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72:. The number of ATES systems has increased dramatically, especially in Europe. Belgium, Germany, Turkey, and Sweden are also increasing the application of ATES. ATES can be applied wherever the climatic conditions and geohydrological conditions are appropriate. Optimisation of subsurface space requires attention in areas with suitable conditions.
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subsidence, cold surface water was reinjected into the aquifer. Subsequently, it was observed that the stored water remained cold after injection and could be used for cooling. Storage of thermal energy in aquifers was suggested in the 1970s which led to field experiments and feasibility studies in France, Switzerland, US and Japan.
154:
groundwater areas for potable water. Some countries limit minimum and maximum storage temperatures. For example, Austria (5–20 °C), Denmark (2–25 °C) and
Netherlands (5–25 °C). Other countries adopt a maximum change in groundwater temperature, for example Switzerland (3 °C) and France (11 °C).
203:
Netherlands which offers more mature technology and greater experience. However, for China where ATES is much less developed, demonstration pilot projects can be evaluated prior to production applications, and flexible systems can be developed because of the less intense pressure on subsurface use by ATES.
162:
ATES is not allowed to process contaminated aquifers, due to the possible spreading of groundwater contamination, especially in urban areas. The possibility of contamination encounter is however rising, because of the rapid increase of the number of ATES and slow progress of contaminated groundwater
187:
The presence of ATES and chlorinated ethenes offers the potential for of integration of sustainable energy technology and sustainable groundwater management. Increased temperature around the warm well can enhance reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes. Although low temperature in cold well
139:
Energy savings that can be achieved with ATES depend strongly on site geology. ATES requires the presence of a suitable aquifer that is able to accept and yield water. For example solid rock limits access to the aquifer. Thick (>10 m) sandy aquifers are optimal. Sufficient hydraulic conductivity
130:
Flow rates for typical applications are between 20 and 150 m/hour/well. The volume of groundwater that is stored and recovered in a year generally varies between 10 000 m and 150 000 m per well. ATES system depths is commonly between 20 and 200 meters. Temperature at these depths is generally close
110:
The first reported deliberate storage of thermal energy in aquifers was in China around 1960. The first ATES systems were built for industrial cooling in
Shanghai. There, large amounts of groundwater were extracted to cool textile factories. This led to substantial land subsidence. To inhibit the
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Bidirectional ATES systems consist of two wells (a doublet). One well is used for heat storage, and the other for cold storage. During winter, (warm) groundwater is extracted from the heat storage well and injected in the cold storage well. During summer, the flow direction is reversed such that
153:
Shallow (<400 m) geothermal installations' legal status is diverse among countries. Regulations for installations concern the use of hazardous materials and proper backfilling of the borehole to avoid hydraulic short circuiting between aquifers. Other regulations concern protection of
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The combination concept of ATES and enhanced natural attenuation (ATES-ENA) can possibly be used in the
Netherlands and China, especially in urbanized areas. These areas are confronted with organic groundwater contamination. Currently, the combination concept may be better applicable for the
121:
As of 2018, more than 2800 ATES systems were in operation, providing more than 2.5 TWh of heating and cooling per year. The
Netherlands and Sweden dominated the market. 85% of all systems were then located in the Netherlands, while a further 10% were found in Sweden, Denmark, and Belgium.
710:
Zuurbier, Koen G.; Hartog, Niels; Valstar, Johan; Post, Vincent E.A.; van
Breukelen, Boris M. (April 2013). "The impact of low-temperature seasonal aquifer thermal energy storage (SATES) systems on chlorinated solvent contaminated groundwater: Modeling of spreading and degradation".
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to the annual mean surface temperature. In moderate climates this is around 10 °C. In those regions cold storage is commonly applied between 5 and 10 °C and heat storage in the range 10 to 20 °C. Although less frequent, some projects store heat above 80 °C.
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heat loss, aquifers with a low hydraulic gradient are preferred. In addition, gradients in geochemical composition should be avoided, as mixing of water with heterogeneous geochemistry can increase clogging, which reduces performance and increases maintenance costs.
84:
Mono-directional systems do not switch pumping direction, such that groundwater is always extracted at the natural aquifer temperature. Although thermal energy is stored in the subsurface, there is usually no intention to retrieve the stored energy.
571:
Kabus, F., Wolfgramm, M., Seibt, A., Richlak, U. and
Beuster, H., 2009. Aquifer thermal energy storage in Neubrandenburg-monitoring throughout three years of regular operation”, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Energy
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Sanner, B., Kabus, F., Seibt, P. and
Bartels, J., 2005. Underground thermal energy storage for the German Parliament in Berlin, system concept and operational experiences, Proceedings world geothermal congress, pp. 1–8.
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can hamper biodegradation, seasonal operation of ATES can transfer contaminant from cold well to hot well for faster remediation. Such seasonal groundwater transport can homogenize the environmental condition.
53:
An ATES system uses the aquifer to buffer seasonal reversals in heating and cooling demand. ATES can serve as a cost-effective technology to replace fossil fuel-dependent systems and associated CO
223:
De Rosa, Mattia; Bianco, Vincenzo; Scarpa, Federico; Tagliafico, Luca A. (2014). "Heating and cooling building energy demand evaluation; a simplified model and a modified degree days approach".
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Sommer, Wijb; Valstar, Johan; van Gaans, Pauline; Grotenhuis, Tim; Rijnaarts, Huub (December 2013). "The impact of aquifer heterogeneity on the performance of aquifer thermal energy storage".
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is required, enough that water flows easily. However, excess groundwater flow may transport (part of) the stored energy outside of a well's capture zone during the storage phase. To reduce
46:. The heated groundwater is reinjected into the aquifer, which stores the heated water. In wintertime, the flow is reversed — heated groundwater is extracted (often fed to a
545:
Bakr, Mahmoud; van
Oostrom, Niels; Sommer, Wijb (December 2013). "Efficiency of and interference among multiple Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage systems; A Dutch case study".
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that usually consists of a horizontal or vertical pipeline. These systems do not extract or inject groundwater. They are also known as borehole thermal energy storage or
42:. Systems commonly operate in seasonal modes. Groundwater that is extracted in summer performs cooling by transferring heat from the building to the water by means of a
341:
Bloemendal, M.; Olsthoorn, T.O.; Boons, F. (2014). "How to achieve optimal and sustainable use of the subsurface for
Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage".
427:
376:
Dickinson, J. S.; Buik, N.; Matthews, M. C.; Snijders, A. (2009). "Aquifer thermal energy storage: theoretical and operational analysis".
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Haehnlein, Stefanie; Bayer, Peter; Blum, Philipp (December 2010). "International legal status of the use of shallow geothermal energy".
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have the most chance to interfere with ATES systems, as they are often found at similar depths. When chlorinated ethenes present as
296:"Combining climatic and geo-hydrological preconditions as a method to determine world potential for aquifer thermal energy storage"
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ATES can be used as biostimulation, for example to inject electron donor or microorganisms needed for reductive dechlorination.
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A 2023 study reported that ATES could reduce the use of energy in heating and cooling US homes and businesses by 40 percent.
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Tsang, C.F., D. Hopkins, and G. Hellstrom, Aquifer thermal energy storage – a survey. 1980, Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratory.
658:"Underground Thermal Energy Storage: Environmental Risks and Policy Developments in the Netherlands and European Union"
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Ni, Z. (2015) Bioremediation in aquifer thermal energy storage. Dissertation (in press), Wageningen University.
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171:(DNAPLs), the possible dissolution of DNAPLs by ATES will increase the impact on groundwater quality.
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34:. ATES can heat and cool buildings. Storage and recovery is achieved by extraction and injection of
756:"Modeling field-scale dense nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution kinetics in heterogeneous aquifers"
81:(cold) groundwater is extracted from the cold storage well and injected in the heat storage well.
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252:"20,000 ATES Systems in the Netherlands in 2020 – Major step towards a sustainable energy supply"
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Thermal energy storage for sustainable energy consumption: fundamentals, case studies and design
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ATES can contribute significantly to emission reductions, as buildings consume some 40% of
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Bonte, Matthijs; Stuyfzand, Pieter J.; Hulsmann, Adriana; Van Beelen, Patrick (2011).
426:. NATO science series. Series II, Mathematics, physics, and chemistry. Vol. 234.
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The lifespan of ATES (30 years) fits the required duration of in situ bioremediation.
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Fleuchaus, Paul; Godschalk, Bas; Stober, Ingrid; Blum, Philipp (October 2018).
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production commonly uses the deeper subsurface where temperatures are higher.
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474:"Worldwide application of aquifer thermal energy storage – A review"
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Closed systems store energy by circulating a fluid through a buried
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remediation in urban areas. Among the common contaminants,
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Illustration of relevant processes in the ATES-ENA system.
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Bloemendal, M.; Olsthoorn, T.O.; van de Ven, F. (2015).
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Management of thermal energy in subsurface aquifers
809:"The Massive 'Batteries' Hidden Beneath Your Feet"
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631:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
478:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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428:Springer Science & Business Media
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754:Parker, J. C.; Park, E. (May 2004).
250:Godschalk, M.S.; Bakema, G. (2009).
114:ATES was used as part of enhanced
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713:Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
300:Science of the Total Environment
422:Paksoy, Halime Ö., ed. (2007).
320:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.084
807:Simon, Matt (April 12, 2023).
237:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.04.067
169:dense non-aqueous phase liquid
20:Aquifer thermal energy storage
1:
733:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2013.01.002
118:in the Netherlands in 2009.
559:10.1016/j.renene.2013.04.004
363:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.11.034
135:Hydrogeological constraints
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643:10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.069
490:10.1016/j.rser.2018.06.057
398:10.1680/geot.2009.59.3.249
760:Water Resources Research
601:Water Resources Research
521:"Meermetbodemenergie.nl"
158:Contaminated groundwater
94:ground source heat pumps
675:10.5751/ES-03762-160122
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781:10.1029/2003WR002807
613:10.1002/2013WR013677
259:Proceedings Effstock
175:Possible application
772:2004WRR....40.5109P
725:2013JCHyd.147....1Z
662:Ecology and Society
390:2009Getq...59..249D
355:2014EnPol..66..104B
312:2015ScTEn.538..621B
165:chlorinated ethenes
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126:Typical dimensions
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28:thermal energy
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484:: 861–876.
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231:: 217–229.
57:emissions.
36:groundwater
841:Categories
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685:10535/7465
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210:References
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668:(1): 22.
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572:Storage.
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106:History
70:cooling
66:heating
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