1086:(heavenly voice) came forth and exclaimed, "Who is this that has revealed My secrets to mankind?" Jonathan b. Uzziel arose and said, "It is I who have revealed Thy secrets to mankind. It is fully known to Thee that I have not done this for my own honour or for the honour of my father's house, but for Thy honour I have done it, that dissension may not increase in Israel." He further sought to reveal a targum of Ketuvim, but a Bath Kol went forth and said, "Enough!" What was the reason? Because the date of the Messiah is foretold in it.
280:
923:
40:
1130:("Jerusalem Targum"), and written in Western Aramaic. An important one of these was mistakenly labeled "Targum Jonathan" in later printed versions (though all medieval authorities refer to it by its correct name). The error crept in because of an abbreviation: the printer interpreted the abbreviation
1198:
The
Fragment Targums (formerly known as Targum Yerushalmi II) consist of fragments divided into ten manuscripts. Of these P, V and L were first published in 1899 by M Ginsburger, A, B, C, D, F and G in 1930 by P Kahle and E in 1955 by A Díez Macho. These manuscripts are all too fragmented to confirm
1206:
Fragment
Targums originate from the Ben Ezra Synagogue's genizah in Cairo. They share similarities with the Fragment Targums in that they consist of many fragmented manuscripts that have been collected in one targum-group. The manuscripts A and E are the oldest among the Palestinian Targum and have
1451:, ed. Giorgio De Gregori, Maria Valenti – 1976 "(42) Trascrivo una supplica dell'Eustachio al Sirleto : « Giovan Paolo Eustachio romano neophito devotissimo servidor di... (44) « Die 22 mensis augusti 1602. Inventarium factum in domo illustrissimi domini Ugonis Boncompagni posita".
1002:
Besides its public function in the synagogue, the
Babylonian Talmud also mentions targum in the context of a personal study requirement: "A person should always review his portions of scripture along with the community, reading the scripture twice and the targum once" (Berakhot 8a–b). This, too,
1199:
what their purpose was, but they seem to be either the remains of a single complete targum or short variant readings of another targum. As a group, they often share theological views and with Targum
Neofiti, which has led to the belief that they could be variant readings of that targum.
109:. This had become necessary near the end of the first century BCE, as the common language was Aramaic and Hebrew was used for little more than schooling and worship. The translator frequently expanded his translation with paraphrases, explanations and examples, so it became a kind of
1154:
flatly contradicts the
Talmudic tradition (Megillah 3a), which quite clearly attributes the targum to Nevi'im alone to him, while stating that there is no official targum to the Ketuvim. In the same printed versions, a similar fragment targum is correctly labeled as
1547:
Tadmor, H., 1991. "On the role of
Aramaic in the Assyrian empire", in M. Mori, H. Ogawa and M. Yoshikawa (eds.), Near Eastern Studies Dedicated to H.I.H. Prince Takahito Mikasa on the Occasion of his Seventy-Fifth Birthday, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 419–426
1194:
noticed that it differed significantly from Targum
Onkelos. It was translated and published during 1968–79, and has since been considered the most important of the Palestinian Targumim, as it is by far the most complete and, apparently, the earliest as well.
1094:, whose origin is mostly Palestinian rather than Mesopotamian. But they were poorly preserved and less well known for lack of a fixed place in the liturgy. From Palestine, the tradition of targum to Ketuvim made its way to Italy, and from there to medieval
1047:
For these reasons, Jewish editions of the Tanakh which include commentaries still almost always print the Targum alongside the text, in all Jewish communities. Nevertheless, later halakhic authorities argued that the requirement to privately review the
1077:
The Targum of the
Pentateuch was composed by Onkelos the proselyte from the mouths of R. Eleazar and R. Joshua. The Targum of the Prophets was composed by Jonathan ben Uzziel under the guidance of Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi, and the
995:("our Targum"), giving them official status. In the synagogues of Talmudic times, Targum Onkelos was read alternately with the Torah, verse by verse, and Targum Jonathan was read alternately with the selection from Nevi'im (i.e., the
1181:, died in 1585. The transmission route may instead be by a certain "Giovan Paolo Eustachio romano neophito." Before this de Monte had censored it by deleting most references to idolatry. In 1602 Boncompagni's estate gave it to the
1052:
might also be met by reading a translation in the current vernacular in place of the official Targum, or else by studying an important commentary containing midrashic interpretation (especially that of Rashi).
1028:
When most Jewish communities ceased speaking
Aramaic in the 10th century, the public reading of Targum, along with the Torah and Haftarah, was abandoned in most communities, Yemen being a well-known exception.
1189:
bought it along with other manuscripts when the
Collegium closed (which is the reason for the manuscripts name and its designation). It was then mistitled as a manuscript of Targum Onkelos until 1949, when
1032:
The private study requirement to review the Targum was never entirely relaxed, even when Jewish communities had largely ceased speaking Aramaic, and the Targum never ceased to be a major source for
606:
2113:
1207:
been dated to around the seventh century. Manuscripts C, E, H and Z contain only passages from Genesis, A from Exodus while MS B contain verses from both as well as from Deuteronomium.
1173:
I is the largest. It consist of 450 folios covering all books of the Pentateuch, with only a few damaged verses. The history of the manuscript begins 1587 when the censor
1798:
584:
2730:
2612:
631:
2804:
227::7 "a letter written in Aramaic and translated." Besides denoting the translations of the Bible, "targum" also denoted the oral rendering of Bible
2689:
951:
747:
653:
140:
1017:
The two "official" targumim are considered eastern (Mesopotamian, called "Babylonian"). Nevertheless, scholars believe they, too, originated in
2597:
2592:
553:
434:
429:
2607:
1709:
1369:
421:
2298:
1102:. The targumim of Psalms, Proverbs, and Job are generally treated as a unit, as are the targumim of the five scrolls (Esther has a longer "
2404:
682:
2725:
2399:
2260:
1245:
457:
452:
1748:
1106:" as well.) The targum of Chronicles is quite late, possibly medieval. It is traditionally attributed to "Rav Yosef" (meaning either
2367:
1534:
600:
465:
157:. That is true both for those targums that are fairly literal as well as for those that contain many midrashic expansions. In 1541,
120:. They were not recognized as authoritative by the religious leaders. Some subsequent Jewish traditions, beginning with the Jews of
124:, accepted the written targumim as authoritative translations of the Hebrew scriptures into Aramaic. Today, the common meaning of
2485:
2362:
2213:
1791:
876:
357:
1090:
Nevertheless, most books of Ketuvim (with the exceptions of Daniel and Ezra-Nehemiah, which both contain Aramaic portions) have
116:
Writing down the targum was initially prohibited; nevertheless, some targumitic writings appeared as early as the middle of the
2745:
916:
786:
548:
1740:
625:
182:
2778:
2699:
752:
1236:, who speak several different dialects of Aramaic. The translation of the Peshitta is thought to be before the year 300.
2694:
1162:
The Western Targumim on the Torah, or Palestinian Targumim as they are also called, consist of three manuscript groups:
2208:
1784:
1761:
944:
791:
153:
2382:
1022:
2414:
2393:
2387:
1497:
871:
279:
63:
2409:
2377:
2372:
2108:
1570:
1182:
816:
637:
595:
439:
1014:. This scribal practice is rooted in the public reading of the Targum and the requirement for private study.
2735:
2715:
2587:
2444:
2305:
2045:
1598:
1191:
841:
826:
776:
611:
411:
399:
380:
31:
2571:
2454:
2439:
2429:
2021:
1147:
1003:
refers to Targum Onkelos on the public Torah reading and to Targum Jonathan on the haftarot from Nevi'im.
937:
900:
892:
836:
806:
643:
616:
344:
174:
84:
2520:
2459:
2449:
2357:
1696:
1624:
1577:
1177:(d. 1587) bequeathed it to Ugo Boncompagni—which presents an oddity, since Boncompagni, better known as
831:
821:
720:
52:
2720:
2640:
2352:
2265:
2175:
1941:
1828:
1211:
1174:
771:
757:
672:
579:
506:
2662:
2627:
2424:
2103:
1886:
1856:
1666:
1151:
801:
796:
781:
762:
697:
692:
485:
2232:
1713:
2554:
2469:
2275:
2270:
2155:
2118:
2098:
2028:
1025:. Though these targumim were later "orientalised", the substratum belying their origins remains.
905:
887:
846:
662:
481:
375:
365:
1299:
1628:
2755:
2564:
2559:
2500:
2332:
2242:
2185:
2006:
1996:
1846:
1530:
1365:
1355:
1233:
1178:
738:
677:
444:
121:
1359:
2799:
2740:
2635:
2617:
2549:
2537:
2495:
2434:
2419:
2310:
2198:
1991:
1936:
1916:
1896:
1734:
1524:
1394:
1214:
to their text of the Torah. Other Targumim were also discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls.
648:
589:
567:
496:
416:
370:
144:
2532:
2510:
2464:
2011:
1971:
1946:
1876:
1851:
1836:
1065:
were composed besides these two on Torah and Nevi'im alone, and that there is no official
1033:
1018:
977:
170:
139:
interpretation of the Tanakh from the time they were written and are notable for favoring
106:
75:
1437:
1423:
2768:
2750:
2684:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2293:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2069:
2064:
2040:
2001:
1951:
1931:
1901:
1881:
1866:
1861:
1841:
1807:
1411:
1170:
1163:
1111:
1079:
1041:
1007:
968:
811:
687:
501:
292:
263:
166:
30:
This article is about the Aramaic translation of the Hebrew Bible. For other uses, see
2793:
2515:
2324:
2193:
2059:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1956:
1926:
1824:
335:
330:
204:
129:
117:
1114:). (The targum to Neviim is also sometimes referred to as the targum of Rav Yosef.)
1036:. For instance, it serves as a major source in Shlomo Yitzhaki's Torah commentary, "
70:'interpretation, translation, version') was an originally spoken translation of the
2773:
2673:
2602:
2504:
1966:
1961:
1921:
1891:
1871:
1819:
1562:
1203:
1103:
927:
543:
538:
527:
349:
304:
201:
71:
1607:
1484:
1319:
2656:
2252:
2170:
2165:
2079:
2074:
1906:
1767:
1315:
248:
244:
158:
1082:
quaked over an area of four hundred parasangs by four hundred parasangs, and a
2645:
1771:
981:
866:
516:
314:
148:
17:
1691:
2160:
1705:
1107:
232:
180:
Targumim are used today as sources in text-critical editions of the Bible (
1757:
2667:
2237:
2224:
2203:
2150:
2145:
1449:
Studi di biblioteconomia e storia del libro in onore di Francesco Barberi
1398:
1229:
1223:
1186:
1099:
1095:
1083:
1010:
sometimes contain the Hebrew text interpolated, verse-by-verse, with the
521:
1752:
2679:
2544:
1655:
with a new English translation for each version and critical apparatus.
1070:
996:
733:
533:
319:
228:
207:
188:
136:
105:) would give in the common language of the listeners when that was not
44:
1185:, a college for converts from Judaism and Islam, until 1886, when the
2527:
1911:
1776:
988:
728:
224:
110:
97:
1733:
1637:
1287:
A Short Survey of the Literature of Rabbinical and Mediæval Judaism
2490:
1811:
1616:
1037:
972:
309:
271:
239:(he who translates). Other than the meaning "translate", the verb
39:
1594:
1581:
48:
1780:
999:). This custom continues today in Yemenite Jewish synagogues.
964:
The two most important targumim for liturgical purposes are:
1652:
1648:
1678:
1636:————————.
1608:"The Aramaic Targum to the Song of Songs (Shir HaShirim)"
1361:
Old Testament Textual Criticism: A Practical Introduction
1345:, ed. David Noel Freedman (New York: Doubleday), 6:320–31
1166:
I, Fragment Targums, and Cairo Geniza Fragment Targums.
235:, while the translator of the Bible was simply called
165:
explaining all the Aramaic words found in the Targums
1644:
1126:
on the Torah, each of which was traditionally called
1729:, analyzing the status of the Targumim in Jewish law
214:
128:
is a written Aramaic translation of the Bible. Only
89:
43:
11th century Hebrew Bible with targum, perhaps from
2708:
2626:
2580:
2478:
2323:
2286:
2251:
2222:
2184:
2129:
2036:
2020:
1818:
1341:Philip S. Alexander, (1992) "Targum, Targumim", in
987:These two targumim are mentioned in the Babylonian
1687:along with lexical tools and grammatical analysis.
223:refers to "translator, interpreter". It occurs in
1526:Studies in the Syntax of the Peshitta of 1 Kings
1265:
1263:
1261:
1075:
1397:, so he had traditions handed down from them (
1061:The Talmud explicitly states that no official
135:As translations, the targumim largely reflect
1792:
1073:("The Writings"). The Talmud stories state:
1040:," and has always been the standard fare for
1021:because of a strong linguistic substratum of
945:
8:
200:The noun "Targum" is derived from the early
27:Aramaic translation of the Jewish scriptures
1586:Newsletter for Targumic and Cognate Studies
1582:"Targum Pseudo-Jonathan and Targum Onkelos"
1498:"The Dead Sea Scrolls - Browse Manuscripts"
1461:
1459:
1457:
1438:אנציקלופדיה יהודית דעת: תרגום יונתן לנביאים
243:also means "to explain". Targum refers to "
132:continue to use the targumim liturgically.
2033:
1799:
1785:
1777:
1479:
1477:
1475:
952:
938:
572:
258:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1142:(תרגום ירושלמי). Scholars refer to this
38:
1683:—contains critical editions of all the
1433:
1431:
1410:A possible reference to the end of the
1257:
661:
270:
1601:from the original on 11 December 2017.
1364:. Baker Publishing Group. p. 77.
1393:Jonathan b. Uzziel was a disciple of
1138:(תרגום יונתן) instead of the correct
1006:Medieval biblical manuscripts of the
186:refers to them with the abbreviation
7:
1638:"The Aramaic Targum to Lamentations"
1122:There are also a variety of western
98:
67:
2731:Other books referenced in the Bible
2690:New Testament manuscript categories
1679:"The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon"
79:
2261:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
1469:. Shannon, Irish University Press.
96:) that a professional translator (
25:
1521:For the date of translation, see
1285:Oesterley, WOE; Box, GH (1920).
921:
278:
2805:1st-millennium BC introductions
2746:Biblical and Quranic narratives
1246:Aaron ben Mordecai of Rödelheim
917:Outline of Bible-related topics
151:, for one, notes this often in
1741:New International Encyclopedia
1595:"The Aramaic Targum to Psalms"
1567:The Song of Songs and Coheleth
1557:English translations of Targum
1150:. To attribute this targum to
626:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
183:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
1:
1610:. University of Pennsylvania.
753:Historical-grammatical method
1758:Michael Klein on the Targums
1617:"The Aramaic Targum to Ruth"
1424:אנציקלופדיה יהודית דעת: יוסף
1274:. New York: Robert Appleton.
1232:is the traditional Bible of
1625:Brady, Christian 'Chris' MM
1343:The Anchor Bible Dictionary
1118:Other Targumim on the Torah
215:
154:The Guide for the Perplexed
90:
2821:
2726:English Bible translations
2114:Song of the Three Children
1712:. Derushah. Archived from
1710:"The Targumim and Halakha"
1523:Peter J. Williams (2001).
1289:. New York: Burt Franklin.
1221:
1023:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
748:Allegorical interpretation
29:
2764:
1502:www.deadseascrolls.org.il
1270:Schühlein, Franz (1912).
219:), and the Akkadian term
1629:"Targum Ruth in English"
1571:Christian David Ginsburg
1358:; Eric J. Tully (2016).
1210:The Samaritan community
1183:College of the Neophytes
638:Novum Testamentum Graece
440:Composition of the Torah
247:" and argumentation or "
161:wrote and published the
2588:Intertestamental period
1671:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1660:Other sources on Targum
32:Targum (disambiguation)
2572:Apocalyptic literature
2209:Paralipomena of Baruch
1578:Etheridge, John Wesley
1148:Targum Pseudo-Jonathan
1088:
901:Criticism of the Bible
644:Documentary hypothesis
55:
2736:Additional Scriptures
2700:New Testament uncials
1753:Oxford Bibliographies
1697:Catholic Encyclopedia
1647:—The Aramaic text of
1573:(1857) pages 503–519.
1487:. Tübingen, JCB Mohr.
654:NT textual categories
42:
2721:Bible version debate
2695:New Testament papyri
2641:Samaritan Pentateuch
2266:Testament of Abraham
2204:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
1580:(7 September 2013).
1529:. BRILL. p. 2.
1467:Targum and Testament
1465:McNamara, M. (1972)
1304:Jewish Encyclopedia.
1212:has their own Targum
1192:Alejandro Díez Macho
601:Internal consistency
507:Samaritan Pentateuch
141:allegorical readings
2663:Muratorian fragment
2598:New Testament canon
2593:Old Testament canon
2486:Chapters and verses
2104:Additions to Daniel
2070:Additions to Esther
1768:The Aramaic Targums
1483:Sysling, H. (1996)
1152:Jonathan ben Uzziel
1134:(ת"י) to stand for
435:New Testament canon
430:Old Testament canon
358:Chapters and verses
2276:Testament of Jacob
2271:Testament of Isaac
2156:Prayer of Manasseh
2119:Bel and the Dragon
2099:Letter of Jeremiah
906:Biblical authority
787:Capital punishment
663:Biblical criticism
632:Rahlfs' Septuagint
336:New Testament (NT)
331:Old Testament (OT)
255:Two major targumim
56:
53:Schøyen Collection
2787:
2786:
2756:Textual criticism
2319:
2318:
2243:Psalms of Solomon
2186:Orthodox Tewahedo
1615:Levey, Samson H.
1485:Tehiyyat Ha-Metim
1371:978-1-4934-0475-9
1356:Ellis R. Brotzman
1234:Syriac Christians
1179:Pope Gregory XIII
1157:Targum Yerushalmi
1140:Targum Yerushalmi
1128:Targum Yerushalmi
962:
961:
777:Conspiracy theory
706:
705:
445:Mosaic authorship
163:Sefer Meturgeman,
145:anthropomorphisms
122:Lower Mesopotamia
88:
74:(also called the
16:(Redirected from
2812:
2636:Dead Sea Scrolls
2618:Dating the Bible
2496:Historical books
2133:Eastern Orthodox
2046:Eastern Orthodox
2034:
2027:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1778:
1745:
1737:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1701:
1682:
1674:
1653:Samaritan Targum
1641:
1632:
1627:(18 June 2011).
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:Cook, Edward M.
1589:
1541:
1540:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
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1339:
1326:
1325:
1321:Sefer meturgeman
1312:
1306:
1300:"Levita, Elijah"
1297:
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1282:
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1275:
1267:
954:
947:
940:
928:Bible portal
926:
925:
924:
649:Synoptic problem
573:
568:Biblical studies
497:Dead Sea scrolls
458:Petrine epistles
453:Pauline epistles
282:
259:
218:
212:
101:
100:
95:
83:
81:
69:
64:Imperial Aramaic
21:
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2810:
2809:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2760:
2704:
2622:
2613:Christian canon
2576:
2511:Prophetic books
2474:
2405:2 Thessalonians
2400:1 Thessalonians
2315:
2282:
2247:
2218:
2180:
2139:
2125:
2053:
2025:
2024:
2016:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1762:Chapter Ninteen
1732:
1722:
1720:
1719:on 20 July 2008
1716:
1704:
1690:
1677:
1665:
1645:Aramaic Targums
1635:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1597:. Targum.info.
1592:
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1259:
1254:
1242:
1226:
1220:
1175:Andrea de Monte
1136:Targum Yonathan
1120:
1059:
1034:Jewish exegesis
1019:Syria Palestina
978:Targum Jonathan
958:
922:
920:
919:
911:
910:
897:
883:
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853:
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851:
767:
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702:
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594:
570:
560:
559:
558:
491:
490:
471:
470:
466:Johannine works
462:
426:
406:
405:
402:and development
389:
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387:
354:
340:
326:
299:
298:
257:
210:
198:
175:pseudo-Jonathan
107:Biblical Hebrew
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2816:
2808:
2807:
2802:
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2791:
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2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2751:Synod of Hippo
2748:
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2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:Masoretic Text
2682:
2677:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
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2624:
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2557:
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2521:Minor prophets
2518:
2516:Major prophets
2508:
2498:
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2294:Pseudepigrapha
2290:
2288:
2287:Classification
2284:
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2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2257:
2255:
2249:
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2240:
2235:
2233:Psalms 152–155
2229:
2227:
2220:
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2206:
2201:
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2031:
2018:
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2015:
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1994:
1989:
1984:
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1964:
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1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
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1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1887:1–2 Chronicles
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
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1839:
1833:
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1803:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:Bible Research
1765:
1755:
1746:
1735:"Targum"
1730:
1702:
1688:
1675:
1657:
1656:
1649:Targum Onkelos
1642:
1640:. Targum.info.
1633:
1621:
1619:. Targum.info.
1612:
1606:Treat, Jay C.
1603:
1590:
1574:
1553:
1552:External links
1550:
1543:
1542:
1535:
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1489:
1471:
1453:
1441:
1427:
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1412:book of Daniel
1403:
1386:
1377:
1370:
1347:
1327:
1307:
1302:, in the 1906
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1256:
1255:
1253:
1250:
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1241:
1238:
1222:Main article:
1219:
1216:
1171:Targum Neofiti
1164:Targum Neofiti
1119:
1116:
1112:Yosef bar Hama
1080:land of Israel
1058:
1057:Targum Ketuvim
1055:
1042:Ashkenazi Jews
1008:Masoretic Text
985:
984:
975:
969:Targum Onkelos
960:
959:
957:
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715:Interpretation
714:
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549:English Bibles
546:
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502:Masoretic Text
499:
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268:
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256:
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197:
194:
51:: part of the
26:
24:
18:Aramaic Targum
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2817:
2806:
2803:
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2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
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2693:
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2686:
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2681:
2678:
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2675:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
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2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
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2548:
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2534:
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2530:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
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2456:
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2433:
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2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2368:2 Corinthians
2366:
2364:
2363:1 Corinthians
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2325:New Testament
2322:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:New Testament
2304:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2214:Broader canon
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
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2063:
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2057:
2055:
2049:
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2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
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1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
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1963:
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1955:
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1948:
1945:
1943:
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1927:Song of Songs
1925:
1923:
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1913:
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1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1825:Old Testament
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1773:
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1742:
1736:
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1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1700:. New Advent.
1699:
1698:
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1613:
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1600:
1596:
1591:
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1575:
1572:
1568:
1564:
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1560:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1538:
1536:90-04-11978-7
1532:
1528:
1527:
1518:
1515:
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1322:
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1311:
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1296:
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1278:
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1258:
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1244:
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1188:
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1172:
1167:
1165:
1160:
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1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:Second Targum
1101:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1054:
1051:
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1039:
1035:
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1024:
1020:
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1009:
1004:
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998:
994:
990:
983:
979:
976:
974:
970:
967:
966:
965:
955:
950:
948:
943:
941:
936:
935:
933:
932:
929:
918:
915:
914:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
894:
893:Infallibility
891:
889:
886:
885:
878:
875:
874:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
857:
856:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
792:Homosexuality
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
722:
719:
718:
712:
711:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
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671:
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667:
664:
660:
655:
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639:
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633:
630:
628:
627:
623:
622:
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613:
610:
608:
604:
602:
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591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
575:
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569:
564:
563:
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552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
529:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
487:
483:
480:
479:
475:
474:
467:
464:
463:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
401:
398:
397:
393:
392:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
367:
364:
363:
359:
356:
355:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
306:
303:
302:
294:
291:
290:
286:
285:
281:
277:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
209:
206:
205:quadriliteral
203:
195:
193:
191:
190:
185:
184:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
130:Yemenite Jews
127:
123:
119:
118:first century
114:
112:
108:
104:
94:
93:
86:
77:
73:
65:
61:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2674:Vetus Latina
2672:
2655:
2650:
2608:Jewish canon
2603:Antilegomena
2505:Poetic Books
2501:Wisdom books
2479:Subdivisions
2392:
2097: /
2022:Deuterocanon
1942:Lamentations
1922:Ecclesiastes
1829:(protocanon)
1820:Hebrew Bible
1739:
1721:. Retrieved
1714:the original
1695:
1684:
1670:
1659:
1658:
1585:
1566:
1563:Ecclesiastes
1556:
1555:
1546:
1525:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1501:
1492:
1466:
1448:
1444:
1419:
1406:
1389:
1380:
1360:
1350:
1342:
1320:
1316:Levita, Elia
1310:
1303:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1271:
1227:
1209:
1204:Cairo Geniza
1201:
1197:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1091:
1089:
1076:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1049:
1046:
1031:
1027:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1001:
993:targum dilan
992:
986:
963:
860:Perspectives
721:Hermeneutics
636:
624:
544:Luther Bible
539:Gothic Bible
528:Vetus Latina
526:
511:
482:Translations
422:Hebrew canon
350:Antilegomena
345:Deuterocanon
240:
236:
220:
199:
187:
181:
179:
162:
152:
134:
125:
115:
102:
91:
72:Hebrew Bible
59:
57:
36:
2779:WikiProject
2657:Diatessaron
2628:Manuscripts
2581:Development
2383:Philippians
2253:Beta Israel
2171:4 Maccabees
2166:3 Maccabees
2080:2 Maccabees
2075:1 Maccabees
1857:Deuteronomy
1631:. Targuman.
758:Inspiration
596:Historicity
554:by language
486:manuscripts
249:explanation
245:translation
237:hammeturgem
159:Elia Levita
99:מְתוּרגְמָן
47:, found in
2794:Categories
2716:Authorship
2646:Septuagint
2491:Pentateuch
2470:Revelation
2394:Laodiceans
2388:Colossians
1877:1–2 Samuel
1706:Faur, Jose
1384:Megilah 3a
1252:References
763:Literalism
673:Historical
580:Archeology
517:Septuagint
412:Authorship
400:Authorship
221:targummanu
149:Maimonides
103:mǝṯurgǝmān
2555:Johannine
2415:2 Timothy
2410:1 Timothy
2378:Ephesians
2373:Galatians
2161:Psalm 151
2029:apocrypha
2007:Zechariah
1997:Zephaniah
1882:1–2 Kings
1847:Leviticus
1770:, at the
1717:(article)
1169:Of these
1108:Rav Yosef
888:Inerrancy
698:Canonical
693:Redaction
585:Artifacts
366:Apocrypha
295:and books
233:synagogue
196:Etymology
137:midrashic
85:romanized
2769:Category
2668:Peshitta
2565:Catholic
2560:Pastoral
2545:Epistles
2538:Synoptic
2425:Philemon
2238:2 Baruch
2225:Peshitta
2199:Jubilees
2151:2 Esdras
2146:1 Esdras
2041:Catholic
1992:Habakkuk
1937:Jeremiah
1917:Proverbs
1897:Nehemiah
1764:at Brill
1723:6 August
1692:"Targum"
1685:targumim
1667:"Targum"
1599:Archived
1507:17 March
1399:Maharsha
1318:(1542).
1240:See also
1230:Peshitta
1224:Peshitta
1218:Peshitta
1187:Holy See
1124:targumim
1100:Sepharad
1096:Ashkenaz
1092:targumim
1084:Bath Kol
1063:targumim
1044:onward.
1012:targumim
837:Violence
822:Serpents
812:Prophecy
807:Muhammad
522:Peshitta
512:Targumim
264:a series
262:Part of
229:lections
171:Jonathan
80:תַּנַ״ךְ
2800:Targums
2741:Studies
2709:Related
2680:Vulgate
2550:Pauline
2528:Gospels
2445:2 Peter
2440:1 Peter
2430:Hebrews
2333:Matthew
2223:Syriac
2109:Susanna
2012:Malachi
1972:Obadiah
1947:Ezekiel
1852:Numbers
1837:Genesis
1810:of the
1751:at the
1744:. 1905.
1110:or Rav
1071:Ketuvim
997:haftara
982:Nevi'im
980:on the
971:on the
877:Quranic
872:Islamic
867:Gnostic
842:Warfare
832:Slavery
772:Alcohol
734:Midrash
678:Textual
534:Vulgate
320:Ketuvim
315:Nevi'im
202:semitic
167:Onqelos
92:Tana"kh
87::
45:Tunisia
2774:Portal
2651:Targum
2460:3 John
2455:2 John
2450:1 John
2358:Romans
2311:Jewish
2136:Others
2095:Baruch
2090:Sirach
2085:Wisdom
2065:Judith
2050:Others
2002:Haggai
1952:Daniel
1932:Isaiah
1912:Psalms
1902:Esther
1867:Judges
1862:Joshua
1842:Exodus
1749:Targum
1681:. HUC.
1533:
1395:Hillel
1368:
1272:Targum
1144:targum
1067:targum
1050:targum
989:Talmud
802:Incest
782:Ethics
739:Pardes
729:Pesher
683:Source
612:Places
607:People
590:Dating
417:Dating
371:Jewish
305:Tanakh
293:Canons
266:on the
241:tirgem
225:Ezra 4
173:, and
126:targum
111:sermon
76:Hebrew
60:targum
2435:James
2420:Titus
2194:Enoch
2060:Tobit
1987:Nahum
1982:Micah
1977:Jonah
1957:Hosea
1812:Bible
1808:Books
1038:Rashi
973:Torah
847:Women
797:Humor
617:Names
310:Torah
272:Bible
143:over
68:תרגום
2533:List
2465:Jude
2353:Acts
2348:John
2343:Luke
2338:Mark
2299:list
2176:Odes
1967:Amos
1962:Joel
1892:Ezra
1872:Ruth
1725:2008
1651:and
1531:ISBN
1509:2018
1366:ISBN
1228:The
1202:The
1098:and
817:Rape
688:Form
484:and
216:trgm
211:תרגם
208:root
49:Iraq
2026:and
1907:Job
1565:in
1146:as
1069:to
991:as
827:Sex
251:".
231:in
192:).
2796::
1760:,
1738:.
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1584:.
1569:,
1500:.
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1456:^
1430:^
1330:^
1260:^
1159:.
1132:TY
381:NT
376:OT
189:𝔗
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169:,
147:.
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82:,
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