31:
737:, as defined by the Society of American Archivists (SAA), is the act of protecting materials from physical deterioration or loss of information, ideally in a noninvasive way. The goal of preservation is to maintain as much originality as possible while retaining all the information which the material has to offer. Both scientific principles and professional practices are applied to this technique to be maximally effective. In an archival sense, preservation refers to the care of all the
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270:
563:
380:
55:
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613:", and seek to preserve and describe the records accordingly, with close attention to evidence of how they were organized and maintained at the time they were created. "Original order", refers to keeping records "as nearly as possible in the same order of classification as obtained in the offices of origin", gives additional credibility to preserved records and to their originating "
2683:
2653:
617:". Records must be kept in the same order they were placed in the course of the official activity of the agency concerned; records are not to be artificially reorganized. Records kept in their original order are more likely to reveal the nature of the organizations which created them, and more importantly, of the order of activities out of which they emerged.
542:
standards appropriate to various kinds of metadata for different purposes, including administration, description, preservation, and digital storage and retrieval. For example, common standards used by archivists for structuring descriptive metadata, which conveys information such as the form, extent, and content of archival materials, include
641:. The emphasis was on historical research, and it seemed obvious at the time that records should be arranged and catalogued in a manner that would "facilitate every kind of scholarly use". To support research, artificial systematic collections, often arranged by topic, were established and records were
687:, the increasing volume of modern records entering the archive made adherence to the manuscript tradition impossible; there were not enough resources to organize and classify each record. Provenance received its most pointed expression in the "Manual for the Arrangement and Description of Archives", a
1228:
Weidling, T. (2013). "Den äldsta arkivläran: Jacob von
Rammingens båda läroböcker i registratur- och arkivskötsel från 1571, samt en monografi om arkiv från 1632 av Baldassare Bonifacio" [The oldest archival science: Jacob von Rammingen's two manuals of registry and archival management from 1571,
808:
Digital preservation involves the implementation of policies, strategies, and actions in order to ensure that digitized documents remain accurate and accessible over time. Due to newly emerging technologies, archives began to expand and require new forms of preservation. Archival collections expanded
789:
Metadata is key for the preservation of context within archival science. Metadata, as defined by the SAA, is "data about data". This data can help archivists locate a specific record, or a variety of records within a certain category. By assigning appropriate metadata to records or record aggregates,
516:
Following the introduction of computer technology in archival repositories, beginning in the 1970s, archivists increasingly recognized the need to develop common standards for descriptive practice, in order to facilitate the dissemination of archival descriptive information. The standard developed by
781:
is a definition relating to preservation. This definition encompasses the idea of context and the importance of maintaining context. When a record is removed from its fellow records, it loses its meaning. In order to preserve a record it must be preserved in its original entirety or else it may lose
909:
Formal courses of study in archival science are available at the master's and doctoral level. A master's degree is typically a two-year professional program focusing on acquiring a knowledge base of archival skills (including digital records and access systems) whereas a doctorate is more broad in
757:
was established and later, in 1794, transformed into a central archive. This was the first independent national archive and its goal was to preserve and store documents and records as they were. This trend gained popularity and soon other countries began establishing national archives for the same
429:
city council. However, since he could not attend the council meeting, he described the structure and management of the archives in writing. Although this is not the first work about archival science (Rammingen himself refers to earlier literature about record-keeping), earlier manuals were usually
866:
to archival science, with the goal of developing and implementing archival practices that are more fully inclusive of matters pertaining to race, class, gender, sexuality, and ability. For example, it includes documentation of racist acts and references past omissions of such. There are synergies
541:
comprises contextual data pertaining to a record or aggregate of records. In order to compile metadata consistently, so as to enhance the discoverability of archival materials for users, as well as support the care and preservation of the materials by the archival institution, archivists look to
874:
Archival studies have focused renewed concern on recognition and representation of indigenous, community, and human rights archives. Archival practice is increasingly alert to colonial and imperialist implications. Since 2016, the concept of "symbolic annihilation" has been used to describe the
508:
There is no universal set of laws or standards that governs the form or mission of archival institutions. The forms, functions, and mandates of archival programs and institutions tend to differ based on geographical location and language, the nature of the society in which they exist and the
576:
in archival science refers to the "origin or source of something; information regarding the origins, custody, and ownership of an item or collection". As a fundamental principle of archives, provenance refers to the individual, family, or organization that created or received the items in a
358:, and to ensure their reliability, integrity, and usability. Archival records must be what they claim to be; accurately represent the activity they were created for; present a coherent picture through an array of content; and be in usable condition in an accessible location.
774:
Preservation, like provenance, is concerned with the proper representation of archival materials. Archivists are primarily concerned with maintaining the record, along with the context in which it was produced, and making this information accessible to the user.
620:
Not infrequently, practical considerations of storage mean that it is impossible to maintain the original order of records physically. In such cases, however, the original order should still be respected intellectually in the structure and arrangement of
825:, and digital documents. Many of these new types of media have a shorter life expectancy than paper. Migration from older non-paper formats to newer non-paper formats is necessary for the preservation of digital media so they can remain accessible.
828:
Metadata is an important part of digital preservation as it preserves the context, usage, and migration of a digital record. Similarly to traditional preservation, metadata is required to preserve the authenticity and accessibility of a record.
761:
Cultural and scientific change reinforced the concept and practice of preservation. In the late eighteenth century, many museums, national libraries, and national archives were established in Europe; therefore ensuring the preservation of their
608:
have an essential connection to the person or office that generated and used them; archivists consider all the records originating with a particular administrative unit (whether former, or still existing) to be a separate archival grouping, or
793:
Physical maintenance is another key feature of preservation. There are many strategies to preserve archives properly: rehousing items in acid-free containers, storing items in climate controlled areas, and copying deteriorating items.
718:. Original order is not always ideal for personal archives. However, some archivists insist that personal records are created and maintained for much the same reason as organizational archives and should follow the same principles.
2426:
841:
approaches. These usually return results ranked in terms of their relevance to user queries. Novel retrieval methods for document archives can use other ranking factors such as contemporary relevance and temporal analogy.
589:
Describing records at the series level to ensure that records of different origins are kept separate, provided an alternative to item-level manuscript cataloguing. The practice of provenance has two major concepts:
910:
scope and includes critical inquiry of its archival practices, with graduates typically preparing for careers in research and teaching. Archival science students may have academic backgrounds in areas such as
702:
began to concern themselves with objectivity in their source material. For its advocates, provenance provided an objective alternative to the generally subjective classification schemes borrowed from
637:, a newfound appreciation for historical records emerged in French society. Records began to "acquir the dignity of national monuments", and their care was entrusted to scholars who were trained in
1004:
Smaller professional regional associations provide more local professional development. These include the New
England Archivists, Society of Rocky Mountain Archivists, Society of Ohio Archivists,
1386:
Michèle V. Cloonan, "Preserving
Records of Enduring Value," in Currents of Archival Thinking, ed. Terry Eastwood and Heather MacNeil (Santa Barbara, California: Libraries Unlimited, 2010), 69-88.
301:
982:
577:
collection. In practice, provenance dictates that records of different origins should be kept separate to preserve their context. As a methodology, provenance becomes a means of describing
354:
that is not intended to change. In order to be of value to society, archives must be trustworthy. Therefore, an archivist has a responsibility to authenticate archival materials, such as
523:, also known as RAD, was first published in 1990. As a standard, RAD aims to provide archivists with a consistent and common foundation for the description of archival material within a
461:, the field also can pertain to individuals who maintain private collections or business archives. Archival Science is taught in colleges and universities, usually under the umbrella of
1860:"Moving Toward a Reparative Archive: A Roadmap for a Holistic Approach to Disrupting Homogenous Histories in Academic Repositories and Creating Inclusive Spaces for Marginalized Voices"
2068:
2304:
875:
disappearance of communities through systematic or implicit lack of representation or under-representation in archives. It was initially adapted into the archival literature by
509:
objectives of those in control of the archives. Instead, the current standards that have been provided and are most widely followed, such as the ICA standard, ISO standard, and
698:
Complementing the work of the Dutch archivists and supporting the concept of provenance were the historians of the era. Through subject-based classification aided research,
972:
653:
and their original context of creation were frequently lost or obscured. This form of archival arrangement has come to be known as the "historical manuscripts tradition".
335:
To build and curate an archive, one must acquire and evaluate the materials, and be able to access them later. To this end, archival science seeks to improve methods for
790:
the archivist successfully preserves the entirety of the record and the context in which it was created. This allows for better accessibility and improves authenticity.
691:
text published in 1898 and written by three Dutch archivists, Samuel Muller, Johan Feith, and Robert Fruin. This text provided the first description of the principle of
883:. This absence can also be found in archival policies as well as description and annotation practices. Preservation and usage of accurate language and descriptions of
837:
Preserved materials in digital archives can be accessed usually by specifying their metadata, or by content-based search such as full text search when using dedicated
294:
2233:
535:, also known as DACS. These standards are in place to provide archivists with the tools for describing and making accessible archival material to the public.
496:, American archival scholar and University of Pittsburgh faculty member Richard Cox, Italian archival scholar and faculty at University of British Columbia
2666:
2061:
1940:
Wosh, Peter J.; Hajo, Cathy Moran; Katz, Esther (2012). "Teaching
Digital Skills in an Archives and Public History Curriculum". In Hirsch, Brett D. (ed.).
1078:
734:
340:
287:
69:
437:
Traditionally, archival science has involved the study of methods for preserving items in climate-controlled storage facilities. It is also the study of
64:
962:
854:
published a series of articles that analyzed systems of power in archival practice, theory, and recordkeeping. This approach was described in 2017 by
274:
887:
ensures that community values are not neglected, and contributes to critical archival discussions regarding omissions in historical documentation.
706:. Historians increasingly felt that records should be maintained in their original order to better reflect the activity out of which they emerged.
2431:
531:
1619:
Kate
Cumming, "Metadata Matters," in Managing Electronic Records, ed. Julie McLeod and Catherine Hare (London: Facet Publishing, 2005) pp. 34-49.
2562:
2054:
1914:
967:
1959:
1148:
2577:
1005:
1450:"The Provenance of a Profession: The Permanence of the Public Archives and Historical Manuscripts Traditions in American Archival History"
1893:
2604:
2476:
977:
442:
109:
2686:
1294:, ed. Sue McKemmish et al. (Wagga Wagga, New South Wales: Charles Sturt University, Centre for Information Studies, 2005), pp. 21-22.
262:
2341:
1264:
987:
956:
329:
30:
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2364:
46:
2436:
992:
814:
519:
209:
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standard, act as working guidelines for archives to follow and adapt in ways that would best suit their respective needs.
1632:, Proceedings of the 21tst ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021), ACM Press, Illinois, USA (2021)
410:
In 1540, Jacob von
Rammingen (1510–1582) wrote the manuscript of the earliest known archival manual. He was an expert on
2584:
2552:
2399:
2389:
2359:
2294:
1728:
1048:
754:
547:
121:
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2189:
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2503:
1033: – the relationship that each archival record has with the other records produced as part of the same activity
2707:
2616:
2599:
2572:
2557:
2089:
1757:"Preservation is Political: Enacting Contributive Justice and Decolonizing Transnational Archival Collaborations"
1039:
1347:
1196:
2646:
2331:
2228:
714:
Although original order is a generally accepted principle, there has been some debate about applicability to
2299:
741:
within a collection. Conservation can be included in this practice and often these two definitions overlap.
2416:
2411:
2314:
2270:
1501:
1454:
477:
117:
105:
2421:
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1321:
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650:
388:
193:
181:
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content within archival practice, with a significant lack of attention to other, diverse perspectives.
2539:
2524:
2481:
2441:
2374:
2255:
2184:
803:
430:
not published. Archival science had no formal beginning. Jacob von
Rammingen's manual was printed in
125:
83:
1889:
1544:, ed. Terry Eastwood and Heather MacNeil (Santa Barbara, California: Libraries Unlimited), p. 23-43.
1197:"The Protection of the Integrity of Electronic Records: An Overview of the UBC-MAS Research Project"
890:
Hughes-Watkins has demonstrated that mainstream archival institutions tend to preserve homogeneous,
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2406:
2309:
2240:
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1024:
935:
462:
355:
344:
205:
101:
87:
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2611:
2594:
2471:
2466:
2384:
2122:
2016:
1840:
1786:
1662:
1642:
1568:"What is Past is Prologue: A History of Archival Ideas Since 1898, and the Future Paradigm Shift"
1101:
1087:
1018:
884:
868:
715:
469:
336:
129:
1567:
695:
and argued that "original order" is an essential trait of archival arrangement and description.
1170:
749:
Preservation emerged with the establishment of the first central archives. In 1789, during the
529:, based on traditional archival principles. A comparable standard used in the United States is
476:. Some important archival thinkers of the past century include: Canadian archivist and scholar
2547:
2508:
2491:
2326:
2275:
2154:
2117:
2008:
1955:
1871:
1832:
1778:
1287:
763:
750:
663:
634:
592:
493:
489:
159:
1021: – Process of examining a body of records to determine its value for an archival library
2496:
2218:
2211:
2179:
2097:
1998:
1947:
1822:
1768:
1707:
1691:
1654:
1510:
1463:
1238:
1107:
903:
876:
859:
855:
738:
473:
223:
185:
1630:
Estimating
Contemporary Relevance of Past News for Enhancing Search in Archival Collections
2529:
2456:
2394:
2351:
2250:
2245:
2201:
2164:
2149:
2127:
2081:
1540:
Douglas, Jennifer (2010). "Origins: Evolving Ideas about the
Principle of Provenance," in
1303:
1060:
927:
863:
497:
251:
239:
235:
201:
113:
1256:
2003:
1986:
1468:
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in archival studies. The guidelines were most recently revised and re-approved in 2016.
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has caused the field to re-evaluate its means and ends. While generally associated with
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2336:
2223:
2206:
2196:
2159:
2139:
2132:
2107:
1859:
1811:""To Suddenly Discover Yourself Existing": Uncovering the Impact of Community Archives"
1756:
1515:
1496:
1399:
1128:"The Archival Paradigm—The Genesis and Rationales of Archival Principles and Practices"
1127:
951:
Professional archivist associations seek to foster study and professional development:
931:
597:
247:
243:
1590:
726:
468:
A list of foundational thinkers in archival studies could include: American archivist
2701:
2451:
2174:
1844:
1790:
1666:
1030:
822:
703:
646:
485:
1629:
1420:
2260:
1492:
1042: – intrinsic value of a digital object, exclusive of its informational content
911:
758:
reasons, to maintain and preserve their records as they were created and received.
481:
446:
197:
189:
54:
1242:
862:, and Sangwand as "critical archival studies". Critical archival studies applies
2265:
2144:
2046:
1054:
891:
688:
642:
622:
551:
543:
400:
231:
151:
17:
1827:
1810:
1098: – Chronology of the ownership, custody or location of a historical object
2169:
1658:
1095:
692:
573:
438:
431:
2012:
1875:
1836:
1782:
782:
its significance. This definition relates to the principle of provenance and
2286:
1081: – Set of activities aimed at prolonging the life of a record or object
915:
810:
699:
638:
562:
363:
163:
1712:
379:
1951:
332:, photographs and various other materials in physical or digital formats.
1628:
Mari Sato, Adam Jatowt, Yijun Duan, Ricardo Campos, Masatoshi
Yoshikawa:
680:
578:
538:
450:
426:
404:
155:
147:
2020:
1941:
2112:
2102:
2077:
919:
902:
In 2002, the Society of American Archivists published guidelines for a
684:
668:
605:
458:
325:
322:
227:
2036:
1229:
and a monography on archives from 1632 by Baldassare Bonifacio].
818:
676:
672:
454:
1773:
1104: – Management of the information and records of an organization
27:
Science of storage, registration and preservation of historical data
1727:
Sangwand, T-Kay; Christian-Lamb, Caitlin; Lindblad, Purdom (2018).
1497:"Some Aspects of Archival Development Since The French Revolution"
725:
614:
610:
561:
525:
510:
378:
34:
Various documents curated for readers at the National Archives, UK
1809:
Caswell, Michelle; Cifor, Marika; Ramirez, Mario H (2016-06-01).
1761:
KULA: Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies
2041:
351:
143:
2050:
923:
679:
during the following decades. Following the rise of state-run
645:
into these schemes. With archival documents approached from a
1729:"Bridging Justice Based Practices for Archives + Critical DH"
786:
as it similarly emphasizes the idea of the original record.
983:
International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives
500:, and American museum and archival scholar David Bearman.
1987:"Archival Research: A "New" Issue for Graduate Education"
1051: – Standard for encoding archival record information
1915:"Guidelines for a Graduate Program in Archival Studies"
1890:"Guidelines for a Graduate Program in Archival Studies"
1406:. Society of American Archivists. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
1083:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1074:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1065:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
492:, University of Michigan faculty and archival scholar
1308:
Arranging & Describing Archives & Manuscripts
347:(arranging and describing) collections of materials.
1072: – Surveying, arranging, preserving collections
1044:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1035:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1027: – Surveying, arranging, preserving collections
604:" rose from the conviction that records entering an
383:
The earliest archival manuals: Jacob von Rammingen,
2538:
2517:
2350:
2284:
2088:
1700:
Journal of Critical Library and Information Studies
1694:; Punzalan, Ricardo; Sangwand, T-Kay (2017-06-27).
449:documents along with the development of electronic
1552:
1550:
1195:Duranti, Luciana; Heather MacNeil (January 1996).
973:Association of Records Managers and Administrators
418:), the German word for what later became known as
1921:. Society of American Archivists. 7 December 2017
1414:
1412:
1310:. Chicago: Society of American Archivists. p. 37.
1008:, and Mid-Atlantic Regional Archives Conference.
649:perspective, records were organized according to
1946:(1 ed.). Open Book Publishers. p. 85.
445:, of retrieval and safe handling. The advent of
1595:A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology
1425:A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology
1404:A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology
1394:
1392:
1352:A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology
1326:A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology
1261:Standards for Archival Description: A Handbook
1175:A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology
1130:. Council on Library and Information Resources
2062:
295:
8:
1696:"Critical Archival Studies: An Introduction"
1283:
1281:
1149:"About records, archives and the profession"
629:Practices before the emergence of provenance
1443:
1441:
1079:Preservation (library and archival science)
2662:
2069:
2055:
2047:
1980:
1978:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1223:
1221:
321:, is the study and theory of building and
302:
288:
53:
37:
2002:
1826:
1772:
1711:
1514:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1467:
1348:"Describing Archives: A Content Standard"
963:Archives and Records Association, Ireland
667:" and of "original order" was adopted in
1864:Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies
425:Rammingen elaborated a registry for the
29:
1119:
532:Describing Archives: A Content Standard
367:; the curation of an archive is called
45:
1063: – Branch of academic disciplines
1057: – Organization tool for archives
968:Association of Moving Image Archivists
867:between critical archival studies and
328:, which are collections of documents,
1804:
1802:
1800:
1750:
1748:
1686:
1684:
1682:
7:
2652:
1985:Gilliland-Swetland, Anne J. (2000).
1858:Hughes-Watkins, Lae'l (2018-05-16).
1006:Society of North Carolina Archivists
488:, UCLA faculty and archival scholar
2682:
2037:The Academy of Certified Archivists
2004:10.17723/aarc.63.2.6226636045t48543
1469:10.17723/aarc.54.2.w42580v137053675
1151:. International Council on Archives
898:Professional and advanced education
730:Archival boxes at the NASA archives
1892:. Society of American Archivists.
1516:10.17723/aarc.3.3.q64h3343h663402j
1292:Archives: Recordkeeping in Society
1263:. Society of American Archivists.
978:Association of Canadian Archivists
465:or paired with a History program.
25:
2342:Library and information scientist
1896:from the original on 6 April 2007
1448:Gilliland-Swetland, Luke (1991).
1267:from the original on 5 April 2007
988:International Council on Archives
675:about 1840 and spread throughout
2681:
2671:
2661:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2042:Australian Society of Archivists
1597:. Society of American Archivists
1427:. Society of American Archivists
1354:. Society of American Archivists
1328:. Society of American Archivists
1322:"Rules for Archival Description"
1177:. Society of American Archivists
957:Archives and Records Association
871:, to work to resist oppression.
722:Preservation in archival science
361:An archive curator is called an
269:
268:
2672:
2365:Library and information science
1755:Sangwand, T.-Kay (2018-11-29).
1398:Pearce-Moses, Richard (2005). "
1231:Scandinavian Journal of History
47:Library and information science
2437:Electronic resource management
1589:Pearce-Moses, Richard (2005).
1419:Pearce-Moses, Richard (2005).
1346:Pearce-Moses, Richard (2005).
1320:Pearce-Moses, Richard (2005).
1290:, "Archival Institutions", in
1169:Pearce-Moses, Richard (2005).
993:Society of American Archivists
745:The beginnings of preservation
558:Provenance in archival science
520:Rules for Archival Description
484:, Australian archival scholar
399:Archival science emerged from
210:Science and technology studies
1:
1542:Currents of Archival Thinking
1090: – Preservation of media
809:to include new media such as
350:An archival record preserves
1243:10.1080/03468755.2013.776405
1049:Encoded Archival Description
548:Encoded Archival Description
544:Machine-Readable Cataloguing
2370:Education for librarianship
1943:Digital Humanities Pedagogy
585:The principle of provenance
403:, the critical analysis of
2724:
2530:History of library science
1828:10.17723/0360-9081.79.1.56
801:
480:, South African archivist
2627:
1040:Digital artifactual value
846:Critical archival studies
2647:Category:Library science
2332:Information professional
2229:Learning Resource Centre
174:Interdisciplinary fields
1659:10.1023/A:1020827012752
657:Emergence of provenance
569:of documents, year 1542
2417:Collection development
1991:The American Archivist
1815:The American Archivist
1713:10.24242/jclis.v1i2.50
1643:"List of Contributors"
1556:Posner (1940), p. 166.
1502:The American Archivist
1455:The American Archivist
879:from feminist uses of
731:
651:classification schemes
570:
517:archivists in Canada,
472:and British archivist
396:
369:archive administration
118:Information management
106:Collections management
35:
2422:Collective collection
1952:10.2307/j.ctt5vjtt3.8
1070:Manuscript processing
881:symbolic annihilation
850:In 2002, the journal
839:information retrieval
770:Archival preservation
729:
581:at the series level.
565:
470:Theodore Schellenberg
389:Baldassarre Bonifacio
382:
194:Documentation science
182:Communication studies
33:
2585:Library associations
2525:History of libraries
2442:Information literacy
1566:Cook, Terry (1997).
804:Digital preservation
798:Digital preservation
474:Sir Hilary Jenkinson
356:historical documents
126:Knowledge management
2462:Library instruction
2322:Periodicals/serials
2241:Special collections
1919:www2.archivists.org
1025:Archival processing
936:information science
755:Archives Nationales
463:Information Science
385:Von der Registratur
206:Information science
102:Archives management
41:Part of a series on
2637:Category:Libraries
2504:Technical services
2472:Library publishing
2467:Library management
2295:Distance education
1171:"Archival Science"
1102:Records management
1088:Media preservation
1019:Archival appraisal
885:community archives
869:digital humanities
833:Information access
732:
716:personal archiving
661:The principle of "
571:
397:
130:Library management
36:
2695:
2694:
2482:Readers' advisory
2155:Library of things
1961:978-1-909254-26-8
1692:Caswell, Michelle
1653:: 161–163. 2002.
1288:Adrian Cunningham
784:respect des fonds
764:cultural heritage
751:French Revolution
664:respect des fonds
635:French Revolution
602:Respect des fonds
593:respect des fonds
494:Margaret Hedstrom
312:
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852:Archival Science
319:archival studies
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546:(MARC format),
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1997:(2): 259–260.
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1591:"Preservation"
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2477:Preservation
2427:Conservation
2379:
2375:Acquisitions
2256:Subscription
2185:Presidential
1994:
1990:
1965:. Retrieved
1942:
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1918:
1909:
1898:. Retrieved
1884:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1821:(1): 56–81.
1818:
1814:
1764:
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1736:. Retrieved
1732:
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1650:
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1599:. Retrieved
1594:
1584:
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1541:
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1459:
1453:
1429:. Retrieved
1424:
1421:"Provenance"
1403:
1356:. Retrieved
1351:
1341:
1330:. Retrieved
1325:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1269:. Retrieved
1260:
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1209:. Retrieved
1204:
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1190:
1179:. Retrieved
1174:
1164:
1153:. Retrieved
1143:
1132:. Retrieved
1122:
1003:
950:
947:Professional
942:Associations
912:anthropology
908:
901:
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873:
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849:
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735:Preservation
733:
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662:
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632:
623:finding aids
619:
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591:
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482:Verne Harris
467:
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334:
318:
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198:Epistemology
190:Data science
177:
110:Preservation
2687:WikiProject
2407:Circulation
1207:(42): 46–67
1055:Finding aid
892:Eurocentric
819:visualfiles
552:Dublin core
550:(EAD), and
439:cataloguing
401:diplomatics
393:De Archivis
339:, storing,
263:WikiProject
152:Information
122:cataloguing
88:Information
2612:Archivists
2595:Librarians
2553:by country
2390:Cataloging
2385:Assessment
2123:Consortium
2113:Children's
1900:2007-04-03
1738:2020-02-09
1672:2022-05-19
1601:2016-01-01
1572:Archivaria
1431:2016-01-01
1358:2016-01-01
1332:2016-01-01
1271:2007-04-03
1257:"Foreword"
1211:2007-02-16
1201:Archivaria
1181:2012-12-07
1155:2011-11-03
1134:2007-04-03
1115:References
1096:Provenance
815:audiofiles
739:aggregates
700:historians
693:provenance
643:catalogued
574:Provenance
478:Terry Cook
432:Heidelberg
412:registries
345:processing
341:preserving
337:appraising
330:recordings
2605:fictional
2568:destroyed
2548:Libraries
2487:Reference
2447:Inventory
2360:Five laws
2300:E-science
2287:librarian
2285:Types of
2276:Traveling
2118:Christian
2078:Libraries
2013:0360-9081
1876:2380-8845
1845:147802336
1837:0360-9081
1791:158673749
1783:2398-4112
1667:195292343
916:economics
811:microfilm
639:libraries
504:Standards
459:libraries
451:databases
443:accession
434:in 1571.
405:documents
364:archivist
164:Knowledge
160:Artefacts
156:Documents
84:Libraries
80:Histories
2702:Category
2667:Glossary
2578:national
2315:ensemble
2219:Research
2212:Carnegie
2180:National
2165:Medicine
2098:Academic
2021:40294141
1967:23 April
1925:23 April
1894:Archived
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1495:(1940).
1400:Metadata
1306:(2005).
1265:Archived
1012:See also
1000:Regional
856:Punzalan
681:archives
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539:Metadata
427:Augsburg
420:archives
387:(1571),
326:archives
323:curating
275:Category
228:Archival
224:Academic
148:Metadata
140:Curation
70:Glossary
2677:Outline
2657:Commons
2573:medical
2563:ancient
2558:by size
2518:History
2509:Weeding
2492:virtual
2395:catalog
2234:virtual
2202:Private
2150:Lending
2128:Digital
2103:Archive
920:history
877:Caswell
860:Caswell
710:Debates
685:Prussia
669:Belgium
606:archive
579:records
455:museums
447:digital
375:History
252:Special
240:Private
65:Outline
2497:roving
2327:School
2251:Street
2224:School
2207:Public
2197:Prison
2170:Mobile
2140:Hybrid
2133:shadow
2108:Branch
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753:, the
677:Europe
673:France
395:(1632)
343:, and
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248:School
244:Public
236:Health
2617:women
2600:women
2540:Lists
2310:Music
2175:Music
2017:JSTOR
1870:(1).
1841:S2CID
1787:S2CID
1706:(2).
1663:S2CID
689:Dutch
615:fonds
611:fonds
526:fonds
511:DIRKS
317:, or
232:Legal
220:Areas
98:Focus
2400:OPAC
2261:Tool
2190:U.S.
2080:and
2009:ISSN
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1956:ISBN
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