575:. For example, the death of the only fish in a 10-litre (2.2 imp gal; 2.6 US gal) tank causes dramatic changes in the system, while the death of that same fish in a 400-litre (88 imp gal; 110 US gal) tank that holds many fish may create only a minor imbalance. For this reason, hobbyists often favor larger tanks whenever possible, as they require less intensive attention. This same concept extends to the filtration system as well, external (outside of the tank) systems in particular. Generally speaking, the larger the filtration system depending on its configuration, the more capable it will be of properly maintaining an aquatic environment. External filtration systems provide the added benefit of increasing the overall volume of water and its dilution effect. For example, a 190-litre (42 imp gal; 50 US gal) aquarium with an external filter that holds 40 litres (8.8 imp gal; 11 US gal) creates a 230-litre (51 imp gal; 61 US gal) aquatic system, an increase of over twenty percent.
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part of the nitrogen cycle. Ammonia is produced from fish waste and uneaten food, after this is created it is broken down into nitrites by beneficial bacteria that is present in a properly cycled aquarium. Nitrites are then further broken down into the less toxic nitrates which can be absorbed by aquarium plants and nitrates absorbing filter media. Aquarists also use water changes as a way to keep these toxins under control by removing water from the aquarium and vacuuming fish waste and food from the gravel and replacing it with fresh, treated water.
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1206:, in particular, have often been kept in small bowls or aquaria that are too small for their needs. In some cases, fish have been installed in all sorts of inappropriate objects such as the "AquaBabies Micro Aquaria", "Bubble Gear Bubble Bag", and "Betta in a Vase", all of which house live fish in unfiltered and insufficient water. The last is sometimes marketed as a complete ecosystem because a plant is included in the neck of the vase. Some sellers say the fish eat the plant roots. However,
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essential to look out for the key signs of ammonia stress. These include a lack of movement and appetite, inflammation and redness of the gills, fins, and body, and occasionally gasping for air at the water's surface. The latter can also be attributed to poor aeration, which can be negated by the inclusion of an air pump or spray bar in the setup.
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1391:, fishing for food, and climate change, it is a booming trade and may be a serious problem in specific locations such as the Philippines and Indonesia where most collecting is done. Catching fish in the wild can reduce their population sizes, placing them in danger of extinction in collecting areas, as has been observed with the
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have slowly improved. Captive breeding for aquaria is concentrated in southern
Florida, Singapore, Hong Kong and Bangkok, with smaller industries in Hawaii and Sri Lanka. Captive breeding of marine organisms has been in development since the mid-1990s. Breeding for freshwater species is more advanced
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concern environmentalists and hobbyists alike. There has been a concerted movement to captive breeding and certification programs for wild-caught fish. Two thirds of
American marine aquarists surveyed in 1997 preferred farmed coral and over 80% think that only sustainably caught or farmed fish should
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can process waste. Aquarists apply rules of thumb estimating appropriate population size; the examples below are for small freshwater fish. Larger freshwater fish and most marine fishes need much more generous allowances. Some aquarists claim that increasing water depth beyond some relatively shallow
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were exported from Manaus, Brazil; Bangkok, Thailand; Jakarta, Indonesia; the
Netherlands Antilles; Kolkata, India; and other tropical countries. Import of wild fish, plants, and invertebrates for aquaria continues today around the world. Many species have not been successfully bred in captivity. In
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The capacity can be improved by surface movement and water circulation such as through aeration, which not only improves oxygen exchange but also the decomposition of waste materials. Capacity can also be increased with the addition of external filtration which increases the total volume of water in
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Experienced aquarists warn against mechanically applying these rules because they do not consider other important issues such as growth rate, activity level, social behavior, and such. Once the tank nears capacity, the best practice is to add the remaining fish over a period of time while monitoring
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is to flush mechanical filters using compatible water to dislodge organic materials while preserving bacteria populations. Another safe practice involves cleaning only one-half of the filter media every time the filter or filters are serviced to allow the remaining bacteria to repopulate the cleaned
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to fish and other aquarium inhabitants above a certain concentration. Ammonia is toxic to fish and other aquatic life in large quantities and that is why many fish keepers purchase testing kits to monitor the levels of ammonia in their water as well as monitoring nitrites and nitrates which are also
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of comparable size. The presence of waste materials presents itself as a variable as well. Decomposition consumes oxygen, reducing the amount available for fish. Oxygen dissolves less readily in warmer water, while warmer water temperature increase fish activity levels, which in turn consume more
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fish and invertebrates are wild-caught. Freshwater fish habitats are threatened by habitat erosion from pollution, dams and hydropower, commercial fishing, climate change, the introduction of invasive species and disease. The few marine species bred in captivity supplement but rarely replace the
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are controversial. Blood parrot cichlids in particular have a very unnatural shape that prevents them from swimming properly and makes it difficult for them to engage in normal feeding and social behaviors. The biggest concern with hybrids is that they may be bred with native species, making it
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Adding too many fish too quickly or failing to allow enough time for the bacteria colony to establish itself in the filter media can lead to ammonia stress. This is not always fatal but can result in the death of aquarium fish. A few days after adding hardy fish for the cycling process, it is
267:) in 1869, and later more species. A pioneer of tropical fish breeding, Carbonnier was awarded the Gold Medal of the Imperial French Acclimatization Society in 1875 for research and breeding of exotic freshwater aquarium fish, and for his success in introducing exotic fish species to France.
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that fish use to regulate their buoyancy, which enabled divers to rapidly surface and prohibiting "starving" the fish which permitted smaller shipping bags without killing the fish with their own waste. The measure also requires that shippers file mortality reports on the animals they ship.
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is a poison that stuns and immobilizes fish. Fishermen put cyanide in the ocean to ease the process of netting fish. It can irreversibly damage or kill the target fish, as well as other fish, mammals, reptiles or invertebrates that are left behind. Some wholesalers advertise that they avoid
1177:. Given 91.9 million total US households in 1990, 9.7 million are fishkeepers. 8.8 fish per household implies a total aquarium fish population of approximately 85.7 million, suggesting that the US aquarium fish population turns over more than 2.3 times per year, counting only imported fish.
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Fish are sometimes maintained in inadequate conditions by inexperienced aquarists who often keep too many fish in one tank, or add fish too quickly into an immature aquarium, killing many of them. This has given the hobby a bad reputation among some animal welfare groups, such as
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Fish have been raised as food in pools and ponds for thousands of years. Brightly colored or tame specimens of fish in these pools have sometimes been valued as pets rather than food. Many cultures, ancient and modern, have kept fish for both functional and decorative purposes.
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species. Freshwater fish accounted for approximately 96% of the total volume and 80% of the total import value. Only 32 species had import values over $ 10,000. The top species were freshwater and accounted for 58% of the total imported value. The top imported species are the
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wept when a favored specimen died. Rather cynically, he referred to these ancient fishkeepers as the
Piscinarii, the "fish-pond owners" or "fish breeders", for example when saying that "the rich (I mean your friends the fish-breeders) did not disguise their jealousy of me".
990:, filling in for the bacteria work until their number increases. Anecdotal reports indicate that such plants can consume nitrogenous waste so efficiently that the ammonia and nitrite spikes that occur in more traditional cycling methods are greatly reduced or undetectable.
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that encourages fishermen to maintain the integrity and diversity of the natural habitat: more and better fish can be exported from pristine habitats than those that have been polluted or over-harvested. However, this has not been the case in similar industries such as
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have more specific needs and requirements to maintain, and the livestock is generally more expensive. As a result, this branch tends to attract more experienced fishkeepers. Marine aquaria can be exceedingly beautiful, due to the attractive colors and shapes of the
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and Japan. Singapore, Thailand, the
Philippines, Hong Kong, and Indonesia were the top five exporting nations. South America was the second largest exporting region, accounting for 14% of the total annual value. Colombia, Brazil, and Peru were the major suppliers.
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Although called the nitrogen "cycle" by hobbyists, in aquaria the cycle is not complete: nitrogen must be added (usually indirectly through food) and nitrates must be removed at the end. Nitrogen bound up in plant matter is removed when the plant grows too large.
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New aquaria often have problems associated with the nitrogen cycle due to insufficient beneficial bacteria, which is known as "New Tank
Syndrome". Therefore, new tanks have to mature before stocking them with fish. There are three basic approaches to this: the
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Aquaculture can help in lessening the impacts on wild stocks, either by using cultivated organisms for sale or by releasing them to replenish wild stocks. Breeding programs help preserve species that have become rare or extinct in the wild, most notably the
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are among the most popular aquarium denizens. Cold water aquaria maintain temperatures below the room temperature. More important than the range is temperature consistency; most organisms are not accustomed to sudden changes in temperatures, which can cause
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Azevedo-Santos, V.M.; Pelicice, F.M.; Lima-Junior, D.P.; Magalhães, A.L.B.; Orsi, M.L.; Vitule, J. R. S. & A.A. Agostinho, 2015. How to avoid fish introductions in Brazil: education and information as alternatives. Natureza & Conservação, in
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are likely to become increasingly available, particularly in the United States and Asia. Although GloFish are unharmed by their genetic modifications, they remain illegal in many places, including the
European Union, though at least some have been
1042:. The population of nitrifying bacteria is limited by the available physical space which includes all surfaces in the aquarium such as the inner facing sides and the surface of rock substrate and any objects such as large rocks or pieces of wood.
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they host. Temperate zone marine fish are not as commonly kept in home aquaria, primarily because they do not thrive at room temperature. Coldwater aquaria must provide cooler temperature via a cool room (such as an unheated basement) or using a
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drinking water supplies for human consumption, tap water cannot be immediately used. In the past, it was possible to "condition" the water by simply letting the water stand for a day or two, which allows the chlorine to dissipate. However,
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Marine fish are typically less resilient during transport than freshwater fish with relatively large numbers of them dying before they reach the aquarist. Although the aquarium trade is viewed as a minor threat to coral reefs compared to
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to adopt humane practices for preparing fish for transport to market. The regulations control harvesting and shipping practices, including prohibiting clipping the fins on fish to protect the plastic shipping bags, outlawing puncturing
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Fishkeepers are often known as "aquarists" since many of them are not solely interested in keeping fish. The hobby can be broadly divided into three specific disciplines, depending on the type of water the fish originate from:
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because it stays longer in the water. Additives are available to remove chlorine or chloramine and suffice to make the water ready. Brackish or saltwater aquaria require the addition of a mixture of salts and other minerals.
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found that 10.6% of U.S. households owned ornamental freshwater or saltwater fish, with an average of 8.8 fish per household. In 2002, census data indicated that aquarium products and fishing accounted for US$ 684 million.
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Biological loading is a measure of the burden placed on the aquarium ecosystem by its living inhabitants. Higher biological loading represents a more complicated ecology, which makes equilibrium easier to imbalance. The
713:. In contrast, public aquaria with large water needs often locate themselves near a natural water source (such as a river, lake, or ocean) in order to have easy access to water that requires only minimal treatment.
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be traded. Annually, 30 million fish from over 1,400 species are traded, with approximately 16 million imported into the United States. This trade has an estimated global value of over $ 800 million in 2002.
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Captive breeding has reduced prices for hobbyists, but cultured animals remain more expensive. Selective breeding has also led to wider intra–species variation, creating more diverse commercial stocks.
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are especially important for studies on learning, mating, and social behavior. Hobbyists also keep and observe many fishes not otherwise studied, and thereby provide valuable ecological and behavioral data.
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Historically, fish and plants for the first modern aquaria were gathered from the wild and transported (usually by ship) to
Europea and America. During the early 20th century many species of small colorful
728:. Most fish and plant species tolerate only a limited range of water temperatures: Tropical or warm water aquaria maintain an average temperature of about 25 °C (77 °F) are much more common, and
906:. While very small amounts of rotting foliage may be allowed to decompose and cycle nitrogen back into a planted aquarium, in practice aquarists will prune and remove substantial amounts of plant litter.
506:, and do not thrive if kept permanently in freshwater. Although brackish water aquaria are not necessarily familiar to inexperienced aquarists, many species prefer brackish water, including some
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is traditional in many parts of the world but has been criticized by aquarists and activists as cruel and irresponsible. The United
Kingdom outlawed live-animal prizes such as goldfish in 2004.
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can seriously disrupt their new homes by preying on, or competing with, native species. Many marine fish have also been introduced into non-native waters, disrupting the local habitat.
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Fish are caught by net, trap, or cyanide. Collecting expeditions can be lengthy and costly, and are not always successful. Fish can also be injured during collection and/or shipping;
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that mass contrasting stem plants, named for
European aquarists who first designed them. In recent years, one of the most active advocates of the heavily planted aquarium was the
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The largest bacterial populations inhabit the filter; efficient filtration is vital. Sometimes, simply cleaning the filter is enough to seriously disturb the aquarium's balance.
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floating in the water. Additional nitrogen and other nutrients are also made available for root uptake by decomposing organic matter in the substrate as well as the breakdown of
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and need live food or pellet foods. They cannot survive on plant roots. Another problem is that the plant sometimes blocks the betta's passage to the water surface. They are
650:(a salt level of 30 to 40 PPT), simulating an ocean or sea environment. Even higher salt concentrations are maintained in specialized tanks for raising brine organisms.
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are in some ways similar to freshwater aquaria, but are usually much larger and exposed to ambient weather. In the tropics, tropical fish can be kept in garden ponds. In the
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Several other water characteristics result from dissolved materials in the water and are important to the proper simulation of natural environments. Saltwater is typically
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993:"Slow growth" entails slowly increasing the fish population over 6 to 8 weeks, giving bacteria time to grow and reach a balance with the increasing waste production.
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More sophisticated aquarists may modify the water's alkalinity, hardness, or dissolved content of organics and gases. This can be accomplished by additives such as
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and non-target species, the depletion of rare species from their natural habitat, and ecosystem degradation from large scale removal of key species. Additionally,
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Fish breeding is a challenge that attracts many aquarists. While some species reproduce freely in community tanks, most require special conditions, known as
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Water movement can also be important in accurately simulating a natural ecosystem. Fish may prefer anything from nearly still water up to swift, simulated
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Worldwide, the fishkeeping hobby is a multibillion-dollar industry. The United States is the largest market, followed by Europe and Japan. In 1993 the
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614:, along with a balanced food supply and consideration of biological loading, is usually enough to keep these nutrient cycles in adequate equilibrium.
2521:. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (Sixteenth annual Scientific Diving Symposium). Archived from the original on 2008-10-26
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and other constituents can dramatically impact basic water chemistry, and therefore how organisms interact with their environment. Salt content, or
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difficult for hobbyists to identify and breed particular species. This is especially important to hobbyists who shelter species that are rare or
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Such products are aimed at people looking for a novelty gift. Aquarists actively condemn them. Similarly, the awarding of goldfish as prizes at
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many developing countries, locals survive by collecting specimens for the aquarium trade and continue to introduce new species to the market.
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Hobbyist aquaria typically do not have the requisite bacteria needed to detoxify nitrogen waste. This problem is most often addressed through
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The two main sources of fish for aquaria are from capture in the wild or captive breeding. United Nations studies show that more than 90% of
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climates, they can thrive in waters that are similar to their native habitat. Non–native species that become established are called
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that aquaria provide. Basic aquarium maintenance should generally be performed weekly to maintain optimum conditions for fish and plants.
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is nearly impossible to maintain in even the largest aquaria. Typically, an aquarium keeper must actively maintain balance in the small
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Chapman, F.; Sharon A. Fitz-Coy; Eric M. Thunberg; Charles M. Adams (March 1997). "United States of America Trade in Ornamental Fish".
2675:"The South American Sailfin Armored Catfish, Liposarcus multiradiatus (Hancock), a New Exotic Established in Puerto Rican Fresh Waters"
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Approximately 200 million fish worth $ 44.7 million were imported into the United States in 1992. These fish comprised 1,539 different
1289:; such fishes have been sold in the UK under the name of kaleidoscope gourami and striped parrot cichlid. Some people give their fish
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which produce a small number of relatively large offspring. These usually eat fish flakes that are ground into an appropriate size.
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has campaigned to remove these fish from the market by educating retailers and aquarists to the cruelty and health risks involved.
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and cyanide caused a drastic decline in aquarium fish, leading the country away from cyanide and towards netting healthy animals.
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Tanks undergoing a "fishless cycle" have no fish. Instead, the keeper adds ammonia to feed the bacteria. During this process,
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primarily through leaf surfaces. Plants remove some nutrients through their roots, either in or at the substrate level or via
2335:"Assessing the Species in the CARES Preservation Program and the Role of Aquarium Hobbyists in Freshwater Fish Conservation"
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trade in wild-caught specimens. Wild-caught animals provide valuable income for people in regions lacking other high-value
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can breathe atmospheric oxygen and need less surface area (however, some are territorial, and do not tolerate crowding).
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are added later on, once the aquarium has matured, as well as a variety of small fish. Such aquaria are sometimes called
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In Medieval Europe, carp pools were a standard feature of estates and monasteries, providing an alternative to meat on
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Chris Andrews, Adrian Exell, & Neville Carrington, The Interpet Manual of Fish Health, Salamander Books, 1988,
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1721:"Archives de l'Aquariophilie : L'aquariophilie a-t-elle évoluée considérablement depuis des décennies ?"
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pumps, and careful design of water flow (such as the location of filtration system points of inflow and outflow).
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Other variables affect tank capacity. Smaller fish consume more oxygen per unit of body weight than larger fish.
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of an aquarium. In practice, it is virtually impossible to maintain a perfect balance. As an example, a balanced
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Bunkley-Williams L; Williams EH Jr.; Lilystrom CG; Corujo-Flores I; Zerbi AJ; Aliaume C; TN Churchill. (1994).
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Fish are animals and generate waste as they metabolize food, which aquarists must manage. Fish, invertebrates,
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and guppies are among those most easily raised in captivity, but aquarists also regularly breed many types of
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In: MA Lang, CC Baldwin (Eds.) the Diving for Science…1996, "Methods and Techniques of Underwater Research"
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Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-40
2020:"Fish in Tanks? No, Thanks! | Companion Animal Factsheets | Companion Animals | The Issues"
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varieties in particular have features that prevent the fish from swimming, seeing, or feeding properly.
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is by far the most popular branch of the hobby, with even small pet stores often selling a variety of
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by the desired nitrifying bacteria. Activated carbon and other substances, such as ammonia absorbing
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642:(a salt level of 0.5 to 30 PPT), simulating environments lying between fresh and salt, such as
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1501:) was first successfully bred in France in 1893, captive spawning and brooding techniques used in
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are injected with coloured dye. Hong Kong suppliers were offering a service in which fish could be
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Marine aquarists often attempt to recreate a coral reef in their aquaria using large quantities of
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Ecology of the Planted Aquarium: A Practical Manual and Scientific Treatise for the Home Aquarist
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Modifying fish to make them more attractive as pets is increasingly controversial. Historically,
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may be preferred. Hard water is usually alkaline, while soft water is usually neutral to acidic.
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30 square centimetres of surface area per centimetre of fish length (12 square inches per inch).
2747:"A hotspot of non-native marine fishes: evidence for the aquarium trade as an invasion pathway"
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2177:"Magazine publishes guide to cosmetic fish surgery | Practical Fishkeeping magazine"
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enters at the surface water-air interface through agitation or what would be observed as
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species. Currently, only a few captive-bred marine species are in the trade, including
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2308:"British aquarist bred illegal GM fish at home | Practical Fishkeeping magazine"
2203:"Company offers custom fish tattoos with laser | Practical Fishkeeping magazine"
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Monks, Neale: Crystal clear: keeping glassfish. Practical Fishkeeping, February 2006
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in the wild. Extreme mutations have been selected for by some breeders; some fancy
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Balance is facilitated by larger volumes of water which dilute the effects of a
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1.5 litres of water for each centimetre of fish length (1 US gallon per inch).
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fill, so these components have to be replaced with fresh stocks periodically.
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of fresh water varies. "Hardness" measures overall dissolved mineral content;
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content of water is perhaps the most important aspect of water conditions, as
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Home aquarists typically use modified tap water supplied through their local
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From 1989 to 1992, almost 79% of all U.S. ornamental fish imports came from
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Marine fish have been similarly valued for centuries. Wealthy Romans kept
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2229:"Uproar at fish cruelty on YouTube | Practical Fishkeeping magazine"
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and lead to disease. Water temperature can be regulated with a combined
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enter the system as food and exit as waste. Appropriate handling of the
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1976:"Industry Specifics Sampler - NAICS 453910 Pet and pet supplies stores"
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721:
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forms the basis of one of the two most basic aquarium classifications:
643:
638:(salinity below 0.5 PPT), simulating a lake or river environment;
553:
503:
470:
349:
345:
333:
221:
171:
139:) have been kept in decorative ponds for centuries in China and Japan.
77:
2935:
1380:
1282:
1066:
769:
623:
599:
458:
450:
241:
170:
with freshwater fish suitable for eating, including various types of
903:
155:, before preparing them for meals. Depictions of the sacred fish of
2513:
Baldwin CC, Collette BB, Parenti LR, Smith DG, Springer VG (1996).
1558:
Serious problems can occur when fish originally raised in ponds or
875:
are not present in detectable levels in established aquaria, while
2286:
1402:
1335:
1207:
1166:
1154:
1107:
1049:
983:
938:
927:
801:
793:
598:
cycle is an important, although often overlooked, nutrient cycle.
533:
419:
321:
295:
199:
195:
148:
127:
93:
2044:
159:
kept in captivity in rectangular temple pools have been found in
1598:
1354:
before they will breed. The majority of fish lay eggs, known as
603:
511:
462:
454:
183:
152:
101:
2944:
1533:
Some species have also become important as laboratory animals.
538:
A 335,000 U.S. gallon (1.3 million litre) aquarium at the
1942:
Peter Scott, The Complete Aquarium, Dorling Kindersley, 1996,
1328:
into the EU, most likely from Taiwan, via the Czech Republic.
457:, and other small marine organisms. Larger corals, as well as
397:
187:
132:
29:
2721:"NAS - Species FactSheet Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz 1831)"
2151:"Why its cruel to dye | Practical Fishkeeping magazine"
1261:
published an article exposing the techniques for performing
1750:
1574:. Freshwater examples include various cichlids in Florida,
933:
Biological filters provide a medium specially designed for
658:
166:
Similarly, Asia has experienced a long history of stocking
2117:"UK | Magazine | R.I.P. Prize Goldfish in a Bag"
1374:
aquarium fish are captive–bred, while virtually all
1218:
and need to breathe at the surface to avoid suffocation.
263:
in Paris in 1850, and bred the first imported Macropods (
879:
is plentiful.) This process represents a portion of the
669:
and dissolved gases content are also important factors.
494:
that must stay between that of freshwater and seawater.
255:
The first person to breed a tropical fish in Europe was
1886:. Hauppauge, NY.: Barron's Educational Series. p.
845:), converts this nitrite into the less toxic compound,
1451:
during shipping are high. Many others are weakened by
1228:
The use of live prey to feed carnivorous fish such as
886:
In a planted aquarium, aquatic plants also metabolize
859:, and they may appear in "jump start" kits. Although
2333:
Valdez, Jose W.; Mandrekar, Kapil (September 2019).
336:, single-species breeding aquaria are also popular.
217:
when meat could not be eaten for religious reasons.
3469:
3418:
3387:
3301:
3232:
3182:
3136:
3028:
2982:
1933:
Ulrich Baensch, Tropical Aquarium Fish, Tetra, 1983
1853:. Chapel Hill, NC: Echinodorus Publishing. p.
1421:In theory, reef fish should be a good example of a
2628:
1846:
1707:Cicero, Letters to Atticus (Epistulae ad Atticum)
1695:Cicero, Letters to Atticus (Epistulae ad Atticum)
1683:Cicero, Letters to Atticus (Epistulae ad Atticum)
705:or purify their water using one of two processes:
498:come from habitats with varying salinity, such as
186:into today's popular and completely domesticated
982:The "silent cycle" involves adding fast-growing
784:in acidic water) and must then pass through the
2565:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
835:). Nitrifying bacteria metabolize ammonia into
2680:. Caribbean Journal of Science. Archived from
2001:Hobbs, Frank; Stoops, Nicole (November 2002).
1061:Fish capacity is a function of aquarium size.
556:reproduces the balance found in nature in the
2956:
813:A well-balanced tank contains organisms that
116:fishkeeping industry, serving as a branch of
8:
2599:"Conservation news & stories | WWF"
1830:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1479:cyanide-caught animals. In the Philippines,
926:filters absorb nitrogen compounds and other
2658:
2656:
2412:
2410:
1751:"Ultimate Aquarium & Fishkeeping Guide"
2963:
2949:
2941:
2811:"Trouble in Paradise: Coral Reefs at Risk"
2723:. United States Government. Archived from
1921:"Understanding Nitrogen Cycle In Aquarium"
1601:County Council passed a measure requiring
863:species could theoretically fill the same
490:combine elements of the other types, with
2631:The Macmillan book of the Marine Aquarium
2350:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
817:the waste products of other inhabitants.
2898:Journal of the World Aquaculture Society
2846:, by Hans A. Baensch and Rudiger Riehl
2782:"Aquarium fish regulations are approved"
2622:
2620:
2618:
2003:"Demographic Trends in the 20th Century"
1732:"Séance générale du 7 janvier 1876", in
1645:List of aquarium fish by scientific name
1458:Other problems include the poisoning of
1013:
821:is metabolized in aquaria by a group of
759:
303:are common freshwater fish kept as pets.
210:to enjoy them in large ceramic vessels.
76:
60:of all important aspects of the article.
2554:Bruckner, A.W.; Roberts, G. (editors).
1655:
1285:with company logos or messages using a
1069:in the water and the rate at which the
788:. Ammonia is also produced through the
375:as well as fish. These aquaria include
2701:
2690:
2580:
2570:
2532:
2399:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2392:
1823:
1734:Bulletin de la Société d'Acclimatation
855:were once thought to fill the role of
792:of plant and animal matter, including
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
542:in California displaying a simulated
288:(also called saltwater) fishkeeping.
7:
328:. While most freshwater aquaria are
224:and other fish in salt water pools.
206:brought goldfish indoors during the
2838:Advanced Marine Aquarium Techniques
986:and relying on them to consume the
367:Many fishkeepers create freshwater
332:containing a variety of compatible
2918:10.1111/j.1749-7345.1997.tb00955.x
2809:Karen E. Lange (January 3, 2011).
1562:are released into the wild. While
1074:minimum does not affect capacity.
871:, it has recently been found that
25:
2870:The Conscientious Marine Aquarist
2719:United States Geological Survey.
1585:in warm waters around the world.
800:. Nitrogen waste products become
764:The nitrogen cycle in an aquarium
3482:Aquarium fish by scientific name
1624:
1487:Captive breeding and aquaculture
259:, who founded one of the oldest
34:
2885:, by Michael S. Paletta (2001)
1882:Encyclopedia of Aquarium Plants
1106:require more surface area than
1038:of water exposed to air limits
48:may be too short to adequately
1736:, 3ème Série, Tome III, 1876,
1464:destructive fishing techniques
910:Maintaining the nitrogen cycle
590:in a natural environment, and
582:is important in the aquarium.
194:began over 2,000 years ago in
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
1806:Axelrod, Herbert, R. (1996).
1765:"How to Maintain an Aquarium"
741:and heating or cooling unit.
434:device known as a 'chiller'.
2637:Macmillan Publishing Company
1923:. Tankquarium. 11 June 2021.
1065:include the availability of
772:, and some bacteria excrete
701:to raise pH. Some aquarists
396:, species such as goldfish,
271:Types of fishkeeping systems
3395:Aquarium Fish International
3137:Fish terms / types
1121:United States Census Bureau
1018:A freshwater aquarium with
27:Practice of containing fish
3576:
3265:Disease in ornamental fish
2872:, by Robert Fenner (2001)
1845:Walstad, Diana L. (1999).
1265:on aquarium fish, without
941:, stop working when their
594:escapes into the air. The
562:predator-prey relationship
2539:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1664:"Radio 4 - The Roman Way"
1578:in temperate waters, and
894:, removing them from the
667:Dissolved organic content
151:kept wild-caught fish in
100:, concerned with keeping
3487:Freshwater aquarium fish
3369:Charles Haskins Townsend
2418:"From Ocean to Aquarium"
979:levels measure progress.
236:for a particularly fine
3431:Drs. Foster & Smith
3374:Jeanne Villepreux-Power
2883:The New Marine Aquarium
2488:"Coral Reefs in Crisis"
1878:Hiscock, Peter (2003).
1810:. T.F.H. Publications.
1723:, Revue Aquarama, 1988.
1566:fish do not survive in
1346:spp.) guarding its eggs
3521:Brackish aquarium fish
3410:Tropical Fish Hobbyist
2844:Aquarium Atlas, vol. 1
2700:Cite journal requires
2071:Boeing_dude.tripod.com
1978:. 2002. Archived from
1808:Exotic Tropical Fishes
1441:tragedy of the commons
1413:
1397:Synchiropus splendidus
1347:
1232:also draws criticism.
1058:
1030:
765:
628:total dissolved solids
549:
487:Brackish water aquaria
371:where the focus is on
309:Freshwater fishkeeping
304:
140:
124:Origins of fishkeeping
86:
3405:Practical Fishkeeping
2857:Brackish Water Fishes
2352:10.3390/fishes4040049
1583:suckermouth catfishes
1493:Siamese fighting fish
1455:and become diseased.
1406:
1339:
1302:blood parrot cichlids
1273:fishkeeping magazine
1259:Practical Fishkeeping
1251:Practical Fishkeeping
1053:
1017:
763:
540:Monterey Bay Aquarium
537:
299:
131:
80:
3508:Marine aquarium fish
3461:Zoo Med Laboratories
3349:William Alford Lloyd
2859:, by Frank Schäfer
2815:All Animals Magazine
2627:Dakin, Nick (1992).
2494:on December 10, 2005
2157:on December 17, 2008
2091:"PETA: Aqua-Torture"
2047:on December 21, 2005
2041:"PETA: Aqua-Torture"
1982:on December 13, 2012
1597:In January 2011 the
1438:that experience the
1317:Genetically modified
1296:Hybrid fish such as
1115:Fishkeeping industry
1090:the aquatic system.
849:. (Members of genus
674:water supply network
646:; and salt water or
530:Aquarium maintenance
202:, respectively. The
161:ancient Egyptian art
85:freshwater aquarium
3250:Artificial seawater
2910:1997JWAS...28....1C
2515:"Collecting fishes"
2255:"Sydneycichlid.com"
1389:habitat destruction
1298:flowerhorn cichlids
1242:artificially dyeing
1171:Chinese algae eater
780:(which converts to
496:Brackish water fish
3339:Philip Henry Gosse
3314:Herbert R. Axelrod
2790:. January 22, 2011
2583:has generic name (
2235:on January 5, 2008
2022:. PETA. 2003-12-15
1910:Hiscock, p. 85–88.
1423:renewable resource
1414:
1412:– black bar endler
1348:
1275:Fish Love Magazine
1269:, as described by
1059:
1031:
1020:harlequin rasboras
766:
699:sodium bicarbonate
689:became popular in
663:hard or soft water
550:
305:
249:Quintus Hortensius
180:Selective breeding
141:
112:. There is also a
87:
3537:
3536:
3477:Aquarium diseases
3344:Sven O. Kullander
3324:Pierre Carbonnier
3293:Water conditioner
2259:Sydneycichlid.com
2209:on April 11, 2006
1352:spawning triggers
1319:fish such as the
1244:fish was common.
1236:Fish modification
1148:species, and 809
1128:Aquatic suppliers
819:Nitrogenous waste
796:matter and other
676:. Because of the
381:Japanese aquarist
257:Pierre Carbonnier
244:reports that the
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
3567:
3379:Robert Warington
3319:Leonhard Baldner
3288:Spawning trigger
3240:Aquarium fishery
2965:
2958:
2951:
2942:
2921:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2756:. Archived from
2751:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2686:
2679:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2634:
2624:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2490:. Archived from
2484:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2427:. Archived from
2422:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2377:. Archived from
2371:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2314:on April 8, 2007
2310:. Archived from
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2285:. Archived from
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2231:. Archived from
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2205:. Archived from
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2183:on June 15, 2006
2179:. Archived from
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2153:. Archived from
2147:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2093:. Archived from
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2043:. Archived from
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1972:
1966:
1956:
1950:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1885:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1852:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1821:
1803:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1660:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1593:Humane treatment
1587:Invasive species
1554:Invasive species
1263:cosmetic surgery
1063:Limiting factors
1056:Georgia Aquarium
1040:dissolved oxygen
1028:glowlight tetras
930:from the water.
924:Activated carbon
618:Water conditions
584:Dissolved oxygen
443:calcareous rocks
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3465:
3414:
3383:
3297:
3228:
3223:Tubifex tubifex
3178:
3132:
3113:Protein skimmer
3064:Calcium reactor
3031:
3024:
2978:
2969:
2928:
2895:
2840:, by Jay Hemdal
2834:
2832:Further reading
2829:
2819:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2699:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2626:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2579:
2569:
2560:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2462:
2460:
2457:Wetwebmedia.com
2451:
2450:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2381:on May 19, 2006
2375:"Archived copy"
2373:
2372:
2368:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2263:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2097:on May 16, 2006
2089:
2088:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1957:
1953:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1822:
1818:
1805:
1804:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1731:
1727:
1719:Jacques Teton,
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1595:
1556:
1520:dwarf angelfish
1498:Betta splendens
1489:
1473:
1449:mortality rates
1419:
1409:Poecilia wingei
1368:
1334:
1279:parrot cichlids
1192:
1130:
1117:
1096:
1086:water quality.
1048:
1012:
912:
890:and nitrate as
811:
776:in the form of
758:
711:reverse osmosis
691:water treatment
620:
580:nutrient cycles
552:Ideal aquarium
532:
483:
447:coralline algae
445:encrusted with
410:
377:"Dutch Aquaria"
330:community tanks
314:freshwater fish
294:
273:
126:
96:, practiced by
71:
65:
62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3573:
3571:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3542:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3518:
3505:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3329:Edward Edwards
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3255:Bath treatment
3252:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3233:Other concepts
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3052:
3047:
3045:Algae scrubber
3042:
3036:
3034:
3030:Aquarium décor
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3010:Brackish-water
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2983:Aquarium types
2980:
2979:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2927:
2926:External links
2924:
2923:
2922:
2893:
2880:
2867:
2854:
2841:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2801:
2773:
2738:
2711:
2702:|journal=
2687:on 2007-09-26.
2665:
2652:
2645:
2614:
2590:
2546:
2505:
2479:
2469:
2444:
2406:
2366:
2325:
2299:
2279:"GloFish® FAQ"
2270:
2246:
2220:
2194:
2168:
2142:
2133:
2108:
2082:
2058:
2032:
2011:
1993:
1967:
1951:
1935:
1926:
1912:
1903:
1896:
1870:
1863:
1837:
1816:
1781:
1756:
1753:. Tankquarium.
1742:
1725:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1619:
1616:
1594:
1591:
1580:South American
1572:exotic species
1555:
1552:
1488:
1485:
1472:
1469:
1418:
1415:
1367:
1364:
1333:
1330:
1291:body piercings
1238:
1237:
1216:labyrinth fish
1191:
1190:Animal welfare
1188:
1134:Southeast Asia
1129:
1126:
1116:
1113:
1100:Labyrinth fish
1095:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1047:
1044:
1011:
1008:
995:
994:
991:
980:
952:fishless cycle
911:
908:
881:nitrogen cycle
810:
807:
786:nitrogen cycle
757:
756:Nitrogen cycle
754:
687:monochloramine
640:brackish water
619:
616:
612:nitrogen cycle
608:micronutrients
592:carbon dioxide
573:systemic shock
531:
528:
482:
481:Brackish water
479:
414:Marine aquaria
409:
406:
394:temperate zone
373:aquatic plants
293:
290:
272:
269:
261:public aquaria
125:
122:
73:
72:
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:Aquarium trade
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3572:
3561:
3560:Fish diseases
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3530:
3526:
3525:invertebrates
3522:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:invertebrates
3509:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3495:invertebrates
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:Julian Sprung
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:George Farmer
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3309:Takashi Amano
3307:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Clean-up crew
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Feeder shrimp
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Bottom feeder
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Deep sand bed
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Berlin Method
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3032:and equipment
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2891:1-890087-52-1
2888:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:1-890087-02-5
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:3-936027-82-X
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:1-890087-12-2
2849:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2789:
2788:
2787:The Maui News
2783:
2777:
2774:
2763:on 2016-06-07
2759:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2727:on 2007-05-02
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2694:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2666:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2646:0-02-897108-6
2642:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2581:|first2=
2574:
2566:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2434:on 2009-07-07
2430:
2426:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2289:on 2013-05-12
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1964:0-86101-368-9
1961:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1948:0-7513-0427-1
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1897:0-7641-5521-0
1893:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1864:0-9673773-0-7
1860:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1819:
1817:0-87666-543-1
1813:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1770:
1769:HowStuffWorks
1766:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:swim bladders
1607:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1528:Lake Victoria
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1332:Fish breeding
1331:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:Goldfish and
1200:
1198:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:tropical fish
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:Other factors
1093:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1010:Tank capacity
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:Best practice
999:
992:
989:
985:
981:
978:
974:
970:
966:
965:
964:
962:
958:
954:
953:
946:
944:
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
916:
909:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:
848:
844:
843:
838:
834:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
808:
806:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:decomposition
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
762:
755:
753:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
731:
730:tropical fish
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
692:
688:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
617:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
578:A variety of
576:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
558:closed system
555:
548:
545:
541:
536:
529:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:
480:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
432:refrigeration
428:
425:
421:
416:
415:
407:
405:
404:work better.
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
385:
384:Takashi Amano
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:fish such as
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:
302:
298:
291:
289:
287:
283:
279:
270:
268:
266:
265:Paradise fish
262:
258:
253:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:Asinius Celer
228:reports that
227:
223:
218:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
138:
134:
130:
123:
121:
119:
115:
114:piscicultural
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:is a popular
91:
84:
79:
69:
66:February 2020
59:
53:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3527: /
3523: /
3514: /
3510: /
3501: /
3497: /
3493: /
3489: /
3276:
3221:
3192:Brine shrimp
3101: /
3057: /
2975:
2901:
2897:
2882:
2869:
2856:
2843:
2837:
2818:. Retrieved
2814:
2804:
2792:. Retrieved
2785:
2776:
2765:. Retrieved
2758:the original
2753:
2741:
2729:. Retrieved
2725:the original
2714:
2693:cite journal
2682:the original
2668:
2635:. New York:
2630:
2606:. Retrieved
2602:
2593:
2567:. p. 9.
2556:
2549:
2535:cite journal
2523:. Retrieved
2518:
2508:
2496:. Retrieved
2492:the original
2482:
2472:
2461:. Retrieved
2459:. 1994-02-14
2456:
2453:"MarLifeUse"
2447:
2436:. Retrieved
2429:the original
2424:
2383:. Retrieved
2379:the original
2369:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2312:the original
2302:
2291:. Retrieved
2287:the original
2282:
2273:
2262:. Retrieved
2258:
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2233:the original
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:the original
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2155:the original
2145:
2136:
2125:. Retrieved
2123:. 2004-07-14
2120:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2095:the original
2085:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:the original
2035:
2024:. Retrieved
2014:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:the original
1970:
1954:
1938:
1929:
1915:
1906:
1881:
1873:
1848:
1840:
1807:
1773:. Retrieved
1771:. 2007-12-11
1768:
1759:
1745:
1733:
1728:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1668:. Retrieved
1658:
1640:Fish farming
1596:
1557:
1548:
1543:zebra danios
1532:
1524:
1496:
1490:
1474:
1457:
1446:
1439:
1428:fur trapping
1420:
1407:
1395:
1385:
1369:
1366:Conservation
1349:
1341:
1315:
1295:
1274:
1258:
1256:
1249:
1239:
1227:
1220:
1201:
1193:
1179:
1139:
1131:
1118:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1060:
1036:surface area
1032:
1000:
996:
960:
957:silent cycle
956:
951:
947:
935:colonization
932:
917:
913:
900:aerial roots
896:water column
885:
876:
872:
868:
860:
856:
850:
840:
832:Nitrosomonas
830:
812:
767:
743:
715:
707:deionization
696:
671:
657:, while the
652:
621:
577:
570:
551:
485:
484:
436:
412:
411:
390:Garden ponds
388:
366:
307:
306:
274:
254:
219:
212:
208:Song dynasty
168:rice paddies
165:
146:
142:
89:
88:
63:
47:
45:lead section
3555:Ichthyology
3550:Fishkeeping
3364:Anna Thynne
3245:Aquascaping
3202:Feeder fish
3144:Algae eater
3084:Fish feeder
2976:fishkeeping
2932:Fishkeeping
2904:(1): 1–10.
2820:January 24,
2794:January 24,
2498:November 4,
2385:November 5,
2283:Glofish.com
2101:November 4,
2051:November 4,
1986:January 25,
1632:Fish portal
1503:aquaculture
1481:overfishing
1460:coral reefs
1360:livebearers
1343:Symphysodon
1271:Singaporean
1212:carnivorous
1024:neon tetras
961:slow growth
873:Nitrobacter
861:Nitrobacter
852:Nitrobacter
809:The process
739:thermometer
718:temperature
544:kelp forest
467:echinoderms
439:living rock
338:Livebearing
301:Neon tetras
157:Oxyrhynchus
118:agriculture
110:garden pond
90:Fishkeeping
3544:Categories
3491:amphibians
3354:Paul Matte
3270:Macquarium
3217:Shrimp mix
2990:Freshwater
2767:2016-05-20
2608:2016-05-20
2463:2016-05-20
2438:2016-05-20
2293:2016-05-20
2264:2016-05-20
2239:January 5,
2127:2016-05-20
2076:2016-05-20
2026:2016-05-20
1775:2022-05-27
1670:2016-05-20
1651:References
1530:cichlids.
1516:damselfish
1491:Since the
1417:Collecting
1372:freshwater
1340:A discus (
1267:anesthesia
1159:neon tetra
1146:freshwater
920:filtration
877:Nitrospira
869:Nitrospira
857:Nitrospira
842:Nitrospira
827:nitrifiers
815:metabolize
726:cold water
636:freshwater
566:ecosystems
516:pufferfish
475:reef tanks
424:coral reef
369:aquascapes
316:, such as
292:Freshwater
278:freshwater
232:paid 8000
226:Tertullian
215:feast days
190:and fancy
104:in a home
83:aquascaped
3419:Companies
3388:Magazines
3283:Reef safe
3212:Infusoria
3184:Fish food
3154:Coldwater
3123:Substrate
3108:Powerhead
3103:Live sand
3099:Live rock
3059:Driftwood
3015:Community
2972:Aquariums
2603:Panda.org
2573:cite book
2361:2410-3888
2345:(4): 49.
2318:April 22,
2187:August 3,
2161:April 20,
1826:cite book
1606:fisheries
1568:temperate
1539:poecilids
1512:clownfish
1508:saltwater
1506:than for
1287:dye laser
1257:In 2006,
1246:Glassfish
1150:saltwater
1046:Tank size
892:nutrients
825:known as
750:powerhead
682:disinfect
644:estuaries
596:phosphate
547:ecosystem
504:estuaries
500:mangroves
441:, porous
408:Saltwater
362:killifish
358:cyprinids
354:characins
326:angelfish
234:sesterces
149:Sumerians
98:aquarists
50:summarize
3426:Dennerle
3275:Project
3174:Tropical
3118:Refugium
3094:Lighting
3055:Bog-wood
3040:Airstone
2754:Reef.org
2731:17 March
2425:Unep.org
2395:cite web
2121:BBC News
1618:See also
1603:aquarium
1576:goldfish
1564:tropical
1535:Cichlids
1393:dragonet
1356:spawning
1326:smuggled
1311:goldfish
1283:tattooed
1230:piranhas
1223:funfairs
1175:goldfish
1111:oxygen.
988:nitrogen
888:ammonium
823:bacteria
798:detritus
782:ammonium
774:nitrogen
746:currents
722:tropical
680:used to
678:chlorine
655:alkaline
648:seawater
632:salinity
492:salinity
471:mollusks
422:and the
318:goldfish
282:brackish
246:advocate
222:lampreys
192:goldfish
176:cyprinid
147:Ancient
137:goldfish
106:aquarium
3456:Wardley
3197:Daphnia
3169:Painted
3079:Fishcam
3020:Biotope
2906:Bibcode
2525:15 June
2213:May 19,
2067:"Abuse"
1560:aquaria
1476:Cyanide
1471:Cyanide
1436:fishing
1432:logging
1381:exports
1321:GloFish
1307:extinct
1142:species
977:nitrate
973:nitrite
969:ammonia
847:nitrate
837:nitrite
829:(genus
778:ammonia
554:ecology
514:, some
510:, many
508:mollies
459:shrimps
451:sponges
350:catfish
346:cichlid
342:mollies
334:species
322:guppies
204:Chinese
172:catfish
3529:plants
3516:plants
3499:plants
3436:Hikari
3302:People
3159:Dither
3089:Heater
3074:Filter
3000:Public
2995:Marine
2936:Curlie
2889:
2876:
2863:
2850:
2663:press.
2643:
2359:
2339:Fishes
1962:
1946:
1894:
1861:
1814:
1518:, and
1453:stress
1376:marine
1208:bettas
1204:bettas
1173:, and
1144:; 730
1108:tetras
1071:filter
1067:oxygen
1006:half.
984:plants
975:, and
959:, and
955:, the
939:resins
928:toxins
716:Water
703:filter
624:solute
606:, and
600:Sulfur
522:, and
512:gobies
469:, and
420:corals
400:, and
360:, and
324:, and
286:marine
284:, and
242:Cicero
238:mullet
3503:algae
3470:Lists
3451:Tetra
3441:Hagen
3277:Piaba
3164:Hardy
2761:(PDF)
2750:(PDF)
2685:(PDF)
2678:(PDF)
2561:(PDF)
2432:(PDF)
2421:(PDF)
2006:(PDF)
1666:. BBC
1434:, or
1167:betta
1163:platy
1155:guppy
1104:Barbs
943:pores
865:niche
802:toxic
794:fecal
770:fungi
735:shock
588:waves
524:scats
520:monos
463:crabs
455:worms
200:China
196:Japan
153:ponds
135:(and
94:hobby
3446:Sera
3128:Sump
3005:Reef
2974:and
2887:ISBN
2874:ISBN
2861:ISBN
2848:ISBN
2822:2011
2796:2011
2733:2007
2706:help
2641:ISBN
2585:help
2541:link
2527:2008
2500:2005
2401:link
2387:2005
2357:ISSN
2320:2007
2241:2008
2215:2006
2189:2006
2163:2009
2103:2005
2053:2005
1988:2011
1960:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1832:link
1812:ISBN
1740:-37.
1738:p.36
1709:1.20
1697:1.19
1685:1.18
1599:Maui
1541:and
1300:and
1210:are
1197:PETA
1054:The
1026:and
904:mulm
724:vs.
622:The
604:iron
502:and
427:fish
402:orfe
198:and
184:carp
174:and
102:fish
3400:Koi
2934:at
2914:doi
2347:doi
1855:106
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