:
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2715:External links
2713:
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2609:
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2584:2008-01-19 at
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2472:. 5 June 2019.
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1936:
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1678:Michael Wang.
1670:
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1316:(7): 1528–37.
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951:
946:
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896:marine algae.
862:lignocellulose
833:
830:
822:vegetable oils
803:
802:
753:
751:
744:
738:
735:
649:greenhouse gas
641:global warming
637:carbon dioxide
629:carbon neutral
620:
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612:
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465:European Union
420:
417:
387:
384:
344:greenhouse gas
340:global warming
325:photosynthesis
320:
312:
309:
301:
298:
282:Main article:
279:
276:
266:as a route to
243:
240:
219:Main article:
216:
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161:energy balance
120:
119:
83:citation style
78:
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3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Food vs. fuel
3800:
3798:
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3781:
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3728:FELCRA Berhad
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3625:
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3622:
3618:
3615:
3613:Organisations
3611:
3603:
3600:
3598:
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3594:
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3592:Vegetable oil
3590:
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3587:Oleochemicals
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3519:Fractionation
3517:
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3507:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:palmitic acid
3479:
3477:
3474:
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3471:myristic acid
3469:
3467:
3466:linoleic acid
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
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3259:
3256:
3244:
3236:
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3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Food vs. fuel
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
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3198:
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2858:
2857:vegetable oil
2855:
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2586:archive.today
2583:
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2426:
2411:
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2398:
2395:
2391:
2379:on 2008-12-04
2375:
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2343:
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2327:
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2313:on 2013-02-15
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2190:
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2185:Time Magazine
2182:
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2149:
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2144:Time Magazine
2141:
2134:
2131:
2119:
2115:
2114:Time Magazine
2111:
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2090:
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2051:
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2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1999:
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1991:
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1983:
1979:
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1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1878:on 2008-06-25
1874:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1847:on 2008-05-28
1843:
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1711:
1709:
1696:on 2013-02-15
1692:
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1659:on 2004-03-13
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1520:on 2008-08-19
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1346:0-394-51312-6
1343:
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1242:Locke, Anna.
1238:
1235:
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1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1179:
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1141:
1134:
1131:
1120:on 2009-01-06
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1089:
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1077:
1075:
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1037:
1026:on 2011-07-25
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1021:
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764:
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759:
754:This section
752:
748:
743:
742:
737:Engine design
736:
734:
732:
728:
724:
723:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:popular media
700:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:Sciencexpress
676:
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664:well-to-wheel
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546:
545:
542:
540:
533:
531:
503:
502:GHG emissions
495:
490:
488:
485:
484:chromatograph
480:
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474:
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466:
461:
459:
455:
452:
447:
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429:
425:
418:
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412:
410:
406:
402:
401:Ozark Aquifer
396:
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318:
317:deforestation
310:
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205:Merrill Lynch
201:
198:
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183:
178:
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146:
142:
141:deforestation
138:
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79:This article
77:
68:
67:
58:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3867:
3860:
3806:
3652:FGV Holdings
3647:Feronia Inc.
3486:stearic acid
3419:
3409:
3402:
3390:
3383:
3367:
3362:Bagworm moth
3352:Diseases and
3337:
3332:E. guineesis
3330:
3323:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3219:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3048:
3044:Big bluestem
3036:
3029:energy crops
2984:
2927:
2742:
2731:
2730:World Bank,
2724:
2701:
2692:
2687:
2675:
2663:
2652:. Retrieved
2642:
2631:
2612:
2593:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2531:
2512:
2493:
2479:
2464:
2446:
2428:
2417:. Retrieved
2410:the original
2397:
2389:
2381:. Retrieved
2374:the original
2356:
2345:. Retrieved
2339:
2329:
2322:
2315:. Retrieved
2308:the original
2290:
2279:. Retrieved
2265:
2254:. Retrieved
2248:
2235:
2224:. Retrieved
2218:
2208:
2200:
2193:. Retrieved
2189:the original
2174:
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2148:the original
2133:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:the original
2103:
2092:. Retrieved
2078:
2060:
2053:. Retrieved
2017:
2011:
2001:
1994:
1955:
1949:
1939:
1928:. Retrieved
1915:
1904:. Retrieved
1894:
1887:
1880:. Retrieved
1873:the original
1860:
1849:. Retrieved
1842:the original
1828:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1783:
1775:
1750:
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1717:
1705:
1698:. Retrieved
1691:the original
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1657:the original
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1586:
1576:
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1522:. Retrieved
1515:the original
1502:
1491:
1478:
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1437:
1396:
1387:
1377:
1366:. Retrieved
1362:
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1309:
1299:
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1220:
1196:. Retrieved
1192:the original
1181:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:the original
1155:
1144:. Retrieved
1133:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:the original
1108:
1100:
1095:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:the original
1028:. Retrieved
1024:the original
1014:
1001:
994:
972:
915:
911:
901:
898:
894:
878:
855:
835:
806:
791:
782:
767:Please help
755:
730:
726:
719:
701:
677:
653:
622:
615:
541:
537:
499:
481:
473:carcinogenic
469:Formaldehyde
462:
448:
428:acetaldehyde
424:Formaldehyde
422:
413:
397:
393:
389:
381:
364:
352:biodiversity
342:atmospheric
333:soil erosion
315:Large-scale
314:
287:
261:
245:
226:Food vs fuel
225:
224:
221:Food vs fuel
202:
193:
187:
165:
149:soil erosion
133:food vs fuel
124:
123:
108:
99:
80:
52:
44:
3768:and debates
3572:Bioplastics
3449:lauric acid
3444:Palm kernel
3339:E. oleifera
3316:A. speciosa
3200:Energy crop
3147:Pellet fuel
3132:Biorefinery
3096:Switchgrass
2940:Coconut oil
2918:Energy from
2852:Cooking oil
2837:Biogasoline
2812:Babassu oil
2162:cover story
1063:October 12,
818:biomethanol
587:-1,011,217
570:-1,176,017
454:amino acids
337:sustainable
294:sustainable
264:agriculture
230:food supply
3887:Categories
3869:by country
3826:By country
3667:Sime Darby
3524:Hydrolysis
3476:oleic acid
3432:Components
3110:Technology
3091:Salicornia
3074:Miscanthus
2997:Sugar beet
2869:cellulosic
2842:Bioliquids
2822:Biobutanol
2654:2014-08-24
2650:. Bonsucro
2419:2009-06-11
2383:2009-06-11
2347:2009-06-07
2317:2009-06-07
2281:2009-06-07
2256:2009-06-07
2226:2009-06-07
2195:2009-06-07
2154:2009-06-07
2124:2009-06-07
2094:2009-06-07
2055:2009-06-09
1930:2014-07-03
1906:2014-07-03
1882:2008-11-30
1851:2008-05-09
1814:(4): 343.
1700:2009-06-07
1663:2008-09-09
1524:2008-09-09
1368:2010-05-05
1338:Extinction
1198:2008-04-28
1172:2008-04-28
1146:2008-04-28
1142:. BBC News
1124:2009-01-20
1030:2008-09-09
965:References
890:sugar cane
814:bioethanol
810:biobutanol
785:April 2023
627:aim to be
430:and other
329:sugar cane
304:See also:
252:employment
94:footnoting
55:March 2024
3838:Indonesia
3698:GreenPalm
3657:IOI Group
3620:Producers
3560:by region
3555:Biodiesel
3502:Processes
3309:A. maripa
3293:Oil palms
3185:Agflation
3078:giganteus
3007:Sunflower
3002:Sugarcane
2920:foodstock
2827:Biodiesel
2786:Bioenergy
2050:206510225
1390:. London.
934:Agflation
832:Campaigns
756:does not
458:mutagenic
432:aldehydes
419:Pollution
272:biodiesel
102:July 2023
3862:Category
3843:Malaysia
3833:Colombia
3710:Unilever
3548:Products
3461:Palm oil
3439:Mesocarp
3285:Palm oil
3243:Category
3178:Concepts
3061:Duckweed
3050:Camelina
3027:Non-food
2975:Rapeseed
2965:Palm oil
2908:Wood gas
2881:Methanol
2874:mixtures
2794:Biofuels
2693:BBC News
2620:Archived
2601:Archived
2582:Archived
2539:Archived
2520:Archived
2501:Archived
2066:Archived
2042:18258862
1990:52810681
1982:18258860
1791:Archived
1648:pedology
1640:Archived
1566:Archived
1533:cite web
1457:Archived
1418:Archived
1407:Archived
1388:Guardian
1286:Archived
1270:London:
1084:Archived
980:Archived
928:See also
886:Bonsucro
872:such as
866:palm oil
858:jatropha
631:or even
584:100,690
576:-91,300
573:166,952
567:209,313
436:oxidized
360:palm oil
323:through
254:, wider
90:citation
3632:Cargill
3597:cooking
3529:Milling
3491:stearin
3302:Attalea
2992:Soybean
2986:Sorghum
2935:Cassava
2864:Ethanol
2847:Biomass
2817:Bagasse
2802:Alcohol
2341:Science
2164:of the
2022:Bibcode
2013:Science
1960:Bibcode
1951:Science
1595:Bibcode
777:removed
762:sources
712:Science
706:and in
593:39,224
590:40,982
451:protein
443:gasohol
372:biochar
348:habitat
235:ethanol
129:biofuel
45:updated
3325:Elaeis
3038:Arundo
2970:Potato
2886:Stover
2832:Biogas
2526:(PDF).
2048:
2040:
1988:
1980:
1767:
1730:
1344:
845:, the
368:syngas
356:oceans
3705:Neste
3565:Neste
3354:pests
3157:stove
3012:Wheat
2955:Maize
2945:Grape
2898:Straw
2807:Algae
2455:(PDF)
2437:(PDF)
2413:(PDF)
2406:(PDF)
2377:(PDF)
2366:(PDF)
2311:(PDF)
2300:(PDF)
2245:(PDF)
2046:S2CID
1986:S2CID
1924:(PDF)
1876:(PDF)
1869:(PDF)
1845:(PDF)
1838:(PDF)
1761:98–99
1694:(PDF)
1683:(PDF)
1518:(PDF)
1511:(PDF)
1247:(PDF)
1006:(PDF)
864:over
610:0.73
607:1.17
604:0.32
601:1.41
335:, un-
292:, is
3602:fuel
3152:mill
3101:Wood
2980:Rice
2950:Hemp
2891:corn
2063:here
2038:PMID
1978:PMID
1765:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1539:link
1415:here
1342:ISBN
1065:2012
922:smog
860:and
847:IPCC
760:any
758:cite
463:The
197:2006
188:The
166:The
147:and
92:and
3693:AAK
3454:oil
3017:Yam
2960:Oat
2030:doi
2018:319
1968:doi
1956:319
1816:doi
1603:doi
1426:doi
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