1681:, both imports and exports were affected, but once foreign demand restarted, it produced unexpected profits with the rise in product prices. It is in this period that mining and oil spend completely in the hands of a monopoly of foreign companies. And this is when Americans begin to have more preponderance in the country's economy. This era of prosperity caused the elites to dedicate themselves intensely to export based purely on the accumulation of wealth, neglecting the production of national manufactures for domestic consumption, which would be one of the causes of the subsequent worsening of the economic conditions of the workers and of social conflicts.
678:
108:
636:
611:
25:
1514:, who used the money from the profits in luxurious imports and to maintain their lifestyles. In 1912, its exports reached 30% of total exports, however the economy of the area did not develop due to the lack of links with the national economy. Finally, in 1915 rubber prices began to fall, because the supply of this product became greater and the more industrialised production of the Far East monopolised the production of this product. Thus in 1920, the rubber boom ended and the Amazon economy stagnated again.
1436:
122:
1639:
258:
248:
1463:, cotton was produced. This was the second export product. The cotton planters did not have as much political and economic weight as the sugar planters did. On the other hand, this industry benefited both large producers and peasants, since cotton growers gave land in exchange for half of the production and also hired migrants from the mountains to cultivate their best fields, who then returned to their lands and reinvested in their own crops.
2515:. During the election campaign, Billinghurst demanded that the elections be annulled and that the election of the president be transferred to Congress. Supported by the masses, his request was accepted by Congress, which elected him president. However, he lacked a majority in Congress, because it was renewed every two years by thirds. He therefore found a civilist and pro-Leguía majority in parliament that was very hostile to him.
1692:, who tried to unite the indigenous people against the exploitation and abuses that the peasants received. of the gamonales and, appealing to an ancestral and messianic image, tried to create certain legislative and educational reforms by electing representatives—who were not of peasant origin—in the towns of the area. The movement was harshly put down and Rumi Maqui fled. The labour and union movements were also encouraged by the
2261:, leader of the Civilista Party and wealthy businessman, was elected with an overwhelming majority, due in part to the Democratic Party's refusal to present a candidate for president. He began an energetic railway policy, presenting to the Senate a project for the study and construction of railways in different parts of the country. In 1904, the first transurban electric railway called "La Oroya" was inaugurated, whose route was
2041:
1412:
already weakened by the war as their male population and the amount of crops were reduced, were easy prey for the usurpation of land by the landowners who resorted to coercive collections for debts or forced purchase. The causes of violence began to germinate, as large estates are formed, directed by despotic landowners, and as a result of which many peasants are left without land.
1733:
1075:
1478:
1294:. Exporters also benefited from the favorable exchange rate due to having a strong currency. This export boom allowed profits to be reinvested to modernise export plants. It also allowed profits to be reinvested in local manufacturing industries, as wage earners in the export sector had become a large market for the products of these industries.
2139:, which was savagely repressed (1896-1897). In 1898, the Billinghurst–La Torre Treaty was signed to establish the regulatory procedure to follow in the planned holding of the plebiscite in Tacna and Arica. This would never come to fruition, due to a unilateral decision by Chile, which, starting in 1901, accentuated its heartless policy of
1249:
to occupy strategic public positions during Piérola's presidency such as the
Electoral Apparatus, which allowed them manipulate the elections to allow the defeat of the Democrats. The political consensus between the civilist and democratic parties represented the economic interests of the sugar planters of the
2654:
in the economic aspect. With the threat of a sudden economic paralysis, the "fiscal bills" were issued. The war caused an increase in exports by up to 300%, for the benefit of agro-exporters and mining companies. There was a shortage of food, since many farmers preferred to grow cotton for export and
1723:
The strike of 1918–1919 for the 8-hour work day marked a milestone in the social movements of Peru, having achieved this demand for better working conditions with a general mobilization. A direct consequence of this was the strengthening of the union movement, which in 1919 was used by Leguía to come
1402:
When the mines were exploited by local businessmen, the money from the profits was reinvested in the region in agricultural production and commerce in the region. Even promoting the cultivation of coffee in the
Peruvian jungle. When the North Americans arrived, the profits did not return, but despite
1248:
and the civilist oligarchy, who needed a figure with great popular support to be able to pacify the country. Thus, Piérola became their figurehead. He allowed political stability from 1895 to 1899, the year in which he transferred power to the civilistas who took it until 1919, since they had managed
2658:
The workers demanded, through strikes and stoppages, for the lowering of subsistence prices, the implementation of the 8-hour day and other labour demands. On
January 15, 1919, a decree was issued that established 8 hours of work, in order to stop the workers' struggle. Despite this achievement, the
1611:
linguistic lines. In this way, they felt closer to Europe than to the interior of Peru itself, since they lived in the most exclusive areas of Lima, the centre of contact between Peru and the outside world, with little or no knowledge of the sufferings of their workers. factories, mines and farms on
1561:
and foreign capitalists. This elite lacked a "National
Project" for development, and only promoted their limited and selfish class interests. That is, they economically subordinated the country and put it at risk, by overspecialising in the production of goods for export controlled by the elite, and
1447:
was the first
Peruvian export product since before the war, the entry of new investors allowed this industry to revive. Of the old landowners, some survived and some sold due to bankruptcy. During this period there were two booms: the first in 1890, in which sales grew by 83%, and the second in 1914
1411:
The relationship between the landowners and the peasants would be characterised by the enclosure of the communities. Because landowners and businessmen sought to expand their lands to increase their crops, they kept an eye on the possessions of farmers and peasant communities. The latter, which were
2385:
was the official candidate for the presidency in 1908 and did not have any serious rivals, since Piérola, once again, abstained from presenting his candidacy. Because of this, Leguía easily won. During his presidency, the
Civilista Party was divided between those loyal to Pardo and the followers of
1602:
The way of thinking and ideas in this period were marked by the elitist perspective of the government, and by a marked contempt for the popular classes. It was thought that the government should be of an exclusive, powerful, repressive and aristocratic elite, its vision was
Europeanising, trying as
1305:
The Piérola
Government carried out a series of economic and fiscal policies: one of the most important was to place tariff barriers on imported products in such a way as to encourage industrialisation by import substitution. Another measure to encourage trade towards the interior of the country was
1363:
in 1890. But in 1892, two events occur: first, the international fall in the price of silver and then the suspension of the minting of silver coins in the country, caused the profits of silver mining entrepreneurs to fall. Around the same time, the international copper boom began, which some local
1318:
The other side of the economic boom was exclusion and oppression. Piérola's government was autocratic, “paternalistic,” and not democratic. He opposed the law that allowed those who could not read or write to vote. Since the popular sectors could not vote, and only the wealthy sectors could do so,
1223:
capital, and it is particularly during the
Aristocratic Republic that dependence on North American capital begins to be forged. The Aristocratic Republic is the period of republican history between the years 1899 to 1919 characterised by the succession of governments led by the country's political
1669:
The working class was not homogeneous; in Peru it was divided by social origin and also by geography. The most organised workers were those who were in Lima and fundamentally those linked to the export sector were those who could obtain improvements to their demands. The mutualism that associated
2666:
approved a law that authorised the State to submit the matter of La Brea y Pariñas to international arbitration. Regarding relations with neighboring countries, consular relations with Chile were broken, in protest against the excesses committed by this country in its policy of
Chileanisation of
1556:
This theory said that underdevelopment is the responsibility of the elite that survived the war with Chile. This elite was made up of a circle of around 30 to 40 wealthy families called the "bourgeoisie" or "plutocracy", who gained control of the State and its resources and used them for their
1309:
At the tax level, he "eliminated" the Indigenous Tribute in order to leave the Departmental Boards that sympathised with Cáceres, his political enemy, without income. This meant nothing as the Indians were still affected by using the salt tax, which led to peasant protests that were violently
1322:
In addition to this, Piérola continued with Cáceres' policy regarding the landowners of the regions of Peru, joining them to restore the hierarchical relations of authority that had been destroyed during the war and using repression and exclusion if the subordinate classes did not accept it.
2655:
not food, generating shortages and increasing prices of these products. Public services (water, electricity, sewage, telephone) and national banking experienced unprecedented expansive growth. Proof is that Lima was then the only Latin American capital whose services were entirely national.
2052:
assumed power for the second time, but this time in a constitutional manner (the first had been dictatorial, from 1879 to 1881). He formed a broad-based government, as he called upon representative elements of national politics to collaborate with him, among whom were many members of the
1763:. Traditionally it is said that it was founded in a meeting on July 28, 1892. Most of the families that belonged to this group were rentiers, landowners, bankers, businessmen who produced sugar and cotton, newspaper owners, and renowned intellectuals and professionals who belonged to the
1719:
where the university reform was promoted in order to be able to elect professors in order to receive training according to the different ideological currents of the time, questioning the traditionalism of university education and the dominance of civilism in that higher education campus.
1612:
the coast and mountains of the country. Furthermore, this period of history was marked by a contemptuous image towards the Indians of Peru, whom they considered barbarians. In this way, the Peruvian aristocracy lived with its back to the popular and cultural sectors of the country.
233:
1670:
workers for many years gave way to anarchism, which was the way workers used to complain about their low wages and terrible working conditions. With the support of the workers, the first populist president of Peru was elected, who was then overthrown by the elite through the
1666:. At the Congress there were also groups of followers of Piérola, Leguía and Pardo. This factionalism and power struggles reached its climax with the split of an important part of civilismo when Leguía was in power, leading to the weakening of the Civilista Party.
1265:
between 1892 and 1895, which produced a reduction in foreign investments in Peru, as well as an increase in national investments. Which meant that exporters could be ready to export once Europe emerged from the crisis in 1895 and began to demand products such as
1568:
described the Civilista Party, the political expression of this group, as being made up of urban landlords, sugar and cotton producers, famous lawyers, notable doctors, among others, who lived in a world made up of marriages between family groups.
1419:. These exports had doubled between the period of 1885–1895 and 1920, going from 2,624 metric tons of wool to 5,286. There were two types of wool: low-quality wool produced by large-scale landowners, and high-quality wool that came from the
195:
1497:
became exporters of this product, which came from the collection in the rubber trees that existed and not from any plantation. The extraction was carried out by native Indians who were semi-enslaved, forced to work and who
1646:
The aristocratic republic was not entirely stable, as there were power struggles due to individual rivalries and between the different clans. These factions were grouped around the leaders. Within the Civilista Party were
1376:
mines more accessible, and would allow North American investments to enter and buy at very high prices most of the mines and even the Casapalca smelter. These North American investments were financially on par with the
2581:
came to power through a military coup d'état. He headed a Government Junta and was later named Provisional President by Congress. He developed a brief government with which he returned power to the civilist oligarchy.
2312:
A radical reform of public education was carried out. He decreed free and compulsory primary education under the responsibility of the central government, sd until then it had been in the hands of the municipalities.
2134:
was the monopoly claimed by the government on the salt trade, imposing a tax burden, with the funds destined to the reacquisition of Tacna and Arica, then controlled by Chile (1896). In response, residents of Huanta
2611:
parties participated, while the Democratic Party abstained from participating. The designated candidate was José Pardo, former president and leader of the civilismo, who widely defeated the democratic candidate
677:
232:
1384:
The entry of American capital allowed the expansion of mining through the use of new technology, but left this area of the country backward because the profits from this exploitation went to the
2659:
labour movement continued its fight, this time against the rising cost of living, being severely repressed by the government (as occurred with the great strike from May 27 to June 2, 1919).
1224:
and economic elite, marked by the alliance between the political and economic elites to govern Peru, eliminating any other type of political proposal that did not come from this consensus.
1581:, who met at the National Club to discuss national management. Part of this group were 2 presidents, 8 ministers of economy, the owners of the newspapers, as well as the guano oligarchs.
194:
859:
1319:
the continuation of conservative governments was guaranteed. As a consequence, the lower classes would not be integrated into political power and their demands would not be heard.
1522:
Once again, primary exploitation was where foreign demand was directed. The oil exploitation that was in the hands of foreign companies was located on the northern coast of Peru,
1403:
this there was enough money left to generate production and trade, leading to the creation of a new regional elite in central Peru, made up of miners, landowners and merchants.
929:
2103:
The Ministry of Public Works and Development was created to organise a public works plan and promote industrial development (1896). Its prime minister was the engineer
2522:
He claimed workers' rights, which attracted the animosity of the oligarchy. The working class was thus encouraged to make their demands, through a series of strikes.
2798:
2140:
969:
1297:
The lack of imports due to the European crisis meant that investment was also made in the production of parts for the machinery of sugar mills and foundries.
2667:
Tacna and Arica (1918). In this way, the break with Chile was total, since there had been no diplomatic relations between both countries for several years.
2107:, who later succeeded Piérola as president. It stimulated explorations in the Amazon, with the desired purpose of opening communication routes between the
1557:
individual and class interests. Firstly, this elite promoted exports but not industrialisation, and also operated in a rentier manner, finally joining the
1416:
2742:
1103:
2131:
1530:. In 1904, the exploitation of this resource increased due to the increase in national and international demand. Shortly before the First World War,
1342:
who obtained positions for congress in the regional elections supported the central government in exchange for it letting them govern as they wish.
2607:
A convention of political parties was called to designate a unification candidacy with a view to the 1915 elections. The Civil, Constitutional and
2435:
rejected that offer, because in his opinion, it did not correspond to the true feelings of the Chilean government, which continued its policy of
1388:. Furthermore, the Peruvian State did not regulate this sector, which allowed these companies to do things as they liked. As a result of this,
2721:
2443:
was signed with Bolivia and the Velarde–Río Branco Treaty was signed with Brazil, thus definitively settling the borders with both countries.
1871:
2759:
1696:, which promised the emergence of a country where workers would be the masters of their destiny and where they would no longer be exploited.
2413:
2751:
1981:
46:
1548:(IPC). The profits of the IPC were very high and the taxes were scandalously low, since they had enough power to manage the politicians.
2496:. His candidacy for the presidency, presented at the last minute, had the support of the popular classes. He was nicknamed "Big Bread" (
2277:
1129:
1061:
719:
557:
521:
482:
469:
456:
443:
2315:
Education was greatly encouraged with the creation of institutions such as the Normal School for Men and the School of Arts and Crafts.
3046:
2399:
68:
2088:). The tax on essential products (food) was reduced and those for pleasure or vice (alcohol and tobacco) were increased, and the
381:
939:
919:
909:
889:
809:
799:
779:
749:
629:
1629:
1544:
508:
2674:
2556:
1866:
1192:
1176:
2690:
1489:
The economy in the jungle developed between 1880 and 1920. In 1880, Europe and the United States demanded a high quantity of
1028:
869:
616:
121:
2072:). Great support was given to the founding of credit and financial institutions of foreign capital, creating several banks (
1183:
in 1919. The only interruption of this succession occurred in 1914 when, due to differences between the Civilista Party and
2198:
2104:
1685:
1096:
146:
579:
107:
3005:
2474:
2366:
2202:
2166:
1621:
1586:
1570:
1208:
1051:
739:
417:
320:
2394:
1700:
1241:
899:
2281:
2159:
2119:. The importance that the Amazon reached then is denoted when Manuel Madueño attempted to create a federated state in
1033:
1018:
2457:. The events were violently put down by the Army, who detained the conspirators, which included Piérola's relatives.
2074:
39:
33:
2670:
Freedom of religion was established, and the respective constitutional reform was carried out (November 11, 1915).
2450:
2155:
1915:
1860:
1712:
1365:
1196:
839:
495:
2360:
2305:
2299:
won the elections unopposed with Piérola's resignation. Under his government, the following measures took place:
1976:
2220:
50:
2324:
2288:
alliance. Shortly before the elections, however, Piérola renounced his candidacy, citing a lack of guarantees.
2201:, he promulgated the water, mining and commercial codes, also developing agriculture, mining and industry. The
1923:
1828:
1716:
1603:
much as possible to establish parameters of creation, government, education, fashion and lifestyles and mainly
1089:
1023:
657:
2049:
2017:
1910:
1776:
1771:
1652:
1642:
Party convention held in Lima in 1915 to elect a single candidate for the presidential elections of that year.
1460:
1399:'s internal rate of return was 55%, higher than that of the 3 Chilean copper companies that only reached 35%.
1245:
1172:
1133:
404:
352:
2003:
1793:
2632:
2542:
Foundation of the School of Domestic Education, aimed at the preparation of women of limited economic means.
2440:
2417:
2319:
2296:
2124:
2029:
2021:
1964:
1947:
1897:
1740:
1704:
1663:
1503:
1237:
769:
367:
174:
2425:
1998:
1928:
1833:
3102:
3097:
3092:
2489:
2454:
2136:
1847:
1625:
1184:
1165:
430:
1986:
1657:
2430:
2151:
2068:) was created for the better collection of State income, which was popularly known as "La recolectora" (
1743:, two of the oligarchic group known as the "twenty-four friends," who dominated Peru during this period.
1671:
1435:
1056:
2613:
2578:
1798:
1389:
1188:
2505:
1852:
1715:
who through their ideology confronted the pre-existing ideas of the generation of the 1900s. It is in
3078:. Vol. 11: La República Aristocrática (1st ed.). Lima: Editorial Milla Batres. pp. es.
2678:
2608:
2390:
2382:
2285:
2120:
1969:
1959:
1952:
1902:
1879:
Pedro D. Gallagher Robertson-Gibbs: mining businessman, banker, president of the Chamber of Commerce.
1764:
1633:
1539:
1511:
1180:
990:
759:
699:
544:
127:
2272:
He died 8 months after assuming his mandate, victim of an illness, being replaced by Vice President
1991:
1638:
1427:. Thus an economy of production and exchange was formed between peasants, merchants and landowners.
2695:
2510:
2273:
2116:
1472:
1415:
The situation in the southern mountains has a different situation due to the export of wool to the
995:
819:
729:
2404:. Additionally, a diplomatic incident occurred with Chile in 1908, known as the "crown incident" (
1359:
exploited by businessmen in the area since 1880, and continued with the discovery of new mines in
3039:
2792:
2421:
1786:
1693:
1507:
959:
849:
829:
789:
689:
2618:
2016:
The Aristocratic Republic covers the governments from 1895 to 1919, from the administration of
3042:
3009:
2765:
2755:
2700:
2566:
1819:
1648:
1499:
1137:
949:
330:
293:
1175:, which marks the beginning of a succession of democratically elected governments, until the
2663:
2640:
2497:
2405:
2389:
During his presidency, border problems with neighbouring countries worsened, such as in the
2266:
2154:
military mission hired for that purpose, chaired by Colonel Paul Clément. Additionally, the
2061:
1891:
1752:
1604:
1494:
1157:
1121:
312:
283:
2439:
in Tacna and Arica. The Chilean minister retired to his country offended. In contrast, the
1394:
1195:
to call general elections. It is the second longest period of democratic succession in the
2651:
2601:
2470:
Law No. 1378 on work accidents was approved, one of the 10 laws of the Manzanilla project.
2206:
2205:
was founded to promote agrarian development. Additionally a series of explorations of the
2112:
2054:
2025:
1760:
1678:
1608:
1449:
1356:
1233:
1145:
1000:
666:
305:
257:
247:
2741:
Miller, Rory (2020). "9. La oligarquía costera y la República Aristocrática en el Perú".
2178:
1253:, the industrialists, the merchants, the land-owning elites of the mountains and others.
391:
2040:
2436:
2258:
2186:
2097:
2093:
1841:
1736:
1378:
1373:
1212:
575:
3086:
3031:
2493:
2355:
2174:
2147:
2089:
1708:
1565:
1385:
1220:
1149:
317:
2635:
was again elected President of Peru, with this second presidency being known as the
2115:. It was at this time when the economic boom of the Peruvian jungle began, with the
2726:
2562:
2532:
to maritime trade, a policy was undertaken to improve port services, especially in
2529:
1781:, diplomat and politician, minister during the government of Manuel Pardo y Lavalle
1527:
212:
113:
2032:
then joined the opposition. The predominance of civilism would last for 24 years.
1502:. This produced an international scandal over the treatment of the natives by the
1355:
Mining in the mountains revived after the war, with the boost of silver mining in
2984:
231:
193:
2467:
Support was given to settlers to exploit rubber in the Amazon, which saw a boom.
1079:
709:
2673:
This was the last government of the so-called Aristocratic Republic before the
2594:
2555:
He attempted to dissolve Congress, a fact that accelerated his fall through a
2182:
2170:
2024:. During this historical period, political and economic power was held in the
1732:
1531:
2769:
1338:—to control the discontent of the peasants. Thus, the representatives of the
3013:
2986:
Lima en el IV centenario de su fundación: Monografía de Departamento de Lima
2504:) because of his campaign for cheaper food. He faced the official candidate
2084:
1456:
1420:
1360:
1141:
1688:
occurred in the southern mountains of Peru, an anarchist who took the name
1306:
roads, for which he mobilised the natives of the surrounding communities.
2345:
2341:
2177:(1897), whose inaugural function was given with the presence of Piérola;
1424:
1369:
1331:
323:
1477:
2546:
2333:
2246:
2146:
Other landmarks of Piérola's presidency were the reorganisation of the
1482:
300:
2318:
The labour regulations and legislation were ordered to be drawn up by
2044:
French General Paul Clément was hired to reorganise the Peruvian Army.
2785:
El Perú desde la intimidad. Epistolario de Manuel Candamo (1873-1904)
2533:
2242:) was established to exploit the mines of the central mountain range.
1490:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1262:
1216:
2373:
His most prominent minister was that of Treasury, Augusto B. Leguía.
2284:-allied Pardo against Piérola, the latter representing the democrat-
2539:
The Religion course was implemented in colleges and normal schools.
1364:
businessmen began to exploit. Around 1893, the construction of the
1261:
This period was also characterised by the economic crisis that hit
3060:(in Spanish) (5th ed.). Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
2525:
He established 8 hours of work for the workers at the Callao dock.
2337:
2228:
2224:
2108:
2039:
1767:, where they met weekly on Fridays. The members of the club were:
1731:
1637:
1523:
1476:
1444:
1434:
1335:
1267:
1250:
1232:
It begins with the consensus of two predominant political forces,
1140:. This period was characterised by the political dominance of an
2590:
2416:
wanted to present a bronze crown during the inauguration of the
2262:
1943:
Other characters that also would make up the select group were:
1699:
The appearance of the centenary generation with figures such as
1535:
1291:
1287:
1271:
273:
2332:
The construction of some railways began, such as the line from
2231:. These would resume in 1905, only to be severed again in 1908.
2744:
Empresas británicas, economía y política en el Perú, 1850-1934
1857:: lawyer and minister during the government of Manuel Candamo.
1747:
One group prevalent in the country's aristocracy was known as
18:
2983:
de la Fuente Chávez, Germán; Mariátegui, Julio César (1935).
2453:
and unsuccessfully tried to make him sign his resignation in
2722:"Perú bate su récord histórico de democracia ininterrumpida"
2303:
The deposit and consignment fund was created, currently the
2223:
with Chile were broken due to the hostility to Peruvians in
2989:(in Spanish). Lima: Editorial “Minerva”. pp. 567–568*.
2354:
He was concerned about national defence, strengthening the
1144:
dedicated to agro-exports, mining and finance, through the
1562:
by depending excessively on capital and foreign markets.
2585:
During his government, the following events took place:
2518:
During his government, the following events took place:
2604:
began, which would have serious effects on the economy.
2565:
was discovered by the American explorer and politician
3069:(in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Lima: Editorial Jurídica.
1207:
The colonial situation of the country continued after
2130:
A notable measure taken by the government due to the
1506:
between 1908 and 1912. The main "rubber barons" were
2650:
This government had to face the consequences of the
2549:
passed under the direct administration of the State.
2092:
was implemented in the monetary system, issuing the
1684:
Due to the disturbances of the war, the uprising of
2480:
The Guano administration company was created (1909)
571:
554:
541:
531:
518:
505:
492:
479:
466:
453:
440:
427:
414:
401:
387:
377:
358:
343:
329:
311:
299:
289:
279:
269:
83:
2060:Under his government, the Tax Collection Society (
1372:was completed, which would make the Morococha and
2216:In Lima, the first union groups were established.
2193:Government of Eduardo López de Romaña (1899–1903)
1806:José Antonio Miró Quesada: director and owner of
2485:Government of Guillermo Billinghurst (1912–1914)
1724:to power, beginning his eleven-year government.
1591:La oligarquía peruana: historia de tres familias
1455:Likewise, on the central coast, specifically in
2150:, which was undertaken under the guidance of a
1575:
2967:
2552:Death of Nicolás de Piérola, on June 23, 1913.
1542:. This company is better known in Peru as the
3036:Historia de la República del Perú (1822–1933)
1097:
207:
169:
141:
88:
8:
2823:
2036:Government of Nicolás de Piérola (1895–1899)
1578:
1244:. This was followed by the alliance between
1171:The period begins with the rise to power of
2783:De la Puente Candamo, José Agustín (2008).
2628:Second Government of José Pardo (1915–1919)
2797:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2597:due to the exploitation of local peasants.
2460:Other measures of his government include:
2292:First Government of José Pardo (1904–1908)
1759:), whose members were affiliated with the
1538:purchased the British-owned oil fields of
1443:On the other hand, on the northern coast,
1104:
1090:
651:
256:
246:
80:
3056:Contreras, Carlos; Cueto, Marcos (2013).
2978:
2976:
2574:Government of Óscar Benavides (1914–1915)
2245:The Osma–Villazón Treaty was signed with
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
3002:Historia del Perú: Epoca de la República
2464:Sugar and cotton production was boosted.
2378:Government of Augusto Leguía (1908–1912)
2254:Government of Manuel Candamo (1903–1904)
2096:, with the same weight and grade as the
1867:Estanislao Pardo de Figueroa y de Águila
1407:The landowners and peasants in the Andes
32:This article includes a list of general
16:Period of the history of Peru, 1895–1919
2955:
2943:
2931:
2919:
2907:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2811:
2712:
2351:Women were allowed to enter university.
1326:The central government depended on the
1211:, but this time no longer depending on
1128:) is given to the period following the
665:
654:
3067:Historia del Perú. República 1822-1968
2895:
2790:
2358:with the acquisition of two cruisers:
1885:Manuel Álvarez-Calderón, businessman.
1616:Political, social and rural conflicts
1423:and that were sold to merchants from
553:
540:
530:
517:
504:
491:
478:
465:
452:
439:
426:
413:
400:
396:
357:
342:
338:
328:
7:
2165:Additionally, the inventions of the
2132:Chilean–Peruvian territorial dispute
1577:The core of the elite a group: The
1152:. During this period, the so-called
2720:Barrenechea, Melissa (2019-04-21).
2528:Given the announced opening of the
1381:and far above the Peruvian miners.
1148:. The term was coined by historian
2754:, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
996:History of the Viceroyalty of Peru
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3040:Empresa Editora El Comercio S. A.
2752:Banco Central de Reserva del Perú
2240:Cerro de Pasco Copper Corporation
2066:Sociedad Recaudadora de Impuestos
1982:Antonio Miró Quesada de la Guerra
940:Return to democracy and terrorism
2424:. The Peruvian Foreign Minister
1500:died of malnutrition and disease
1346:Beginning of economic dependence
1310:repressed, causing many deaths.
1073:
676:
634:
609:
229:
191:
120:
106:
23:
3058:Historia del Perú contemporáneo
3006:Ministerio de Educación Pública
2787:(in Spanish). Lima. p. 48.
2420:, dedicated to the dead of the
1936:Alejandro Garland, businessman.
1630:Campaign of the Manuripi region
1545:International Petroleum Company
1001:History of the Republic of Peru
2691:National Reconstruction (Peru)
2681:began his 11-year presidency.
2475:National Conservatory of Music
2212:Other notable events include:
2203:National School of Agriculture
1784:Luis Carranza: co-director of
1452:) in which sales grew by 77%.
159:"Firm and Happy for the Union"
1:
2750:(in Spanish) (1st ed.).
2236:Cerro de Pasco Mining Company
1933:, businessman and politician.
1920:, businessman and politician.
1907:, businessman and politician.
1803:, businessman and politician.
1431:Sugar and cotton in the coast
1228:Consensus of political forces
1164:) took place, in contrast to
3000:Pons Muzzo, Gustavo (1953).
2446:On May 29, 1909, a group of
2167:Second Industrial Revolution
2143:in said Peruvian provinces.
2085:Banco Internacional del Perú
2020:to the second presidency of
1838:, businessman and landowner.
1622:Loretan Insurrection of 1896
1203:Background and establishment
954:1980–2000, 2002–
740:Peruvian War of Independence
3065:Rivera Serna, Raúl (1975).
2547:Lima Drinking Water Company
2391:confrontation with Colombia
2169:arrived to Peru: the first
2160:compulsory military service
1598:Ideology of the aristocracy
780:Peru–Bolivian Confederation
3119:
3074:Guerra, Margarita (1984).
2968:Contreras & Cueto 2013
2662:On December 26, 1918, the
2280:. These elections put the
2185:(1898); and the number of
2156:Chorrillos Military School
1861:Domingo M. Almenara Butler
1686:Teodomiro Gutiérrez Cuevas
1619:
1518:Oil as the foreign enclave
1470:
1215:but through dependence on
1197:republican history of Peru
991:History of the Inca Empire
147:Firme y feliz por la unión
3076:Historia General del Perú
2589:A rebellion broke out in
1977:Francisco Tudela y Varela
1924:Luis N. Bryce y de Vivero
1882:Ezequiel Álvarez-Calderón
1829:Domingo Olavegoya Yriarte
970:Peruvian political crisis
588:
567:
397:
373:
339:
243:
225:"National Peruvian March"
187:"National Anthem of Peru"
163:
136:
102:
97:
2414:Chilean minister in Peru
2137:revolted against the tax
2075:Banco del Perú y Londres
1911:Ántero Aspíllaga Barrera
1876:: lawyer and politician.
1772:Francisco Rosas Balcázar
1653:Rafael Villanueva Cortez
1314:Exclusion and oppression
930:Revolutionary Government
2199:Eduardo López de Romaña
2125:Federal State of Loreto
2105:Eduardo López de Romaña
1794:Pedro Correa y Santiago
1757:Los veinticuatro amigos
1749:the twenty-four friends
1728:The twenty-four friends
1713:Raúl Porras Barrenechea
1552:The dependency position
1504:Peruvian Amazon Company
1126:República Aristocrática
900:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
870:National Reconstruction
770:Supreme Governing Junta
213:Marcha Nacional Peruana
175:Himno Nacional del Perú
53:more precise citations.
3038:(9th ed.). Lima:
2946:, Vol. 11, p. 199–200.
2922:, Vol. 11, p. 108–109.
2874:, Vol. 11, p. 135–136.
2862:, Vol. 11, p. 110–112.
2850:, Vol. 11, p. 169–172.
2645:Renacimiento Civilista
2644:
2501:
2490:Guillermo Billinghurst
2441:Polo–Bustamante Treaty
2410:Incidente de la corona
2409:
2320:José Matías Manzanilla
2117:exploitation of rubber
2080:Banco Popular del Perú
2065:
2048:On September 8, 1895,
2045:
1965:Felipe Pardo y Barreda
1948:Felipe de Osma y Pardo
1898:Enrique Barreda y Osma
1756:
1744:
1701:José Carlos Mariátegui
1677:With the start of the
1643:
1626:Salt Tax Revolt (Peru)
1595:
1486:
1440:
1242:Andrés Avelino Cáceres
1185:Guillermo Billinghurst
1161:
1125:
1029:Constitutional history
533:• 1915 elections
208:
170:
142:
89:
2426:Melitón Porras Osores
2043:
1999:Víctor Manuel Maúrtua
1735:
1641:
1480:
1438:
1118:Aristocratic Republic
920:Moderate civil reform
880:Aristocratic Republic
700:Ancient civilizations
280:Common languages
2934:, Vol. 11, p. 79–80.
2910:, Vol. 11, p. 74–75.
2637:Civilist Renaissance
2633:José Pardo y Barreda
2395:tension with Ecuador
2297:José Pardo y Barreda
2221:diplomatic relations
2022:José Pardo y Barreda
1848:Luis Felipe Villarán
1816:Narciso de Aramburú.
1741:José Pardo y Barreda
1705:Luis Alberto Sánchez
1664:José Pardo y Barreda
1634:Battle of La Pedrera
1166:that of 1872 to 1876
760:Protectorate of Peru
714:1438–1533/1572
694:12000 BCE–1532
405:Piérola takes office
368:José Pardo y Barreda
2696:Amazon rubber cycle
2675:coup d'état of 1919
2418:Crypt of the Heroes
1987:José Pardo y Aliaga
1473:Amazon rubber cycle
1439:Larco sugar estate.
1019:Demographic history
985:By political entity
860:Peruvian Resistance
820:Chincha Islands War
750:Foundational Period
704:3500 BCE–1470
2958:, Vol. 11, p. 130.
2886:, Vol. 11, p. 139.
2838:, Vol. 11, p. 103.
2826:, p. 158–159.
2579:Óscar R. Benavides
2422:War of the Pacific
2306:Banco de la Nación
2238:(later called the
2181:(1896); the first
2173:(1896); the first
2050:Nicolás de Piérola
2046:
2018:Nicolás de Piérola
1844:, renowned lawyer.
1822:, Polish engineer.
1745:
1694:Russian Revolution
1644:
1508:Carlos Fitzcarrald
1487:
1441:
1246:Nicolás de Piérola
1189:Óscar R. Benavides
1173:Nicolás de Piérola
1134:Nicolás de Piérola
910:Odría Dictatorship
850:Occupation of Lima
840:Occupation of Peru
830:War of the Pacific
690:Pre-Columbian Peru
353:Nicolás de Piérola
2824:Rivera Serna 1975
2814:, Vol. 11, p. 52.
2761:978-612-326-002-6
2701:Centralism (Peru)
2679:Augusto B. Leguía
2614:Carlos de Piérola
2567:Hiram Bingham III
2383:Augusto B. Leguía
2367:Coronel Bolognesi
2340:and the one from
2282:Constitutionalist
2162:was established.
1960:Augusto B. Leguía
1939:Leonidas Cárdenas
1820:Ernest Malinowski
1587:Dennis L. Gilbert
1540:La Brea y Pariñas
1512:Julio César Arana
1481:Rubber barons in
1390:Cerro Corporation
1181:Augusto B. Leguía
1162:Segundo civilismo
1138:President of Peru
1114:
1113:
978:
977:
950:Internal conflict
650:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
622:
621:
584:
527:25–26 August 1912
509:Manuripi conflict
496:Unsuccessful coup
382:National Congress
363:
360:• 1915–1919
348:
345:• 1895–1899
294:Roman Catholicism
234:
196:
90:República Peruana
85:Peruvian Republic
79:
78:
71:
3110:
3079:
3070:
3061:
3052:
3018:
3017:
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2991:
2990:
2980:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2898:, p. 87–88.
2893:
2887:
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2875:
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2845:
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2815:
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2803:
2802:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2749:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2717:
2664:Congress of Peru
2622:
2514:
2506:Ántero Aspíllaga
2473:Creation of the
2451:kidnapped Leguía
2434:
2403:
2328:
2274:Serapio Calderón
2189:were increased.
2158:was founded and
2007:
1995:
1973:
1956:
1932:
1919:
1906:
1892:Carlos Ferreyros
1888:Calixto Pfeiffer
1875:
1856:
1837:
1802:
1780:
1661:
1593:
1398:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1024:Economic history
800:Military Anarchy
720:Spanish conquest
686:
685:
680:
670:
652:
638:
637:
626:
625:
613:
612:
606:
605:
590:
589:
582:
475:9–12 August 1904
410:8 September 1895
361:
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263:
260:
253:
252:Peru before 1909
250:
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49:this article by
40:inline citations
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2207:Peruvian Amazon
2195:
2187:telephone lines
2123:, known as the
2055:Civilista Party
2038:
2014:
2001:
1989:
1967:
1950:
1926:
1913:
1900:
1869:
1850:
1831:
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1761:Civilista Party
1730:
1679:First World War
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1467:The rubber boom
1450:First World War
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1303:
1301:Initial reforms
1259:
1257:European crisis
1240:, to overthrow
1230:
1205:
1154:Second Civilism
1146:Civilista Party
1110:
1080:Peru portal
1074:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1047:
1039:
1038:
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1006:
1005:
986:
960:Economic crisis
944:1980–2000
934:1968–1980
924:1956–1968
914:1948–1956
894:1919–1930
884:1895–1919
874:1884–1895
864:1881–1883
854:1881–1883
844:1879–1883
834:1879–1883
824:1865–1879
814:1845–1866
804:1841–1845
794:1839–1841
784:1836–1839
774:1822–1823
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754:1821–1842
744:1809–1826
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724:1532–1572
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2437:Chileanisation
2379:
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2371:
2361:Almirante Grau
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2310:
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2259:Manuel Candamo
2255:
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2141:Chileanisation
2098:pound sterling
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2012:Heads of state
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1842:Isaac Alzamora
1839:
1826:
1825:Armando Velez.
1823:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1804:
1791:
1782:
1737:Manuel Candamo
1729:
1726:
1649:Augusto Leguía
1617:
1614:
1599:
1596:
1583:
1571:Dennis Gilbert
1553:
1550:
1519:
1516:
1493:, so Peru and
1471:Main article:
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1417:United Kingdom
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1379:Peruvian State
1374:Cerro de Pasco
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890:New Motherland
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563:18–19 May 1919
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537:16–17 May 1915
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3093:1890s in Peru
3091:
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3048:9972-205-74-6
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2494:mayor of Lima
2492:was a former
2491:
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2461:
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2455:Plaza Bolívar
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2276:, who called
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2234:The American
2233:
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2222:
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2200:
2192:
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2180:
2176:
2175:cinematograph
2172:
2168:
2163:
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2157:
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2149:
2148:Peruvian Army
2144:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2099:
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2091:
2090:gold standard
2087:
2086:
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2071:
2070:The collector
2067:
2063:
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2019:
2011:
2005:
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1894:, politician.
1893:
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1815:
1813:Louis Dubois.
1812:
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1800:
1795:
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1766:
1765:National Club
1762:
1758:
1754:
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1734:
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1709:Jorge Basadre
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1566:Jorge Basadre
1563:
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1386:United States
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1150:Jorge Basadre
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1130:1895 election
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1057:Years in Peru
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1034:Peruvian wars
1032:
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1027:
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432:
422:
419:
418:Loreto revolt
409:
406:
393:
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62:
52:
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42:
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35:
30:
21:
20:
3075:
3066:
3057:
3035:
3025:Bibliography
3001:
2995:
2985:
2963:
2956:Basadre 2005
2951:
2944:Basadre 2005
2939:
2932:Basadre 2005
2927:
2920:Basadre 2005
2915:
2908:Basadre 2005
2903:
2891:
2884:Basadre 2005
2879:
2872:Basadre 2005
2867:
2860:Basadre 2005
2855:
2848:Basadre 2005
2843:
2836:Basadre 2005
2831:
2819:
2812:Basadre 2005
2807:
2784:
2778:
2743:
2736:
2727:RPP Noticias
2725:
2715:
2672:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2636:
2631:
2584:
2577:
2563:Machu Picchu
2530:Panama Canal
2517:
2488:
2459:
2447:
2445:
2388:
2381:
2365:
2359:
2304:
2295:
2271:
2257:
2239:
2235:
2211:
2196:
2179:Röntgen rays
2164:
2145:
2129:
2102:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2047:
2015:
1942:
1807:
1785:
1748:
1746:
1722:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1676:
1672:armed forces
1668:
1645:
1601:
1590:
1576:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1543:
1536:Standard Oil
1521:
1488:
1454:
1448:(during the
1442:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1383:
1354:
1339:
1332:feudal lords
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1260:
1231:
1209:independence
1206:
1170:
1153:
1117:
1116:The name of
1115:
1062:Coups d'état
879:
599:Succeeded by
598:
593:
583:(until 1898)
576:Libra de oro
392:Belle Époque
321:presidential
202:
164:
138:Motto:
137:
128:Coat of arms
65:
56:
37:
2896:Guerra 1984
2617: [
2557:coup d'état
2509: [
2448:Pierolistas
2429: [
2398: [
2323: [
2183:automobiles
2002: [
1990: [
1968: [
1951: [
1927: [
1914: [
1901: [
1870: [
1851: [
1832: [
1808:El Comercio
1797: [
1787:El Comercio
1775: [
1656: [
1573:said that:
1393: [
1330:—the great
1193:coup d'état
974:2016–
790:Restoration
730:Viceroyalty
710:Inca Empire
667:History of
594:Preceded by
550:4 July 1919
545:Leguía coup
501:29 May 1909
462:August 1903
378:Legislature
51:introducing
3087:Categories
2707:References
2595:Rumi Maqui
2502:Pan grande
2267:Chorrillos
2171:phonograph
2094:Gold Pound
2026:Civilistas
1717:San Marcos
1690:Rumi Maqui
1620:See also:
1579:24 friends
1532:New Jersey
1187:, General
313:Government
301:Demonym(s)
34:references
2793:cite book
2770:2071-4246
2593:, led by
2278:elections
2219:In 1901,
2030:Democrats
1559:gamonales
1421:altiplano
1361:Morococha
1357:Casapalca
1340:gamonales
1328:gamonales
1238:democrats
1234:civilists
1142:oligarchy
810:Guano Era
436:1896–1897
331:President
290:Religion
222:(Spanish)
184:(Spanish)
156:(Spanish)
98:1895–1919
3034:(2005).
3014:19485168
3004:. Lima:
2685:See also
2677:, where
2393:and the
2386:Leguía.
2346:Huancayo
2342:La Oroya
2111:and the
1584:—
1425:Arequipa
1370:La Oroya
1217:European
1052:Timeline
1046:See also
1013:By topic
658:a series
656:Part of
572:Currency
488:May 1908
324:republic
306:Peruvian
59:May 2024
2641:Spanish
2609:Liberal
2498:Spanish
2412:). The
2406:Spanish
2334:Sicuani
2286:liberal
2247:Bolivia
2209:began.
2062:Spanish
1753:Spanish
1605:English
1483:Iquitos
1334:of the
1158:Spanish
1122:Spanish
556:•
543:•
520:•
507:•
494:•
481:•
468:•
455:•
442:•
429:•
416:•
403:•
347:(first)
318:Unitary
284:Spanish
270:Capital
165:Anthem:
47:improve
3045:
3012:
2768:
2758:
2534:Callao
2197:Under
2152:French
2121:Loreto
2113:jungle
2028:; The
1632:, and
1609:French
1528:Tumbes
1495:Brazil
1491:rubber
1461:Cañete
1351:Mining
1290:, and
1284:copper
1280:coffee
1276:cotton
1263:Europe
660:on the
362:(last)
335:
220:
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203:March:
182:
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36:, but
2748:(PDF)
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2433:]
2402:]
2338:Cuzco
2327:]
2229:Tacna
2225:Arica
2109:coast
2006:]
1994:]
1972:]
1955:]
1931:]
1918:]
1905:]
1874:]
1855:]
1836:]
1801:]
1779:]
1660:]
1524:Piura
1445:sugar
1397:]
1366:train
1336:Andes
1268:sugar
1251:coast
1213:Spain
964:1980s
3043:ISBN
3010:OCLC
2799:link
2766:ISSN
2756:ISBN
2600:The
2591:Puno
2545:The
2364:and
2356:navy
2263:Lima
2227:and
1739:and
1662:and
1607:and
1526:and
1510:and
1459:and
1292:lead
1288:zinc
1272:wool
1236:and
1219:and
1177:coup
904:1941
669:Peru
630:Peru
617:Peru
514:1910
449:1899
423:1896
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2772:.
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