56:
343:
437:) in his homeland, Pars. The first relief portrays three scenes of personal fighting; starting from the left, a Persian aristocrat seizing a Parthian soldier; Shapur impaling the Parthian minister Dad-windad with his lance; and Ardashir I ousting Artabanus IV. The second relief, conceivably intended to portray the aftermath of the battle, displays the triumphant Ardashir I being given the badge of kingship over a fire shrine from the
460:) was identical to the Parthian one. Indeed, the majority of the Sasanian cavalry were composed of the very Parthian nobles that had once served the Arsacids. Memories of the Arsacid Empire never completely vanished, with efforts trying to restore the empire in the late 6th-century made by the Parthian dynasts
325:
named
Theocritus as the leader of the invasion, which eventually ended in a disaster. Caracalla then once again sought to start a war with the Parthians. In another attempt to gain a pretext, he requested Artabanus to marry his daughter, which he declined. It is disputed whether Caracalla's proposal
313:
sought to take advantage of the conflict between the two brothers. He tried to find a pretext to invade the
Parthian Empire by requesting Vologases to send two refugees—a philosopher named Antiochus and a certain Tiridates, who was possibly either an Armenian prince or an uncle of Vologases. To the
326:
was sincere or not. Caracalla's choice to contact
Artabanus shows that the latter was now considered the dominant king over Vologases, who would rule a small principality centered around Seleucia until 221/2. Artabanus soon clashed with Caracalla, whose forces he managed to contain at
378:, whose work was probably based on Sasanian sources, Ardashir I and Artabanus agreed to meet in Hormozdgan at the end of the month of Mihr (April). Nonetheless, Ardashir I went to the place before due time to occupy an advantageous spot on the plain. There he dug out a
292:
as king of the
Parthian Empire. His rule was unquestioned for a few years, till his brother Artabanus IV rebelled. The dynastic struggle between the two brothers most likely started about 213. Artabanus successfully conquered much of the empire, including
386:
at the place. Ardashir I's forces numbered 10,000 cavalry, with some of them wearing flexible chain armor akin to that of the Romans. Artabanus led a greater number of soldiers, who, however, were less disposed, due to wearing the inconvenient
314:
surprise of the Romans, Vologases had the two men sent to
Caracalla in 215, thus denying him his pretext. Caracalla's choice of contacting Vologases instead of Artabanus shows that the Romans still saw him as the dominant king.
1443:
931:
403:
was fought on 28 April 224, with
Artabanus being defeated and killed, marking the end of the Arsacid era and the start of 427 years of Sasanian rule.
1031:
1433:
374:. At first, Ardashir I's activities did not alarm Artabanus, until later, when the Arsacid king finally chose to confront him. According to
807:
1448:
1453:
785:
817:
448:
Vologases VI was driven out of
Mesopotamia by Ardashir I's forces soon after 228. The leading Parthian noble-families (known as the
433:). He celebrated his victory by having two rock reliefs sculptured at the Sasanian royal city of Ardashir-Khwarrah (present-day
318:
1024:
748:
1130:
925:
449:
371:
152:
31:
806:
McDonough, Scott (2013). "Military and
Society in Sasanian Iran". In Campbell, Brian; Tritle, Lawrence A. (eds.).
334:. However, Artabanus still had to deal with his brother Vologases, who continued to mint coins and challenge him.
1346:
1162:
1114:
1040:
984:
370:, and had now under prince Ardashir I begun to conquer the neighboring regions and more far territories, such as
1362:
1354:
1338:
1322:
1242:
1090:
367:
55:
1314:
1250:
1234:
1194:
1017:
977:
327:
1290:
1106:
162:
1218:
1146:
1066:
1058:
400:
359:
330:
in 217. Peace was made between the two empires the following year, with the
Arsacids keeping most of
1438:
1138:
1009:
383:
828:
813:
781:
761:
342:
247:
188:
135:
796:
839:
452:) continued to hold power in Iran, now with the Sasanians as their new overlords. The early
61:
1202:
1044:
999:
434:
351:
347:
196:
108:
75:
872:
896:
959:
771:
294:
251:
223:
172:
415:, was afterwards executed by Ardashir I. Thenceforth, Ardashir I assumed the title of
1427:
461:
453:
422:
46:
850:
1394:
1370:
1154:
861:
306:
285:
93:
940:
915:
885:
775:
1386:
1298:
1266:
1186:
1098:
442:
438:
426:
396:
331:
289:
236:
200:
1306:
1282:
1274:
1258:
1210:
1122:
1082:
1074:
994:
412:
366:
The
Sasanian family had meanwhile quickly risen to prominence in their native
355:
103:
1378:
1226:
1178:
1170:
375:
310:
127:
1330:
392:
388:
322:
302:
17:
598:
596:
594:
537:
535:
533:
531:
465:
147:
65:
140:
755:. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
379:
219:
795:
Dandamayev, M. A. (1986). "Artabanus (Old Persian proper name)".
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
417:
298:
243:
1013:
581:
579:
495:
493:
445:, while Shapur and two other princes are watching from behind.
317:
Caracalla then chose to preoccupy himself with an invasion of
617:
615:
613:
611:
425:") and started the conquest of an area which would be called
230:
849:
Schippmann, K. (1986b). "Arsacids ii. The Arsacid dynasty".
702:
700:
687:
685:
683:
670:
668:
666:
554:
552:
550:
382:
to defend himself and his forces. He also took over a
191::𐭓𐭕𐭐𐭍), incorrectly known in older scholarship as
838:
Schippmann, K. (1986a). "Artabanus (Arsacid kings)".
809:
The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World
760:
Chaumont, M. L.; Schippmann, K. (1988). "Balāš VI".
939:Wiesehöfer, Joseph (1986). "Ardašīr I i. History".
168:
158:
146:
134:
120:
116:
99:
89:
81:
73:
39:
541:
301:. Vologases VI seems to have only managed to keep
60:The portrait of Artabanus IV on the obverse of a
914:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1988). "Bahrām VI Čōbīn".
895:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1989). "BESṬĀM O BENDŌY".
777:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
602:
259:
199:from c. 213 to 224. He was the younger son of
1025:
8:
812:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–783.
570:
522:
484:
212:
27:Ruler of Parthian Empire from c. 213 to 224
1032:
1018:
1010:
950:
930:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
860:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2004). "Hormozdgān".
645:
585:
499:
273:Dynastic struggles and war with the Romans
54:
36:
706:
691:
30:For other people with the same name, see
917:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5
863:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 5
763:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6
749:Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir
730:
718:
674:
633:
621:
468:, which ultimately proved unsuccessful.
341:
942:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4
898:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 2
884:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2002). "Šāpur I".
852:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5
841:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6
830:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 5
798:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6
657:
558:
477:
923:
877:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
751:(1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.).
7:
827:Rajabzadeh, Hashem (1993). "Dabīr".
399:, also took part in the battle. The
260:
411:The chief secretary of Artabanus,
391:armor. Ardashir I's son and heir,
25:
1444:People of the Roman–Parthian Wars
920:. London et al. pp. 514–522.
362:over Artabanus IV and his forces.
395:, as portrayed in the Sasanian
780:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–240.
542:Chaumont & Schippmann 1988
1:
1434:3rd-century Parthian monarchs
305:, where he minted coins. The
278:
871:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005).
195:, was the last ruler of the
1416:usurpers or rival claimants
985:King of the Parthian Empire
1470:
1449:3rd-century Iranian people
450:Seven Great Houses of Iran
231:
32:Artabanus (disambiguation)
29:
1454:Monarchs killed in action
1414:
1054:
991:
982:
974:
953:
53:
44:
955:Artabanus IV of Parthia
753:The History of Al-Ṭabarī
346:1840 illustration of a
363:
338:War with the Sasanians
213:
887:Encyclopaedia Iranica
345:
288:succeeded his father
126:Hormozdgan (possibly
945:. pp. 371–376.
866:. pp. 469–470.
855:. pp. 525–536.
844:. pp. 647–650.
833:. pp. 534–539.
801:. pp. 646–647.
766:. pp. 574–580.
733:, pp. 180–182.
721:, pp. 514–522.
648:, pp. 534–539.
624:, pp. 469–470.
603:Al-Tabari 1985–2007
588:, pp. 371–376.
573:, pp. 525–536.
544:, pp. 574–580.
525:, pp. 647–650.
502:, pp. 646–647.
487:, pp. 525–536.
235:), itself from the
203:, who died in 208.
901:. pp. 180–182
873:"SASANIAN DYNASTY"
364:
1421:
1420:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1183:
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1159:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1049:
1048:(247 BC – 224 AD)
1008:
1007:
1003:
992:Succeeded by
926:cite encyclopedia
321:. He appointed a
178:
177:
112:
16:(Redirected from
1461:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1373:
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1357:
1349:
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1333:
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1125:
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1101:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1047:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1011:
997:
975:Preceded by
970:
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935:
929:
921:
910:
908:
906:
891:
880:
867:
856:
845:
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823:
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734:
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704:
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678:
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661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
606:
600:
589:
583:
574:
571:Schippmann 1986b
568:
562:
556:
545:
539:
526:
523:Schippmann 1986a
520:
503:
497:
488:
485:Schippmann 1986a
482:
283:
280:
263:
262:
234:
233:
216:
183:, also known as
106:
58:
37:
21:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1131:Mithridates III
1086:(170–165/64 BC)
1050:
1045:Parthian Empire
1038:
1004:
1000:Sasanian Empire
988:
980:
964:
963:
960:Arsacid dynasty
956:
949:
938:
922:
913:
904:
902:
894:
883:
870:
859:
848:
837:
826:
820:
805:
794:
788:
772:Daryaee, Touraj
770:
759:
747:
743:
738:
737:
729:
725:
717:
713:
705:
698:
690:
681:
673:
664:
660:, pp. 2–3.
656:
652:
646:Rajabzadeh 1993
644:
640:
632:
628:
620:
609:
601:
592:
586:Wiesehöfer 1986
584:
577:
569:
565:
557:
548:
540:
529:
521:
506:
500:Dandamayev 1986
498:
491:
483:
479:
474:
409:
340:
281:
275:
270:
242:("the glory of
209:
197:Parthian Empire
153:Arsacid dynasty
125:
109:Sasanian Empire
76:Parthian Empire
69:
62:Parthian drachm
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1467:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1347:Parthamaspates
1344:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1163:Mithridates IV
1160:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1115:Mithridates II
1112:
1104:
1096:
1094:(165/4–132 BC)
1088:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1006:
1005:
993:
990:
981:
976:
972:
971:
957:
954:
948:
947:
936:
911:
892:
881:
868:
857:
846:
835:
824:
818:
803:
792:
787:978-0857716668
786:
768:
757:
744:
742:
739:
736:
735:
723:
711:
709:, p. 603.
707:McDonough 2013
696:
694:, p. 601.
692:McDonough 2013
679:
662:
650:
638:
626:
607:
605:, v. 5: p. 13.
590:
575:
563:
546:
527:
504:
489:
476:
475:
473:
470:
408:
405:
339:
336:
274:
271:
269:
266:
252:Middle Persian
208:
205:
176:
175:
173:Zoroastrianism
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
144:
143:
138:
132:
131:
122:
118:
117:
114:
113:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
71:
70:
59:
51:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1466:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1413:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1363:Mithridates V
1361:
1356:
1355:Sinatruces II
1353:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1339:Vologases III
1337:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1323:Artabanus III
1321:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1254:(36–38/41 AD)
1252:
1249:
1244:
1243:Tiridates III
1241:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1126:(91–87/80 BC)
1124:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1091:Mithridates I
1089:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1001:
996:
987:
986:
979:
973:
968:
962:
961:
952:
944:
943:
937:
933:
927:
919:
918:
912:
900:
899:
893:
889:
888:
882:
878:
874:
869:
865:
864:
858:
854:
853:
847:
843:
842:
836:
832:
831:
825:
821:
819:9780195304657
815:
811:
810:
804:
800:
799:
793:
789:
783:
779:
778:
773:
769:
765:
764:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:
740:
732:
731:Shahbazi 1989
727:
724:
720:
719:Shahbazi 1988
715:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
684:
680:
676:
675:Shahbazi 2005
671:
669:
667:
663:
659:
654:
651:
647:
642:
639:
635:
634:Shahbazi 2002
630:
627:
623:
622:Shahbazi 2004
618:
616:
614:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
567:
564:
560:
555:
553:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
534:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
481:
478:
471:
469:
467:
463:
462:Bahram Chobin
459:
455:
454:Sasanian army
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:King of Kings
420:
419:
414:
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
337:
335:
333:
329:
324:
320:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
287:
272:
267:
265:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:
228:
225:
221:
217:
215:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
174:
171:
167:
164:
161:
157:
154:
151:
149:
145:
142:
139:
137:
133:
129:
123:
119:
115:
110:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
72:
67:
63:
57:
52:
49:
48:
47:King of Kings
43:
38:
33:
19:
1406:(213–224 AD)
1403:Artabanus IV
1402:
1398:(208–228 AD)
1395:Vologases VI
1390:(191–208 AD)
1374:(147–191 AD)
1371:Vologases IV
1366:(129–140 AD)
1350:(116–117 AD)
1342:(110–147 AD)
1334:(109–129 AD)
1315:Vologases II
1251:Artabanus II
1235:Artabanus II
1195:Tiridates II
1155:Phraates III
1110:(127–124 BC)
1102:(132–127 BC)
1078:(191–170 BC)
1070:(217–191 BC)
1062:(247–217 BC)
983:
978:Vologases VI
969:28 April 224
966:
958:
941:
916:
903:. Retrieved
897:
886:
876:
862:
851:
840:
829:
808:
797:
776:
762:
752:
726:
714:
658:Daryaee 2014
653:
641:
629:
566:
561:, p. 3.
559:Daryaee 2014
480:
457:
447:
441:supreme god
430:
416:
410:
397:rock reliefs
365:
316:
286:Vologases VI
276:
255:
254:variant was
239:
226:
222:form of the
211:
210:
192:
184:
181:Artabanus IV
180:
179:
124:28 April 224
94:Vologases VI
74:King of the
45:
40:Artabanus IV
1387:Vologases V
1310:(78–110 AD)
1299:Vardanes II
1291:Vologases I
1267:Gotarzes II
1214:(2 BC–4 AD)
1206:(2 BC–4 AD)
1187:Phraates IV
1118:(124–91 BC)
1107:Artabanus I
1099:Phraates II
443:Ahura Mazda
439:Zoroastrian
332:Mesopotamia
290:Vologases V
237:Old Persian
201:Vologases V
193:Artabanus V
163:Vologases V
90:Predecessor
1439:224 deaths
1428:Categories
1326:(79–81 AD)
1318:(78–80 AD)
1307:Pacorus II
1302:(55–58 AD)
1294:(51–78 AD)
1283:Vonones II
1278:(49–51 AD)
1275:Meherdates
1270:(40–51 AD)
1262:(40–46 AD)
1259:Vardanes I
1246:(35–36 AD)
1238:(12–35 AD)
1219:Orodes III
1211:Phraates V
1174:(57–38 BC)
1166:(57–54 BC)
1158:(69–57 BC)
1150:(75–69 BC)
1147:Sinatruces
1142:(80–75 BC)
1134:(87–80 BC)
1123:Gotarzes I
1083:Phraates I
1075:Priapatius
1067:Arsaces II
995:Ardashir I
472:References
418:shahanshah
413:Dad-windad
356:Ardashir I
354:, showing
350:relief at
282: 208
240:*Arta-bānu
185:Ardavan IV
128:Ram-Hormoz
104:Ardashir I
1379:Osroes II
1230:(6–12 AD)
1227:Vonones I
1190:(37–2 BC)
1179:Pacorus I
1171:Orodes II
1059:Arsaces I
905:13 August
435:Firuzabad
431:Ērānshahr
427:Iranshahr
407:Aftermath
376:al-Tabari
352:Firuzabad
311:Caracalla
246:."). The
232:Ἁρτάβανος
227:Artábanos
214:Artabanus
100:Successor
18:Ardavān V
1382:(191 AD)
1358:(116 AD)
1331:Osroes I
1222:(4–6 AD)
1139:Orodes I
989:208–224
774:(2014).
393:Shapur I
389:lamellar
348:Sasanian
323:freedman
309:emperor
303:Seleucia
261:𐭓𐭕𐭐𐭍
248:Parthian
189:Parthian
169:Religion
1286:(51 AD)
1198:(32 BC)
1182:(39 BC)
1043:of the
741:Sources
466:Vistahm
360:victory
328:Nisibis
319:Armenia
256:Ardawān
218:is the
148:Dynasty
85:213–224
66:Hamadan
1041:Rulers
965:
816:
784:
401:battle
384:spring
372:Kirman
159:Father
141:Murrod
967:Died:
380:ditch
307:Roman
295:Media
268:Reign
224:Greek
220:Latin
136:Issue
82:Reign
1203:Musa
932:link
907:2013
814:ISBN
782:ISBN
464:and
458:spah
368:Pars
299:Susa
297:and
250:and
244:Arta
207:Name
121:Died
68:mint
358:'s
277:In
264:).
1430::
928:}}
924:{{
875:.
699:^
682:^
665:^
610:^
593:^
578:^
549:^
530:^
507:^
492:^
421:("
284:,
279:c.
64:,
1033:e
1026:t
1019:v
1002:)
998:(
934:)
909:.
890:.
879:.
822:.
790:.
677:.
636:.
456:(
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258:(
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187:(
130:)
111:)
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34:.
20:)
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