2512:
3543:
2502:
182:, for example, considered God to be simply a psychological "illusion" created by the mind, instead of an actual existing entity. This argument can be based upon the fact that since we know about some believers for whom this argument is correct (their reports for religious experiences are nothing more than illusions), we assume that perhaps all such reports may be illusions.
160:: Different people have had, or believed to have had, religious experiences pointing to the truth of different religions. Not all of these can be correct. Kraemer highlighted a link between arguments of religious experience and self-righteousness (perception of superiority over those who do not receive providence). In
126:
suggests that, as two basic principles of rationality, we ought to believe that things are as they seem unless and until we have evidence that they are mistaken (principle of credulity), and that those who do not have an experience of a certain type ought to believe others who say that they do in the
221:
Alston argues that if sets of practices used to form beliefs produce conclusions that are coherent over time both internally and with other belief-forming practices, they should be accepted. He argues this is the only way our ordinary beliefs are justified, and that by the same criteria belief based
119:
These experiences often seem very real to the people involved, and are quite often reported as being shared by a number of people. Although mass delusions are not inconceivable, one needs compelling reasons for invoking this as an
174:
assigns great value to religious experiences, but denies that facts about the cosmos can rationally be inferred from them, highlighting how different religions would give incompatible interpretations of the
113:
Very substantial numbers of ordinary people report having had such experiences, though this isn't to say that religious believers aren't ordinary. Such experiences are reported in almost all known cultures.
90:, God endows human beings with the ability to perceive – although imperfectly – religious, spiritual and/or transcendent realities through religious, spiritual and/or transcendent experience.
116:
These experiences often have very significant effects on people's lives, frequently inducing in them acts of extreme self-sacrifice well beyond what could be expected from evolutionary arguments.
162:
1428:
1076:
939:
3517:
3565:
33:
is that they constitute genuine experience or perception of a divine reality. Various reasons have been offered for and against accepting this contention.
907:
131:
reason to disbelieve in the existence of God you will discount these experiences, in other cases such evidence should count towards the existence of God.
2475:
203:. In both cases they apply their arguments to Christian religious experiences, but accept that they may equally apply to other religious experiences.
2486:
698:
1469:
1010:
178:
It has been argued that religious experiences are hallucinations aimed at fulfilling basic psychological desires of immortality, purpose, etc.
157:
668:
558:
547:
479:
291:
speaks of Jesus, after his resurrection, appearing to 10 or more people at once (see e.g. 1 Corinthians 15:6, Luke 24, Mt 28, Jn 16, Acts 1).
237:
2950:
2925:
1069:
3245:
3201:
2548:
592:
567:
365:
382:
3113:
1888:
652:
634:
622:
604:
532:
512:
497:
412:
199:
developed arguments for accepting knowledge gained from religious experience based on drawing analogies with knowledge gained from
3441:
1005:
2765:
1285:
3171:
2515:
2173:
2086:
1062:
870:
3570:
3509:
3306:
3301:
3040:
2465:
2298:
2091:
1950:
1801:
965:
101:
As statements 2 to 4 are generally treated as uncontroversial, discussion has tended to focus on the status of the first.
330:
3240:
2440:
808:
3424:
1852:
1809:
1339:
1329:
754:
744:
691:
3489:
2760:
1814:
1479:
1444:
1240:
1023:
955:
3391:
2033:
1494:
1038:
3522:
3471:
3316:
2955:
2151:
2081:
1902:
1667:
1596:
1591:
1290:
73:
3401:
154:
It is conceivable that some claimed religious experiences are lies, possibly done for attention or acceptance.
3456:
3260:
3157:
2676:
2348:
2063:
2003:
1995:
1692:
1687:
1474:
1459:
1324:
1018:
985:
727:
3206:
2541:
1945:
1764:
1381:
1376:
1085:
885:
828:
823:
684:
3346:
3250:
3020:
2983:
2935:
2823:
2480:
2435:
2373:
2363:
1702:
1566:
1411:
1401:
1386:
1344:
1334:
980:
912:
902:
843:
764:
759:
749:
737:
30:
3366:
3015:
2470:
2113:
1915:
1847:
1790:
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1697:
1571:
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1391:
1356:
1351:
1319:
922:
897:
880:
860:
838:
776:
771:
722:
144:
Religious experiences might be mis-firings of evolved mechanisms selected for very different reasons.
65:
127:
absence of evidence of deceit or delusion (principle of testimony) and thus, although if you have a
3461:
3092:
3030:
2940:
2877:
2787:
2775:
2455:
2156:
2028:
1907:
1576:
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1489:
1366:
1250:
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1033:
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875:
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791:
3542:
2501:
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3293:
3181:
3152:
3072:
3035:
2570:
2445:
2403:
2313:
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2018:
1920:
1862:
1824:
1819:
1655:
1645:
1421:
1371:
1162:
1122:
975:
934:
927:
813:
796:
676:
231:
2208:
2161:
2053:
1449:
960:
732:
3499:
3132:
3077:
3067:
3059:
3025:
2910:
2859:
2681:
2534:
2505:
2383:
2368:
2241:
2038:
2008:
1985:
1965:
1867:
1857:
1784:
1613:
1603:
1396:
1184:
1104:
892:
848:
801:
664:
648:
630:
618:
610:
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588:
580:
563:
543:
528:
508:
493:
475:
408:
361:
123:
37:
3351:
3211:
3163:
3082:
2900:
2408:
2271:
2231:
2226:
2123:
2108:
1754:
1650:
1484:
1304:
1275:
1214:
1152:
1028:
917:
855:
708:
535:) (although not identified explicitly, the argument from religious experience is dismissed).
523:
314:
200:
87:
26:
432:
3546:
3451:
3381:
3137:
3087:
2905:
2792:
2415:
2398:
2353:
2343:
2288:
2261:
2198:
2193:
2178:
2103:
1839:
1829:
1464:
1454:
1255:
1132:
995:
990:
970:
833:
518:
211:
192:
148:
45:
218:, religious experiences should be accepted as providing properly basic knowledge of God.
206:
Plantinga argues that just as the knowledge gained from sense experience is regarded as
3311:
2978:
2802:
2797:
2770:
2639:
2388:
2378:
2318:
2266:
2203:
2098:
2023:
1980:
1960:
1749:
1625:
1586:
1280:
1270:
1265:
1189:
469:
464:
196:
41:
140:
On the other hand, the following reasons have been offered for rejecting the premise:
3559:
3221:
3122:
2714:
2619:
2358:
2283:
2166:
2146:
2058:
2013:
1224:
786:
553:
288:
271:
242:
179:
49:
3436:
3341:
3331:
3231:
3196:
3176:
3117:
3045:
2930:
2833:
2780:
2303:
2293:
2256:
2246:
2236:
2128:
2043:
1975:
1872:
1536:
1260:
1209:
640:
436:
207:
69:
334:
3414:
3326:
3255:
3191:
3147:
2965:
2920:
2873:
2807:
2651:
2614:
2323:
2308:
2188:
2183:
1729:
1662:
1581:
1546:
1526:
1194:
485:
247:
167:
80:
3479:
3386:
3361:
3321:
2915:
2686:
2671:
2666:
2634:
2609:
2251:
2048:
1970:
1955:
1744:
1714:
1677:
1635:
1630:
1561:
1199:
865:
171:
147:
Some religious experiences are believed to have occurred only on the basis of
109:
Some principal arguments that have been made in favor of the premise include:
3142:
2973:
2864:
2661:
2646:
2629:
2624:
2604:
2393:
2118:
1940:
1769:
1734:
1719:
1682:
1099:
215:
3494:
3127:
2709:
2656:
2557:
2460:
2450:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1877:
1724:
1640:
1608:
1521:
1513:
1204:
1179:
1147:
1142:
1054:
151:
such as the Bible, but these texts are of disputable historical accuracy.
3484:
3186:
3097:
2945:
2892:
2828:
2722:
1709:
1620:
1541:
1531:
1174:
1127:
3432:
2995:
2582:
1779:
1672:
1551:
1115:
94:
2988:
2838:
2729:
2704:
2599:
1556:
1109:
83:, nothing exists in a way that transcends material manifestation;
3216:
2999:
2869:
1137:
3281:
2568:
2530:
1058:
680:
3356:
2843:
2743:
1219:
2526:
573:
Kai-man Kwan, "The
Argument from Religious Experience" in
64:
There are compelling reasons for believing that claims of
270:"the surveys conducted by the distinguished biologist
383:"Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion"
360:. Centre for Contemporary Christianity. p. 107.
93:
To the extent that premise 1 is accepted, therefore,
60:
In essence, the argument's structure is as follows:
3508:
3470:
3423:
3400:
3292:
3230:
3106:
3058:
3008:
2964:
2891:
2852:
2816:
2753:
2742:
2695:
2590:
2581:
2428:
2332:
2217:
2137:
2072:
1994:
1901:
1886:
1838:
1800:
1512:
1437:
1312:
1303:
1233:
1161:
1092:
948:
715:
163:
222:on Christian religious experience is justified.
540:The Trace of God: A Rational Warrant for Belief
358:The Christian Message in a Non-Christian World
2542:
1070:
692:
8:
505:The Evidential Force of Religious Experience
575:The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology
136:Suggested reasons for disputing the premise
105:Suggested reasons for accepting the premise
36:Contemporary defenders of the argument are
3289:
3278:
3005:
2750:
2587:
2578:
2565:
2549:
2535:
2527:
1898:
1309:
1167:
1077:
1063:
1055:
699:
685:
677:
472:: The Epistemology of Religious Experience
2476:Relationship between religion and science
29:. It holds that the best explanation for
661:The Epistemology of Religious Experience
655:) (esp. Chapter 2, "The hidden spring").
385:. Washington Independent Review of Books
324:
322:
259:
1402:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
903:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
158:Argument from inconsistent revelations
559:The Varieties of Religious Experience
426:
424:
422:
420:
331:"Is The Bible Historically Accurate?"
238:The Varieties of Religious Experience
7:
441:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
210:despite being unsupported based on
97:is more plausible than materialism.
3566:Arguments for the existence of God
597:Belief in God in an Age of Science
474:, Cornell University Press: 1991 (
381:Smith, Holly (17 September 2014).
333:. Positive Atheism. Archived from
268:Belief in God in an Age of Science
23:argument from religious experience
14:
3114:Attributes of God in Christianity
313:This is broadly Dawkins' line in
278:(1990) chapters 5, 6 and Appendix
274:" Swinburne references David Hay
16:Argument for the existence of God
3541:
2511:
2510:
2500:
3172:Great Architect of the Universe
191:American analytic philosophers
707:Arguments for and against the
663:, Cambridge University Press,
407:, W. W. Norton & Company,
1:
2951:Trinity of the Church Fathers
2441:Desacralization of knowledge
3202:Phenomenological definition
1853:Best of all possible worlds
1810:Eschatological verification
1367:Fine-tuning of the universe
617:, OUP: 2004 (2nd edition) (
3587:
659:Yandell, Ketih E. (1994),
276:Religious Experience Today
3539:
3288:
3277:
2577:
2564:
2496:
1170:
405:The Future of an Illusion
356:Kraemer, Hendrik (2009).
72:that exist in a way that
2956:Trinitarian universalism
2082:Friedrich Schleiermacher
1668:Theories about religions
1470:Inconsistent revelations
1011:Inconsistent revelations
647:, Harper Collins: 2010 (
587:, Fortress Press: 1996 (
585:The Faith of a Physicist
3158:Godhead in Christianity
1006:Incompatible properties
503:Caroline Franks Davis,
76:material manifestation;
25:is an argument for the
1946:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
1086:Philosophy of religion
433:"Religious experience"
187:Alternate formulations
68:point to and validate
3571:Subjective experience
2984:Fate of the unlearned
2936:Shield of the Trinity
2481:Faith and rationality
2436:Criticism of religion
2374:Robert Merrihew Adams
2364:Nicholas Wolterstorff
1567:Divine command theory
981:Fate of the unlearned
527:, Bantam Book: 2006 (
31:religious experiences
2471:Religious philosophy
1951:Pico della Mirandola
1916:Anselm of Canterbury
1848:Augustinian theodicy
1760:Religious skepticism
1093:Concepts in religion
615:The Existence of God
490:Religion and Science
66:religious experience
3518:Slavic Native Faith
2941:Trinitarian formula
2878:Father of Greatness
2761:Abrahamic religions
2456:History of religion
2157:Friedrich Nietzsche
2034:Gottfried W Leibniz
2029:Nicolas Malebranche
1961:King James VI and I
1241:Abrahamic religions
792:Fine-tuned universe
431:Webb, Mark (2017).
70:spiritual realities
3480:Abrahamic prophecy
3410:Ayyavazhi theology
3182:Apophatic theology
2571:Conceptions of God
2466:Religious language
2446:Ethics in religion
2404:William Lane Craig
2279:Charles Hartshorne
2019:Desiderius Erasmus
1921:Augustine of Hippo
1863:Inconsistent triad
1825:Apophatic theology
1820:Logical positivism
1802:Religious language
1422:Watchmaker analogy
1387:Necessary existent
1163:Conceptions of God
1123:Intelligent design
844:Necessary existent
797:Intelligent Design
787:Existential choice
755:Kalam cosmological
232:Rational mysticism
3553:
3552:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3164:Latter Day Saints
3133:Divine simplicity
3054:
3053:
2911:Consubstantiality
2887:
2886:
2738:
2737:
2682:Theistic finitism
2524:
2523:
2424:
2423:
2384:Peter van Inwagen
2369:Richard Swinburne
2314:George I Mavrodes
2174:Vladimir Solovyov
2114:Søren Kierkegaard
2039:William Wollaston
1986:William of Ockham
1966:Marcion of Sinope
1868:Irenaean theodicy
1858:Euthyphro dilemma
1785:Transcendentalism
1614:Womanist theology
1604:Feminist theology
1508:
1507:
1299:
1298:
1185:Divine simplicity
1105:Euthyphro dilemma
1052:
1051:
1015:No limits fallacy
908:Responses to evil
834:Mystical idealism
802:Ontogenetic depth
670:978-0-521-47741-3
611:Richard Swinburne
581:John Polkinghorne
548:978-0-9824087-3-5
480:978-0-8014-8155-0
38:Richard Swinburne
3578:
3545:
3290:
3279:
3166:
3006:
2901:Athanasian Creed
2751:
2588:
2579:
2566:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2528:
2514:
2513:
2504:
2409:Ali Akbar Rashad
2272:Reinhold Niebuhr
2232:Bertrand Russell
2227:George Santayana
2124:Albrecht Ritschl
2109:Ludwig Feuerbach
1899:
1895:(by date active)
1755:Process theology
1500:Russell's teapot
1310:
1305:Existence of God
1215:Process theology
1168:
1153:Theological veto
1116:religious belief
1079:
1072:
1065:
1056:
1044:Russell's teapot
1001:Hitchens's razor
856:Nyayakusumanjali
709:existence of God
701:
694:
687:
678:
673:
645:Simply Christian
524:The God Delusion
452:
451:
449:
447:
437:Zalta, Edward N.
428:
415:
403:Freud, Sigmund,
401:
395:
394:
392:
390:
378:
372:
371:
353:
347:
346:
344:
342:
326:
317:
315:The God Delusion
311:
305:
298:
292:
287:For example the
285:
279:
264:
214:in the mould of
201:sense experience
88:classical theism
27:existence of God
3586:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3547:Religion portal
3527:
3504:
3466:
3447:Holy Scriptures
3419:
3396:
3284:
3265:
3226:
3162:
3138:Divine presence
3102:
3050:
3004:
2960:
2906:Comma Johanneum
2883:
2848:
2812:
2746:
2734:
2691:
2573:
2560:
2555:
2525:
2520:
2492:
2420:
2416:Alexander Pruss
2399:Jean-Luc Marion
2354:Alvin Plantinga
2349:Dewi Z Phillips
2336:
2334:
2328:
2299:Walter Kaufmann
2289:Frithjof Schuon
2262:Rudolf Bultmann
2219:
2213:
2209:Joseph Maréchal
2199:Pavel Florensky
2194:Sergei Bulgakov
2179:Ernst Troeltsch
2162:Harald Høffding
2139:
2133:
2104:William Whewell
2092:Georg W F Hegel
2087:Karl C F Krause
2074:
2068:
2064:Johann G Herder
2054:Baron d'Holbach
2004:Augustin Calmet
1990:
1906:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1882:
1840:Problem of evil
1834:
1830:Verificationism
1796:
1504:
1450:Atheist's Wager
1433:
1295:
1229:
1157:
1133:Problem of evil
1088:
1083:
1053:
1048:
991:God of the gaps
961:Atheist's Wager
944:
711:
705:
671:
658:
627:Is there a God?
538:Joseph Hinman,
519:Richard Dawkins
461:
459:Further reading
456:
455:
445:
443:
430:
429:
418:
402:
398:
388:
386:
380:
379:
375:
368:
355:
354:
350:
340:
338:
337:on 13 June 2010
329:Walker, Cliff.
328:
327:
320:
312:
308:
302:Is there a God?
299:
295:
286:
282:
265:
261:
256:
228:
212:foundationalism
193:Alvin Plantinga
189:
149:religious texts
138:
107:
58:
46:Alvin Plantinga
17:
12:
11:
5:
3584:
3582:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3558:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3457:Predestination
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3312:Biblical canon
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3107:Other concepts
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3003:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2979:Apocalypticism
2976:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2893:Trinitarianism
2889:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2808:Zoroastrianism
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2757:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2640:Urmonotheismus
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2429:Related topics
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2389:Daniel Dennett
2386:
2381:
2379:Ravi Zacharias
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2344:William L Rowe
2340:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2319:William Alston
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2267:Gabriel Marcel
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2204:Ernst Cassirer
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:Thomas Carlyle
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2024:Baruch Spinoza
2021:
2016:
2011:
2009:René Descartes
2006:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1981:Thomas Aquinas
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1896:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1750:Possibilianism
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1626:Fundamentalism
1623:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1587:Existentialism
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1480:Noncognitivism
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1429:Transcendental
1426:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1397:Pascal's wager
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1332:
1327:
1325:Christological
1322:
1316:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1024:Noncognitivism
1021:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
966:Creator of God
963:
958:
952:
950:
946:
945:
943:
942:
940:Transcendental
937:
932:
931:
930:
925:
920:
910:
905:
900:
895:
893:Pascal's wager
890:
889:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
858:
853:
852:
851:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
805:
804:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
768:
767:
762:
757:
747:
742:
741:
740:
735:
728:Christological
725:
719:
717:
713:
712:
706:
704:
703:
696:
689:
681:
675:
674:
669:
656:
638:
608:
593:978-0800629700
578:
571:
568:978-0199691647
562:, OUP: 2012 (
551:
536:
516:
501:
483:
470:Perceiving God
465:William Alston
460:
457:
454:
453:
416:
396:
373:
367:978-8190869102
366:
348:
318:
306:
293:
280:
266:Polkinghorne,
258:
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
245:
234:
227:
224:
208:properly basic
197:William Alston
188:
185:
184:
183:
176:
155:
152:
145:
137:
134:
133:
132:
121:
117:
114:
106:
103:
99:
98:
91:
84:
77:
57:
54:
42:William Alston
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3583:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3490:Denominations
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3462:Last Judgment
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3276:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3222:Unmoved mover
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:Binitarianism
3121:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2844:Supreme Being
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:Gender of God
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:Kathenotheism
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2517:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Anthony Kenny
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Mircea Eliade
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:William James
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Ernst Haeckel
2145:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:Immanuel Kant
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:Blaise Pascal
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:Language game
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:Occam's razor
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:Consciousness
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1225:Unmoved mover
1223:
1221:
1220:Supreme Being
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:Occam's Razor
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
951:
947:
941:
938:
936:
933:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
862:
859:
857:
854:
850:
847:
846:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
803:
800:
799:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
748:
746:
745:Consciousness
743:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
718:
714:
710:
702:
697:
695:
690:
688:
683:
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290:
289:New Testament
284:
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277:
273:
272:Alister Hardy
269:
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249:
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244:
243:William James
240:
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230:
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180:Sigmund Freud
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3357:Hamartiology
3342:Ecclesiology
3332:Pneumatology
3241:Christianity
3232:Names of God
3207:Philo's view
3197:Personal god
3177:Great Spirit
3116: /
3073:Christianity
2931:Perichoresis
2834:Emanationism
2776:Christianity
2766:Baháʼí Faith
2744:Singular god
2717:
2677:Spiritualism
2485:
2304:Martin Lings
2257:Emil Brunner
2247:Paul Tillich
2237:Martin Buber
2152:W K Clifford
2129:Afrikan Spir
2044:Thomas Chubb
1996:Early modern
1976:Adi Shankara
1889:Philosophers
1873:Natural evil
1789:
1765:Spiritualism
1740:Perennialism
1693:Metaphysical
1537:Antireligion
1412:Teleological
1361:
1335:Cosmological
1286:Baháʼí Faith
1251:Christianity
1210:Personal god
913:Teleological
781:
765:Metaphysical
750:Cosmological
738:Resurrection
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335:the original
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175:experiences.
161:
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120:explanation.
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3415:Krishnology
3392:Soteriology
3347:Eschatology
3327:Christology
3192:Open theism
3148:Exotheology
3046:Zoroastrian
3009:By religion
2966:Eschatology
2921:Homoiousian
2874:Ahura Mazda
2652:Panentheism
2615:Hermeticism
2324:Antony Flew
2309:Peter Geach
2242:René Guénon
2189:Lev Shestov
2184:Rudolf Otto
1891:of religion
1730:Panentheism
1663:Inclusivism
1582:Exclusivism
1577:Esotericism
1547:Creationism
1527:Agnosticism
1495:Poor design
1490:Omnipotence
1417:Natural law
1392:Ontological
1345:Contingency
1195:Holy Spirit
1039:Poor design
1034:Omnipotence
923:Natural law
886:Mulla Sudra
861:Ontological
839:Natural-law
819:Mathematics
760:Contingency
486:Ian Barbour
304:pp. 133–136
300:Swinburne,
248:Rudolf Otto
168:New Atheist
81:materialism
3560:Categories
3500:Philosophy
3387:Sophiology
3367:Philosophy
3362:Messianism
3322:Paterology
2926:Hypostasis
2916:Homoousian
2747:theologies
2687:Theopanism
2672:Polytheism
2635:Monotheism
2610:Henotheism
2294:J L Mackie
2252:Karl Barth
2049:David Hume
1971:Maimonides
1956:Heraclitus
1745:Polytheism
1715:Nondualism
1703:Humanistic
1688:Naturalism
1678:Monotheism
1636:Henotheism
1631:Gnosticism
1562:Demonology
1445:747 gambit
1362:Experience
1200:Misotheism
956:747 gambit
928:Watchmaker
876:Meinongian
782:Experience
641:Tom Wright
446:13 January
389:28 January
254:References
172:Sam Harris
74:transcends
3377:Practical
3372:Political
3337:Cosmology
3294:Christian
3153:Holocaust
3143:Egotheism
3098:Goddesses
3093:Mormonism
3021:Christian
2974:Afterlife
2860:Sustainer
2667:Polydeism
2662:Pantheism
2647:Mysticism
2630:Monolatry
2625:Nontheism
2605:Dystheism
2394:Loyal Rue
2119:Karl Marx
1941:Gaudapada
1770:Shamanism
1735:Pantheism
1720:Nontheism
1698:Religious
1683:Mysticism
1656:Christian
1646:Religious
1597:Atheistic
1592:Christian
1475:Nonbelief
1460:Free will
1276:Mormonism
1100:Afterlife
1019:Nonbelief
986:Free will
935:Trademark
809:Knowledge
216:Descartes
124:Swinburne
3495:Kabbalah
3442:Prophets
3317:Glossary
3283:By faith
3246:Hinduism
3128:Demiurge
3118:in Islam
3078:Hinduism
3068:Buddhism
3060:Feminist
3016:Buddhist
2824:Absolute
2817:Concepts
2793:Hinduism
2788:Buddhism
2754:By faith
2718:and gods
2710:Divinity
2696:Concepts
2657:Pandeism
2558:Theology
2516:Category
2461:Religion
2451:Exegesis
1936:Boethius
1931:Averroes
1926:Avicenna
1908:medieval
1878:Theodicy
1725:Pandeism
1641:Humanism
1609:Thealogy
1552:Dharmism
1522:Acosmism
1514:Theology
1382:Morality
1377:Miracles
1256:Hinduism
1246:Buddhism
1205:Pandeism
1180:Demiurge
1148:Theodicy
976:Evil God
918:Junkyard
849:Seddiqin
829:Morality
824:Miracles
733:Trilemma
226:See also
3485:Aggadah
3433:Oneness
3425:Islamic
3307:Outline
3302:History
3261:Judaism
3256:Jainism
3212:Process
3187:Olelbis
3088:Judaism
3031:Islamic
2946:Trinity
2829:Brahman
2803:Sikhism
2798:Jainism
2771:Judaism
2723:Goddess
2487:more...
2220:postwar
1903:Ancient
1791:more...
1710:New Age
1651:Secular
1621:Fideism
1572:Dualism
1542:Atheism
1532:Animism
1438:Against
1281:Sikhism
1271:Judaism
1266:Jainism
1175:Brahman
1128:Miracle
949:Against
595:), and
439:(ed.).
170:author
56:Outline
3523:Wiccan
3472:Jewish
3452:Angels
3382:Public
3352:Ethics
3041:Taoist
3036:Jewish
2996:Heaven
2853:God as
2583:Theism
2506:Portal
1780:Theism
1673:Monism
1407:Reason
1357:Desire
1352:Degree
1320:Beauty
1234:God in
1190:Egoism
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2989:Fitra
2839:Logos
2781:Islam
2730:Numen
2705:Deity
2600:Deism
2591:Forms
1775:Taoic
1557:Deism
1340:Kalam
1291:Wicca
1261:Islam
1110:Faith
881:Modal
871:Gödel
435:. In
3217:Tian
3000:Hell
2870:Good
2865:Time
2337:2010
2335:1990
2333:1970
2218:1920
2140:1900
2138:1880
2075:1850
2073:1800
1465:Hell
1455:Evil
1372:Love
1138:Soul
996:Hell
971:Evil
814:Love
665:ISBN
649:ISBN
631:ISBN
619:ISBN
601:ISBN
589:ISBN
564:ISBN
544:ISBN
529:ISBN
509:ISBN
494:ISBN
476:ISBN
448:2018
409:ISBN
391:2019
362:ISBN
343:2010
195:and
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