1825:
3554:
1316:
A quinqueliteral is a consonantal root containing a sequence of five consonants. Traditionally, in
Semitic languages, forms with more than four basic consonants (i.e. consonants not introduced by morphological inflection or derivation) were occasionally found in nouns, mainly in loanwords from other
58:
category around the root consonants, in an appropriate way, generally following specific patterns. It is a peculiarity of
Semitic linguistics that a large majority of these consonantal roots are triliterals (although there are a number of quadriliterals, and in some languages also biliterals).
1334:
always appears as an indivisible cluster in the derivation of this verb and so the five root-consonant forms do not display any fundamentally different morphological patterns from four root-consonant forms (and the term "quinqueliteral" or "quinquiliteral" would be misleading if it implied
822:) for the root have not gained the same currency in cross-linguistic Semitic scholarship as the Hebrew equivalents, and Western grammarians continue to use "stem"/"form"/"pattern" for the former and "root" for the latter—though "form" and "pattern" are accurate translations of the
1321:
are allowed to begin with a sequence of two consonants (a relaxation of the situation in early
Semitic, where only one consonant was allowed), which has opened the door for a very small set of loan words to manifest apparent five root-consonant forms, such as
1168:, as is more often the case). A quadriliteral form is a word derived from such a four-consonant root. For example, the abstract quadriliteral root t-r-g-m / t-r-j-m gives rise to the verb forms
1234:
Another set of quadriliteral roots in modern Hebrew is the set of secondary roots. A secondary root is a root derived from a word that was derived from another root. For example, the root
1707:
4344:
1827:
Alexis Amid Neme and Eric
Laporte (2015), Do computer scientists deeply understand Arabic morphology? – هل يفهم المهندسون الحاسوبيّون علم الصرف فهماً عميقاً؟
1601:
1646:
1751:
3590:
1959:
4299:
1689:
1671:
1855:
1489:
Stauder, Andréas (2023). "Egyptian
Morphology in Afroasiatic Perspective". In Almansa-Villatoro, M. Victoria; Štubňová Nigrelli, Silvia (eds.).
2010:
1192:, all meaning "he translated". In some cases, a quadriliteral root is actually a reduplication of a two-consonant sequence. So in Hebrew
3628:
2553:
1626:
1565:
1535:
1498:
1711:
3200:
50:). Such abstract consonantal roots are used in the formation of actual words by adding the vowels and non-root consonants (or "
4371:
4255:
4250:
3623:
2727:
1993:
1548:
Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.).
1336:
1224:
1389:. Unlike the Hebrew examples, these roots conjugate in a manner more like regular verbs, producing no indivisible clusters.
4366:
3583:
3175:
1952:
1869:
1130:
are uniquely triconsonantal. This implies a change in Proto-Semitic language structure concomitant with the transition to
91:
4376:
4330:
4260:
2492:
2043:
225:
846:
Although most roots in Hebrew seem to be triliteral, many of them were originally biliteral, cf. the relation between:
4381:
3775:
1433:
3136:
2615:
217:
209:
193:
2889:
2879:
2856:
1848:
201:
185:
4294:
3972:
3741:
3576:
3557:
3465:
2947:
1945:
1605:
1443:
55:
1639:
1819:
Alexis Amid Neme and Eric
Laporte (2013), Pattern-and-root inflectional morphology: the Arabic broken plural
4337:
4316:
4279:
4167:
3967:
3749:
3637:
3014:
2712:
2655:
2058:
1438:
776:, and these words have gained some use in English-language linguistic terminology. The Arabic terms, called
3977:
3633:
2820:
2780:
2705:
2700:
2464:
2000:
1841:
1774:
1370:
1360:
1350:
1293:
1119:
1693:
1675:
238:; where there was historically gemination, they are reduced to single consonants, with consonants in the
4202:
3962:
3816:
3546:
3379:
3331:
3141:
3123:
3116:
3106:
3101:
3093:
2913:
2648:
2620:
2610:
2414:
2038:
1640:"The inadequacy of the consonantal root: Modern Hebrew denominal verbs and Output-Output correspondence"
1428:
1115:
773:
176:
lenition are transcribed here as "ḵ", "ṯ" and "ḇ", to retain their connection with the consonantal root
63:
1517:
1752:"Materials and Language: Pre-Semitic Root Structure Change Concomitant with Transition to Agriculture"
4082:
3811:
3282:
3042:
2962:
2442:
1413:
223:
215:
207:
199:
191:
183:
82:
have mostly biconsonantal roots, and
Egyptian shows a mix of biconsonantal and triconsonantal roots.
4209:
4115:
3919:
3341:
3151:
3024:
2847:
2398:
2312:
169:
1385:'rain fell with a strong wind'. The conjugation of this small class of verb roots is explained by
1381:, there is a very small set of verbs which are conjugated as quinqueliteral roots. One example is
4283:
4224:
4219:
4097:
4034:
3509:
3195:
3111:
2908:
2833:
1571:
1527:
79:
31:
983: – √q-p "bend, arch, lean towards" and similar verbs fit into the shaCCéC verb-pattern.
4275:
4172:
4105:
4070:
4066:
4019:
3256:
3009:
2929:
2869:
2632:
2539:
2524:
2435:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2078:
1622:
1561:
1531:
1494:
1111:
1110:
There is debate about whether both biconsonantal and triconsonantal roots were represented in
248:
35:
1552:. The World of Linguistics, Volume 11. Berlin: De Mouton Gruyter. pp. 58–444, here 311.
4323:
3728:
3696:
3663:
3419:
3277:
3075:
3056:
3019:
2898:
2828:
2771:
2756:
2683:
2529:
2514:
2459:
2421:
2125:
2068:
2028:
1766:
1553:
1530:, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones).
1378:
1189:
1135:
75:
71:
67:
1724:
p. 153. Thomas Leiper Kane. 1990. Amharic-English
Dictionary. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
4270:
4234:
4197:
4189:
4162:
4140:
4076:
4054:
3831:
3733:
3723:
3701:
3675:
3670:
3658:
3618:
3613:
3599:
3460:
3389:
3326:
3320:
3189:
3064:
3004:
2864:
2808:
2793:
2788:
2761:
2751:
2695:
2668:
2643:
2578:
2572:
2558:
2544:
2501:
2483:
2083:
2073:
2053:
1988:
972:
744:
133:
117:
101:
1833:
4087:
3806:
3796:
3711:
3706:
3540:
3470:
3404:
3309:
3083:
2972:
2967:
2952:
2937:
2903:
2688:
2063:
2005:
1403:
823:
736:
262:
255:
2287:
2197:
2170:
1152:, reconstructions of Proto-Semitic are inferred from these more recent Semitic texts.
151:
The following are some of the forms which can be derived from the triconsonantal root
4360:
4044:
3939:
3680:
3502:
3497:
3483:
3429:
3364:
3346:
3232:
3217:
3211:
3180:
2999:
2994:
2979:
2942:
2803:
2798:
2722:
2678:
2534:
2508:
2249:
2240:
2033:
2020:
1770:
1575:
1408:
231:
4130:
4062:
3904:
3864:
3844:
3791:
3475:
3434:
3374:
3354:
3227:
3222:
2989:
2984:
2874:
2597:
2583:
2375:
2357:
2150:
1817:
1228:
761:
292:
3299:
1473:
Hayward, Richard J. (2000). "Afroasiatic". In Heine, Bernd; Nurse, Derek (eds.).
4289:
4135:
3859:
3801:
3716:
3369:
3261:
3205:
2957:
2366:
2118:
1521:
1386:
1131:
2269:
2215:
1373:– "he had a flirt"), from the English or Yiddish past tense of the English word
830:(originally meaning 'weight, measure'), and "root" is a literal translation of
4179:
2519:
2428:
1802:
1557:
239:
235:
173:
1921:
1896:
1891:
1886:
4154:
4125:
3424:
1807:
1134:. In particular, monosyllabic biconsonantal names are associated with a pre-
1127:
1123:
1043:
39:
1164:
is a consonantal root containing a sequence of four consonants (instead of
17:
3300:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2285:
2277:
2267:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2213:
2205:
2195:
2187:
2178:
2168:
2160:
2151:
2142:
43:
4229:
3821:
3642:
3409:
3399:
3292:
2102:
1926:
1916:
1453:
1448:
1398:
1318:
51:
1223:
roots are allowed with quadriliteral roots. For example, in Hebrew, the
3444:
2108:
1418:
1297:
4120:
4029:
4024:
4009:
4004:
3954:
3909:
3894:
3359:
3287:
2339:
1983:
1968:
4324:
Gesenius' Hebrew and
Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
1335:
otherwise). Only a few Hebrew quinqueliterals are recognized by the
1114:, or whether one or the other of them was the original form of the
4265:
4110:
4014:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3924:
3869:
3854:
3849:
3839:
3568:
3439:
3394:
3384:
2303:
2258:
2231:
2204:
2177:
2141:
2113:
1937:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1881:
1423:
1317:
languages, but never in verbs. However, in modern
Israeli Hebrew,
1122:
lexicon, biconsonantal roots are more abundant for words denoting
152:
1812:
979: – √sh-q-p "look out/through" or "reflect" deriving from
4039:
3984:
3934:
3929:
3914:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3414:
2384:
2330:
2321:
2294:
2276:
2222:
2186:
1621:
by J.A. Haywood and H.M. Nahmad (London: Lund Humphries, 1965),
3572:
1941:
1837:
3944:
3899:
2348:
2159:
1797:
1219:
Generally, only a subset of the verb derivations formed from
1735:
Reference Grammar of Amharic. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
1145:. As we have no texts from any Semitic language older than
165:(general overall meaning "to write") in Hebrew and Arabic:
1523:
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
1285:
An irregular quadriliteral verb made from a loanword is:
1491:
Ancient Egyptian and Afroasiatic: Rethinking the Origins
1759:
Brill's Annual of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics
1339:
as proper, or standard; the rest are considered slang.
148:) is a root containing a sequence of three consonants.
1477:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–98, here 93.
1353:– "he synchronized"), via the English word from Greek
142:
110:
4308:
4243:
4188:
4153:
4096:
4053:
3953:
3830:
3784:
3768:
3761:
3689:
3651:
3606:
3518:
3453:
3340:
3270:
3249:
3174:
3092:
3074:
3035:
2928:
2888:
2855:
2846:
2819:
2779:
2770:
2744:
2631:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2452:
2406:
2397:
2134:
2019:
1976:
1126:materials, whereas materials discovered during the
764:or overall verb derivation pattern, while the word
1296:) – "we will sprinkle" or "we will splash", from
832:
816:
802:
126:
1229:the stem II and stem V forms of triliteral roots
4345:Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament
1829:, available also in Arabic, Indonesian, French
3584:
1953:
1849:
8:
1619:A New Arabic Grammar of the Written Language
1602:"מילון מורפיקס – Morfix Dictionary - השפריץ"
1512:
1510:
809:
796:
786:
777:
752:
715:
689:
652:
619:
591:
560:
529:
501:
470:
439:
408:
377:
346:
318:
177:
160:
155:
1708:"מילון מורפיקס – Morfix Dictionary - פלרטט"
1690:"מילון מורפיקס – Morfix Dictionary - חנטרש"
1672:"מילון מורפיקס – Morfix Dictionary - סנכרן"
3765:
3591:
3577:
3569:
2852:
2776:
2488:
2479:
2403:
1960:
1946:
1938:
1856:
1842:
1834:
1270:, from the same root, means "number"; and
1493:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 53–136, here 81.
1220:
1165:
842:Biliteral origin of some triliteral roots
1048:
985:
902:
848:
244:
1550:The Languages and Linguistics of Africa
1465:
1138:cultural background, i.e., older than
1588:
7:
1118:verb. According to one study of the
1099:"cast off, throw down, cause to go"
1042:This verb-pattern sh-C-C is usually
137:
62:Such roots are also common in other
27:Consonant roots in Semitic languages
810:
797:
787:
778:
753:
748:
716:
690:
653:
620:
592:
561:
530:
502:
471:
440:
409:
378:
347:
319:
178:
161:
156:
121:
105:
38:are characterized as a sequence of
3545:Languages between parentheses are
1475:African Languages: An Introduction
1227:, and in Arabic, forms similar to
1208:means "he tickled", and in Arabic
25:
70:mostly has triconsonantal roots,
3553:
3552:
1771:10.1163/187666310X12688137960669
1733:pp. 566–569, 1043. Wolf Leslau.
1652:from the original on 2013-07-22
230:in Modern Hebrew respectively.
34:of verbs and most nouns in the
3549:of the language on their left.
1337:Academy of the Hebrew Language
54:") which go with a particular
1:
1146:
1139:
760:) is used to refer to a verb
92:Category:Triconsonantal roots
2044:Ancient South Arabian script
2011:Influence on other languages
675:& original short vowels
143:
3301:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2286:
2278:
2268:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2214:
2206:
2196:
2188:
2179:
2169:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2084:
1434:Nonconcatenative morphology
1330:"he telegraphed". However,
1282:, means "numbered".
833:
817:
803:
182:k-t-b. They are pronounced
127:
111:
4398:
3634:Transliteration to English
1278:, from the secondary root
1225:Piʿel, Puʿal, and Hiṯpaʿel
572:He dictates, will dictate
89:
3532:
3525:Islam and Arabic language
1877:
1558:10.1515/9783110421668-002
1366:
1363:– "he did stupid things")
1356:
1346:
1323:
1289:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1251:
1243:
1242:is secondary to the root
1235:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1177:
1169:
1090:
1078:
1064:
1052:
1030:
1019:
1008:
997:
989:
988:
980:
976:
956:
942:
928:
914:
906:
905:
888:
874:
860:
852:
851:
704:
678:
641:
633:had a copy made (Arabic)
631:He corresponded (Hebrew),
608:
597:
590:
585:
580:
579:
576:
549:
518:
507:
500:
495:
490:
489:
486:
459:
456:Sg. M. Active Participle
428:
397:
366:
335:
324:
317:
307:
302:
297:
296:
290:
278:
273:
261:
254:
4317:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
3466:Arabic script in Unicode
3201:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
2561:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
1798:Semitic Roots Repository
1444:Proto-Indo-European root
1073:"wash, rinse, make wet"
772:) is used to refer to a
100:or triconsonantal root (
2728:Western Egyptian Bedawi
1803:Roots in Quranic Arabic
1439:Phono-semantic matching
774:noun derivation pattern
206:in Biblical Hebrew and
795:) for the pattern and
739:terminology, the word
420:He writes, will write
4372:Linguistic morphology
3332:Quranic Arabic Corpus
2039:Ancient North Arabian
1429:Modern Hebrew grammar
664:(imperfect of above)
638:3rd Sg. M. Imperfect
546:3rd Sg. M. Imperfect
451:We write, will write
394:3rd Sg. M. Imperfect
4367:Triconsonantal roots
4338:Strong's Concordance
3629:Ancient inscriptions
3283:Sun and moon letters
2443:Pre-classical Arabic
1750:Agmon, Noam (2010),
1414:Indo-European ablaut
1342:Other examples are:
1312:Quinqueliteral roots
951:crumble into pieces
242:remaining the same.
86:Triconsonantal roots
4377:Semitic linguistics
4331:Brown–Driver–Briggs
3137:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2616:Judeo-Tripolitanian
1518:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
1262:, means "counted";
1156:Quadriliteral roots
605:3rd Sg. M. Perfect
515:3rd Sg. M. Perfect
332:3rd Sg. M. Perfect
4382:Root (linguistics)
4180:Law of attenuation
3690:Reading traditions
3510:MacArabic encoding
1813:Learn Hebrew Verbs
1528:Palgrave Macmillan
1216:means "he shook".
824:Arabic grammatical
737:Hebrew grammatical
425:1st Pl. Imperfect
112:šoreš təlat-ʻiṣuri
46:" (hence the term
4354:
4353:
4210:Verbal morphology
4149:
4148:
3667:
3566:
3565:
3541:extinct languages
3480:MS-DOS codepages
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
2924:
2923:
2842:
2841:
2740:
2739:
2436:Old Hijazi Arabic
1935:
1934:
1808:Project Root List
1112:Proto-Afroasiatic
1103:
1102:
1040:
1039:
969:
968:
901:
900:
733:
732:
168:Note: The Hebrew
66:languages. While
36:Semitic languages
16:(Redirected from
4389:
4300:Unicode and HTML
3766:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3719:
3664:northern dialect
3661:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3570:
3556:
3555:
3304:
2853:
2777:
2713:Western Algerian
2660:Eastern Algerian
2656:Algerian Saharan
2586:(Lesser Kabylia)
2489:
2480:
2422:Nabataean Arabic
2404:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2291:
2281:
2273:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2219:
2209:
2201:
2191:
2182:
2174:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2126:Maltese alphabet
2089:
2069:Algerian Braille
2059:Eastern numerals
2029:Nabataean script
1962:
1955:
1948:
1939:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1835:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1773:, archived from
1756:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1710:. Archived from
1704:
1698:
1697:
1692:. Archived from
1686:
1680:
1679:
1674:. Archived from
1668:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1630:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1604:. Archived from
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1545:
1539:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1325:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1258:, from the root
1253:
1245:
1237:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1184:in Arabic, ተረጐመ
1179:
1171:
1166:three consonants
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143: 14500 BCE
1141:
1092:
1080:
1066:
1054:
1049:
1032:
1021:
1010:
999:
991:
986:
982:
978:
958:
944:
930:
916:
908:
903:
890:
883:prune, cut down
876:
862:
854:
849:
836:
820:
813:
812:
806:
800:
799:
790:
789:
781:
780:
756:
755:
750:
729:Office (Arabic)
727:Letter (Hebrew),
719:
718:
706:
693:
692:
680:
656:
655:
643:
623:
622:
610:
595:
594:
582:
577:Št(D) verb stem
564:
563:
551:
533:
532:
520:
505:
504:
492:
474:
473:
461:
443:
442:
430:
412:
411:
399:
381:
380:
368:
363:1st Pl. Perfect
350:
349:
337:
322:
321:
304:
299:
245:
229:
221:
213:
205:
197:
189:
181:
180:
164:
163:
159:
158:
146:
139:
130:
123:
114:
107:
48:consonantal root
21:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4309:Reference works
4304:
4239:
4235:Vav-consecutive
4184:
4163:Biblical Hebrew
4145:
4092:
4077:Mater lectionis
4049:
3949:
3826:
3780:
3757:
3752:
3744:
3736:
3715:
3685:
3647:
3602:
3600:Hebrew language
3597:
3567:
3562:
3528:
3514:
3461:Arabic keyboard
3449:
3344:
3336:
3321:Mater lectionis
3315:Triliteral root
3266:
3237:
3178:
3170:
3088:
3070:
3031:
2920:
2884:
2838:
2815:
2766:
2736:
2627:
2607:Judeo-Maghrebi
2475:
2469:
2465:Modern Standard
2448:
2393:
2130:
2074:Maltese Braille
2054:Arabic numerals
2015:
1972:
1966:
1936:
1931:
1873:
1862:
1794:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1617:
1613:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1568:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1395:
1314:
1158:
1150: 3500 BCE
1149:
1142:
1108:
844:
728:
674:
632:
601:
511:
328:
311:
301:
285:
280:
275:
270:
264:
257:
250:
106:שורש תלת־עיצורי
94:
88:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4395:
4393:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4359:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4284:modern Israeli
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4173:Philippi's law
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4088:Plene scriptum
4085:
4080:
4073:
4059:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3543:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3478:
3473:
3471:ISO/IEC 8859-6
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3405:Naskh (script)
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3183:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3142:Judeo-Tunisian
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3124:Judeo-Moroccan
3121:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3107:Judeo-Egyptian
3104:
3102:Judeo-Algerian
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3084:Bedouin Arabic
3080:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2696:Moroccan koiné
2693:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2669:Tunisian koiné
2665:Eastern Hilal
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2649:Judeo-Algerian
2644:Algerian koiné
2640:Central Hilal
2637:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2621:Judeo-Tunisian
2618:
2613:
2611:Judeo-Moroccan
2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2576:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2505:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Arabic Braille
2061:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1792:External links
1790:
1789:
1788:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1726:
1717:
1714:on 2011-07-21.
1699:
1696:on 2011-07-21.
1681:
1678:on 2011-07-21.
1663:
1631:
1611:
1608:on 2011-07-21.
1593:
1581:
1566:
1540:
1526:, Houndmills:
1506:
1499:
1480:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1404:Arabic grammar
1401:
1394:
1391:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1354:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1157:
1154:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1005:
1004:
1001:
994:
993:
967:
966:
963:
960:
953:
952:
949:
946:
939:
938:
935:
932:
925:
924:
923:divide a city
921:
918:
911:
910:
899:
898:
895:
892:
885:
884:
881:
878:
871:
870:
867:
864:
857:
856:
843:
840:
731:
730:
725:
720:
713:
708:
702:
699:
694:
687:
682:
676:
666:
665:
662:
657:
650:
645:
639:
635:
634:
629:
624:
617:
612:
606:
603:
596:
589:
584:
578:
574:
573:
570:
565:
558:
553:
547:
543:
542:
539:
534:
527:
522:
516:
513:
506:
499:
494:
488:
484:
483:
480:
475:
468:
463:
457:
453:
452:
449:
444:
437:
432:
426:
422:
421:
418:
413:
406:
401:
395:
391:
390:
387:
382:
375:
370:
364:
360:
359:
356:
351:
344:
339:
333:
330:
323:
316:
306:
295:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
260:
253:
172:stemming from
87:
84:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4394:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4215:Semitic roots
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:Modern Hebrew
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:Abbreviations
4081:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:Kubutz/shuruk
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3559:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:Sini (script)
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:Ruqʿah script
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:Hijazi script
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3043:Central Asian
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Taʽizzi-Adeni
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2743:
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2594:Traras-Msirda
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2034:Arabic script
2032:
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1867:
1866:Semitic roots
1859:
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1839:
1836:
1830:
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1780:on 2021-11-13
1776:
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1628:
1627:0-85331-585-X
1624:
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1607:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1590:
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1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1567:9783110421668
1563:
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1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:1-4039-1723-X
1533:
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1500:9781646022120
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1427:
1425:
1422:
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1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:Broken plural
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1371:/hitflarˈtet/
1367:הִתְפְלַרְטֵט
1365:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1306:
1303:(from German
1302:
1299:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1162:quadriliteral
1155:
1153:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:Proto-Semitic
1117:
1113:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1002:
996:
995:
992: √q-p
987:
984:
974:
964:
961:
955:
954:
950:
947:
941:
940:
936:
933:
927:
926:
922:
919:
913:
912:
909: √p-r
904:
896:
893:
887:
886:
882:
879:
873:
872:
868:
865:
859:
858:
855: √g-z
850:
847:
841:
839:
837:
835:
829:
825:
821:
819:
807:
805:
794:
784:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
746:
742:
738:
726:
724:
721:
714:
712:
709:
703:
700:
698:
695:
688:
686:
683:
677:
672:
668:
667:
663:
661:
658:
651:
649:
646:
640:
637:
636:
630:
628:
625:
618:
616:
613:
607:
604:
600:
588:
575:
571:
569:
566:
559:
557:
554:
548:
545:
544:
540:
538:
535:
528:
526:
523:
517:
514:
510:
498:
485:
481:
479:
476:
469:
467:
464:
458:
455:
454:
450:
448:
445:
438:
436:
433:
427:
424:
423:
419:
417:
414:
407:
405:
402:
396:
393:
392:
388:
386:
383:
376:
374:
371:
365:
362:
361:
357:
355:
352:
345:
343:
340:
334:
331:
327:
315:
310:
294:
289:
283:
269:Morphological
268:
266:
259:
252:
249:Semitological
247:
246:
243:
241:
237:
233:
232:Modern Hebrew
227:
219:
211:
203:
195:
187:
175:
171:
166:
154:
149:
147:
145:
135:
131:
129:
119:
115:
113:
103:
99:
93:
85:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
57:
56:morphological
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4214:
4131:Inverted nun
4116:Cantillation
4075:
4045:Sin/Shin dot
3817:Paleo-Hebrew
3638:from English
3536:
3476:Windows-1256
3435:Taliq script
3375:Jeli Thuluth
3355:Ajami script
3319:
3314:
3223:Pidgin madam
3210:
3188:
3152:Judeo-Yemeni
3094:Judeo-Arabic
3076:Sociological
3063:
3025:Judeo-Yemeni
2848:Mesopotamian
2723:Libyan koiné
2507:
2500:
2493:Pre-Hilalian
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2415:Proto-Arabic
2413:
2048:Zabūr script
2001:Romanization
1865:
1826:
1818:
1782:, retrieved
1775:the original
1762:
1758:
1734:
1729:
1720:
1712:the original
1702:
1694:the original
1684:
1676:the original
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1634:
1618:
1614:
1606:the original
1596:
1584:
1549:
1543:
1522:
1516:See p. 1 of
1490:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1382:
1376:
1341:
1331:
1327:
1315:
1304:
1300:
1294:/naʃˈprit͡s/
1290:נַשְׁפְּרִיץ
1284:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1233:
1218:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1161:
1159:
1109:
1041:
970:
937:give change
845:
831:
827:
815:
801:
792:
782:
769:
765:
762:derived stem
757:
740:
734:
722:
710:
696:
684:
670:
659:
647:
626:
614:
598:
586:
567:
555:
541:He dictated
536:
524:
508:
496:
487:Š verb stem
477:
465:
446:
434:
415:
403:
384:
372:
353:
341:
325:
313:
308:
286:Translation
251:Abbreviation
167:
150:
141:
125:
109:
97:
95:
61:
47:
29:
4136:Shekel sign
4098:Punctuation
4063:with Niqqud
3973:Palestinian
3762:Orthography
3742:Palestinian
3370:Jawi script
3342:Calligraphy
3271:Linguistics
3196:Gulf Pidgin
3112:Judeo-Iraqi
3053:Kashkadarya
2909:Judeo-Iraqi
2834:Palestinian
2745:Nile Valley
2407:Pre-Islamic
2119:Dagger alif
1589:Agmon (2010
1387:Wolf Leslau
1383:wäšänäffärä
1176:in Hebrew,
1132:agriculture
1116:Afroasiatic
965:pay a debt
284:Approximate
128:jiḏr ṯulāṯī
64:Afroasiatic
18:Arabic root
4361:Categories
4286:literature
4106:Diacritics
3968:Babylonian
3750:Babylonian
3257:Literature
2930:Peninsular
2870:Khuzestani
2600:(Mountain)
2520:Australian
2429:Old Arabic
2079:Diacritics
2006:Numerology
1870:Wiktionary
1784:2019-09-03
1744:References
1656:2012-12-10
1361:/χinˈtreʃ/
1357:חִנְטְרֵשׁ
1351:/sinˈkren/
1347:סִנְכְּרֵן
1221:triliteral
1186:täräggwämä
669:Noun with
660:yastaktibu
593:استَفْعَلَ
581:הִתְפָּעֵל
512:(Stem IV)
240:begadkefat
236:gemination
174:begadkefat
170:fricatives
98:triliteral
90:See also:
52:transfixes
40:consonants
4155:Phonology
4126:Gershayim
3978:Samaritan
3753:(extinct)
3745:(extinct)
3737:(extinct)
3729:Samaritan
3697:Ashkenazi
3607:Overviews
3547:varieties
3539:indicate
3454:Technical
3425:Shahmukhi
3380:Kairouani
3278:Phonology
3057:Khorasani
3047:Bakhtiari
2899:Anatolian
2829:Jordanian
2809:Damascene
2772:Levantine
2684:Hassaniya
2525:Cottenera
2460:Classical
2399:Varieties
1977:Overviews
1765:: 23–79,
1629:, p. 261.
1576:133888593
1369: (
1359: (
1349: (
1319:syllables
1292: (
1200:/ Arabic
1128:Neolithic
1124:Stone Age
1044:causative
751:, plural
701:Singular
648:yiṯkattēḇ
627:istaktaba
615:hiṯkattēḇ
602:(Stem X)
599:istaf‘ala
389:We wrote
358:He wrote
329:(Stem I)
271:Category
122:جذر ثلاثي
4295:Surnames
4271:Keyboard
4244:Academic
4230:Segolate
4225:Suffixes
4220:Prefixes
4198:Biblical
4141:Numerals
4055:Spelling
3963:Tiberian
3832:Alphabet
3822:Solitreo
3812:Crowning
3776:Biblical
3734:Tiberian
3724:Yemenite
3702:Sephardi
3676:Medieval
3671:Mishnaic
3659:Biblical
3643:Gematria
3619:Alphabet
3614:Language
3558:Category
3410:Nastaliq
3400:Muhaqqaq
3390:Maghrebi
3250:Academic
3190:Bimbashi
3146:Tunisene
3117:Baghdadi
3065:Shirvani
3005:Hadhrami
2963:Bahraini
2914:Baghdadi
2865:Baghdadi
2804:Aleppine
2794:Lebanese
2789:Cilician
2762:Sudanese
2752:Egyptian
2633:Hilalian
2591:Western
2569:Eastern
2566:Village
2545:Żurrieqi
2509:Sicilian
2502:Andalusi
2484:Maghrebi
2453:Literary
2105:(tanwin)
2103:Nunation
1989:Alphabet
1984:Language
1971:language
1864:Notable
1647:Archived
1454:Transfix
1399:Apophony
1393:See also
1326:
1305:spritzen
1274:
1272:מִסְפֶּר
1266:
1264:מִסְפָּר
1254:
1246:
1238:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1180:
1172:
1136:Natufian
1096:√sh-l-k
1093:
1081:
1070:√sh-ṭ-p
1067:
1055:
1033:
1022:
1011:
1000:
945:
931:
917:
891:
877:
863:
808:(plural
785:(plural
758:binyanim
707:
681:
644:
611:
587:hiṯpā‘ēl
583:
552:
521:
503:أَفْعَلَ
493:
491:הִפְעִיל
462:
431:
400:
369:
338:
305:
80:Cushitic
44:radicals
4280:ancient
4256:Academy
4251:Revival
4190:Grammar
4067:missing
3807:Cursive
3797:Braille
3785:Scripts
3712:Mizrahi
3707:Italian
3624:History
3537:Italics
3445:Thuluth
3310:Grammar
3181:pidgins
3176:Creoles
3165:Sanʽani
3050:Bukhara
3010:Sanʽani
2973:Kuwaiti
2968:Emirati
2953:Dhofari
2938:Bahrani
2904:Cypriot
2892:(Qeltu)
2719:Sulaym
2706:Western
2701:Eastern
2579:Sfaxian
2575:(Sahel)
2530:Gozitan
2515:Maltese
2135:Letters
2109:Shaddah
2098:Harakat
2093:Tashkil
2021:Scripts
1994:History
1419:Khuzdul
1379:Amharic
1328:tilgref
1298:Yiddish
1280:מ-ס-פ-ר
1240:m-s-p-r
1236:מ-ס-פ-ר
1214:zalzala
1206:daġdaġa
1190:Amharic
1182:tarjama
1106:History
1036:√q-p-y
1025:√q-p-ḥ
1014:√q-p-h
1003:√q-p-'
959:
948:√p-r-r
934:√p-r-ṭ
920:√p-r-z
894:√g-z-r
880:√g-z-m
866:√g-z-z
770:mishkal
766:mishqal
754:בניינים
691:مَفْعَل
685:mip̄‘āl
679:מִפְעָל
568:yuktibu
497:hip̄‘īl
482:Writer
447:naktubu
416:yaktubu
385:katabnā
373:kāṯaḇnū
300:
291:G verb
234:has no
4276:Hebrew
4203:Modern
4121:Geresh
4030:Mappiq
4025:Dagesh
4010:Kamatz
3955:Niqqud
3910:Samech
3802:Ashuri
3717:Syrian
3681:Modern
3360:Diwani
3347:Script
3305:(case)
3302:ʾIʿrāb
3288:Tajwid
3233:Bongor
3212:Maridi
3162:Habban
3036:Others
3020:Tihami
3000:Yemeni
2995:Shihhi
2980:Hejazi
2948:Bedawi
2943:Bareqi
2799:Syrian
2757:Saʽidi
2689:Nemadi
2675:Maqil
2573:Sahili
2540:Żejtun
2476:spoken
2474:Modern
1969:Arabic
1821:|year=
1625:
1574:
1564:
1534:
1520:2003,
1497:
1301:spritz
1276:misper
1268:mispar
1256:saphar
1198:digdeg
1174:tirgem
1087:"go".
1061:"wet"
1046:, cf.
973:Hebrew
962:√p-r-‘
869:shear
745:Hebrew
741:binyan
723:maktab
711:miḵtāḇ
697:maf‘āl
673:prefix
654:يستكتب
621:استكتب
556:yaḵtīḇ
537:aktaba
525:hiḵtīḇ
509:af‘ala
435:niḵtoḇ
404:yiḵtoḇ
354:kataba
326:fa‘ala
320:فَعَلَ
298:פָּעַל
279:Arabic
274:Hebrew
263:Arabic
256:Hebrew
134:Syriac
118:Arabic
102:Hebrew
78:, and
76:Omotic
72:Chadic
68:Berber
4290:Names
4266:Ulpan
4261:Study
4111:Meteg
4035:Maqaf
4015:Holam
4005:Pataḥ
4000:Segol
3995:Tzere
3990:Hiriq
3925:Tsadi
3895:Lamed
3870:Zayin
3855:Dalet
3850:Gimel
3792:Rashi
3519:Other
3440:Tawqi
3395:Mashq
3385:Kufic
3293:Imāla
3262:Names
3228:Turku
3156:Adeni
2990:Omani
2985:Najdi
2890:North
2880:South
2875:Shawi
2857:Gilit
2821:South
2781:North
2679:Fessi
2598:Jebli
2584:Jijel
2559:Tunis
2554:Urban
2535:Qormi
2144:ʾAlif
2114:Hamza
2086:i‘jām
1927:Š-L-M
1922:R-Ḥ-M
1917:Q-D-Š
1912:K-T-B
1907:K-P-R
1902:K-B-D
1897:Ḥ-S-N
1892:Ḥ-R-M
1887:Ḥ-M-D
1882:B-R-K
1868:(cf.
1778:(PDF)
1755:(PDF)
1650:(PDF)
1643:(PDF)
1572:S2CID
1460:Notes
1449:Š-L-M
1424:K-T-B
1332:-lgr-
1324:טלגרף
1260:s-p-r
1252:סָפַר
1248:s-p-r
1244:ס-פ-ר
1091:ש־ל־ך
1084:√l-k
1065:ש־ט־ף
1058:√ṭ-p
1031:ק־פ־י
1020:ק־פ־ח
1009:ק־פ־ה
998:ק־פ־א
977:ש־ק־ף
975:root
957:פ־ר־ע
943:פ־ר־ר
929:פ־ר־ט
915:פ־ר־ז
889:ג־ז־ר
875:ג־ז־ם
861:ג־ז־ז
828:wazan
826:term
818:juḏūr
793:awzān
788:أوزان
783:wazan
749:בניין
642:יתכתב
609:התכתב
550:יכתיב
519:הכתיב
478:kātib
466:kōṯēḇ
429:נכתוב
398:יכתוב
379:كتبنا
367:כתבנו
342:kāṯaḇ
309:pā‘al
281:Form
276:Form
228:]
224:[
220:]
216:[
212:]
208:[
204:]
200:[
196:]
192:[
188:]
184:[
179:כ־ת־ב
162:ك-ت-ب
157:כ־ת־ב
153:k-t-b
144:šeršā
32:roots
4071:full
4040:Rafe
3985:Shva
3940:Shin
3935:Resh
3915:Ayin
3840:Alef
3769:Eras
3652:Eras
3415:Rasm
3218:Nubi
3206:Juba
3179:and
3159:Beda
3131:Wqal
3128:Kjal
2958:Gulf
2306:Ġayn
2297:ʿAyn
1623:ISBN
1591::23)
1562:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1210:زلزل
1202:دغدغ
1194:דגדג
1178:ترجم
1170:תרגם
971:The
897:cut
834:jiḏr
811:جذور
804:jiḏr
768:(or
717:مكتب
705:מכתב
562:يكتب
531:أكتب
472:كاتب
460:כותב
441:نكتب
410:يكتب
293:stem
265:Name
258:Name
138:ܫܪܫܐ
42:or "
30:The
3945:Tav
3930:Kuf
3920:Pei
3905:Nun
3900:Mem
3890:Kaf
3885:Yud
3880:Tet
3875:Ḥet
3865:Vav
3860:Hei
3845:Bet
3503:864
3498:720
3494:711
3491:710
3488:709
3484:708
3327:IPA
2387:Yāʾ
2378:Wāw
2369:Hāʾ
2360:Nūn
2351:Mīm
2342:Lām
2333:Kāf
2324:Qāf
2315:Fāʾ
2288:Ẓāʾ
2279:Ṭāʾ
2270:Ḍād
2261:Ṣād
2252:Šīn
2243:Sīn
2234:Zāy
2225:Rāʾ
2216:Ḏāl
2207:Dāl
2198:Ḫāʾ
2189:Ḥāʾ
2180:Ǧīm
2171:Ṯāʾ
2162:Tāʾ
2153:Bāʾ
1767:doi
1554:doi
1377:In
1188:in
1079:ל־ך
1053:ט־ף
990:ק־פ
981:ק־ף
907:פ־ר
853:ג־ז
798:جذر
779:وزن
735:In
348:كتب
336:כתב
314:qāl
312:or
303:קָל
4363::
4282:/
4278:/
4069:/
4065:/
3636:/
3345:·
1761:,
1757:,
1645:.
1570:.
1560:.
1509:^
1250:.
1231:.
1160:A
1147:c.
1140:c.
838:.
814:,
791:,
747::
671:m-
222:,
214:,
198:,
190:,
140:,
136::
132:;
124:,
120::
116:;
108:,
104::
96:A
74:,
3720:)
3714:(
3666:)
3662:(
3592:e
3585:t
3578:v
1961:e
1954:t
1947:v
1872:)
1857:e
1850:t
1843:v
1769::
1763:2
1661:.
1659:.
1578:.
1556::
1538:.
1503:.
1487:*
1307:)
743:(
226:v
218:t
210:χ
202:β
194:θ
186:x
20:)
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