981:
particularly in the painting of fabric to execute the patterns to scale. This is a shame because these patterns are valuable objects that can take months to create. The main problem is that the
Italian painters executing these patterns to be sent to the Burgundian Netherlands apply too thick a layer of colour, which then comes off during transit: re-use of the pattern then requires restoration. In this situation, the advantage of having artists experienced in foreign techniques becomes obvious and reinforces the artistic domination of the most powerful sponsors. In addition, having such craftsmen on hand instead of commissioning them in a distant country had the advantage of being able to direct them and monitor their work. Arnt van der Dussen is one of the most representative examples, as he was successively employed by various city-states as a craftsman, teacher, intermediary or importer:
657:
1043:- which stemmed from the rediscovery of the ancient philosophical heritage - was born in Italy and first reached the Burgundian Netherlands in the second half of the fifteenth century and then spread throughout Europe. The importance of the Burgundian Netherlands as a central node in the international trade of the time is reflected in the penetration of humanist ideas in the region: it was Italian merchants (including Boteram, as he traded on behalf of the powerful in Italy) who spread humanism as they arrived in Bruges and Antwerp.
416:
30:
845:
928:"Uno Antiporto de razo lungo bra. 3 1/2 e largo bra. 2 1/2 fatto di uno pavaione morelo, sotto el quale e in uno leto olifernes nudo cum una dona che li ha talgiato la testa, che ha la spada da una mane e da laltra la testa del dito olifernes per li capili cum la quale porze dita testa a unaltra dona che ha uno carniero in mane, el quale epsa porze per metere dentro dita testa"
940:(4.575 m)', representing a brownish coloured pavilion, under which is, in a bed, Holofernes naked with a woman who has cut off his head, who holds a sword in one hand and in the other hand the head of the said Holofernes by the hair, with which she hands the said head to another woman who holds a leather purse, which she holds out to put the said head inside".
751:, who seems to have little love for tapestries since he sent the tapestry-makers back to the court, granted Boteram in March 1480 an import licence for five to six pieces each year. He must therefore have ceased his commercial activity around 1481, since we lose track of him that year in the Italian archives, only to find him the following year in Brussels.
181:
Despite this scarcity of documentation and therefore of historical analyses, the study of his life allows for a better understanding of the history of tapestry, but also of commercial and cultural exchanges between northern and southern Europe in the 15th century, as well as the evolution of morality
493:
The disparity and scarcity of documents devoted to minor figures such as Arnt van der Dussen give the impression of a disjointed life. These documents make it possible to trace
Boteram's professional career, but without providing any depth: without discoveries, any biographical analysis is therefore
793:
The first, Belgian
Viviane Baesens, focused on Boteram's professional life and the recently discovered documents on him in Brussels, while attempting to demonstrate Sophie Schneebalg-Perelman's theories devoted to a positive reassessment of the importance of Brussels upholstery workshops during the
723:
The available documents show that the upholstery trade was very lucrative and that the tapestries supplied by
Rinaldo Boteram were of remarkable quality. Indeed, he was paid more than 900 ducats in certain transactions and master weavers from Tournai such as Jehan Myle (Giovanni or Jean Mille) and
980:
During the
Renaissance, art increasingly took on a political function and was used in Italy to underline the power of families or city-states. Upholstery was fashionable at the time, but some of the technical aspects of its design escaped the Italian craftsmen, who lacked mastery and creativity -
959:
We also know that
Boteram was not the only Brussels weaver in Mantua: three weavers working at the court are said to be "from Brussels": Pietro, Enrico and Giovanni. For Viviane Baesens, it is likely that this Pietro from Brussels, who had been present in Mantua since 1450, was the "cousin Piero"
955:
According to
Viviane Baesens, Boteram's professional success demonstrates that the reputation of Brussels upholsterers was established abroad (particularly in Italy) in the same way as that of the upholsterers of Tournai and Arras. This viewpoint reinforces Sophie Schneebalg-Perelman's hypotheses
763:
The exact date of his final return to
Brussels is not known, but Viviane Baesens estimates it at 1481, highlighting his role as a municipal councillor in 1482 and 1484. Hillie Smit points out that he was a municipal councillor of the Brussels magistracy in 1474-1475 and in 1483–1484, when he was
775:
The date of his death is uncertain. Viviane
Baesens gives the date of 1484 on the basis of documents in the Houwaert collection. Hillie Smit specifies that according to the available documents Boteram was still alive in 1491 and that at that time his wife, Lysbeth Mostincx, was in charge of his
574:
On March 14, 1440, he asked for an extension of the contract for ten years, giving the following reasons: firstly, he was the only one in Siena who practised the art of upholstery; secondly, it was impossible for him to teach upholstery in such a short time; and thirdly, he had already produced
1031:
Some historians, such as Lorne
Campbell, have highlighted the potential role of upholsterers such as Arnt van der Dussen in the influence of certain artistic trends and patterns between northern and southern Europe. Indeed, various artists were linked to the upholstery merchants. For Elisabeth
960:
mentioned by Boteram in a letter of 1474, and that he brought in workers and other members of his family or acquaintances. This letter also mentions a "Rigo", which Viviane Baessens assumes is also a relative of Boteram and that it is the Rigo who is found as an upholsterer in Ferrara in 1479.
871:
However, this theory is ruled out by the cross-referencing of documents referring to the same work (The History of Joseph acquired by Duke Borso d'Este in 1457 from "Rinaldo di Gualdire"/"Renaud Boteram de Bruxelles"), by the rarity of the first name Gauthier (Walter/Wouter) in the Burgundian
675:
When he left the service of the Mantuans, Boteram seems to have turned exclusively to the upholstery trade, which was more lucrative than the activity of weaver. Hillie Smit implies that Boteram may have started this activity as early as 1450 by pointing out his visits to the
968:
Arnt Van der Dussen, also known as Rinaldo Boteram, was one of those master upholsterers who travelled throughout Europe, combining the establishment of weaving workshops in the Italian peninsula with the supervision of the commissioning and production of tapestries from the
680:
fair where he acquired tapestries which he then sold in Italy to influential people. This is in line with the analysis of Jacques Lavalleye who states that Rinaldo de Gualtieri, nicknamed Boteram of Brussels, was present in Ferrara in 1450 during the reign of Lionel d'Este.
520:", he does not come from a family of upholsterers. It is this document that allows us to estimate his date of birth at around 1417–1418, as the age of apprentice upholsterers varies between 8 and 13 years old. He obtained his master's degree between 1432 and 1438 and either
696:
who was probably a French banker based in Venice. Hillie Smit points to the possibility (though no concrete evidence is found to support it) that Boteram owned a house in Venice since tapestries destined for Ferrara were transported from Venice.
794:
fifteenth century. The second, the Dutchwoman Hillie Smit, focused her paper on the remains of Boteram's tapestries and his family origins. They both tried to show that Arnt van der Dussen and Rinaldo Boteram were one and the same person.
720:). In addition to importing tapestries from the Burgundian Netherlands, Boteram also helped run Italian workshops in Ferrara: notably during the reign of Borso, where Boteram assisted Liévin de Bruges, who had become the workshop manager.
731:
from a workshop in Ferrara), tapestry banks (tapestry intended to cover a bench) and bedstead carpets, while selling several tapestries to court lords. Borso d'Este's successor, Hercules I, continued to buy from Boteram until 1481.
789:
Only two historians have published an article entirely devoted to Arnt van der Dussen, and both have mainly confined themselves to listing the available data on his life without making extensive analyses of Boteram's environment.
566:
of 20 gold florins from the Sienese for two years, during which time he undertook to teach his trade to two Sienese students while carrying out his activity in the city, in particular by making upholstery to decorate the
600:
at the court of Mantua. We know that he had been living in the city for some time, probably since the end of his contract in Siena in 1442. He remained in the service of the House of Gonzaga until 1457, when the Marquis
759:
Letters from Arnt Van der Dussen to the Marquise of Ferrara indicate that he left his family in the country, and a text from the "Comptes du Domaine de Bruxelles" attests that he still owned a house there in 1480–1481.
735:
In addition to the House of Este in Ferrara, he also continued to supply the House of Gonzaga in Mantua with upholstery throughout the period 1462-1481 and he even maintained a correspondence with the Marchioness
575:
several works, one of which was about to be finished, and he had received several commissions from private individuals. He received a new grant for six years with the obligation to take on two new apprentices.
868:", Jean Lestocquoy questions the traditional hypothesis that identifies "Rinaldo di Gualtieri"/"Renaldo di Gualtieri de la Magna Basa" with the upholsterer Arnt Van der Dussen, known as Rinaldo Boteram.
2016:. proceedings of the symposium held at Museum Catharijneconvent, Utrecht, 14 March 1994 (in French). Firenze: (Istituto Universitario Olandese di Storia dell'Arte) Edizioni Centro Di. pp. 67–78.
290:
and unhelpful regulations. In general, there was economic growth: first in Italy and then in the rest of Europe. This prosperity boosted trade and led to an artistic and philosophical boom thanks to
704:
acquired several upholsteries in two purchases from Rinaldo di Gualdire: a series to decorate the rooms, a "verdure Ă animaux" ("mille-fleurs") and six historiated curtains (two upholsteries of the
744:
of Milan that he had been paid. It is therefore more than likely that Boteram even delivered tapestries to the Sforza of Milan, for which payment was then made via the Medici branch in Milan.
811:
Smit, on the other hand, underlines the possibility that his mother came from a family of upholsterers, since he had cousins in Ferrara who were not upholsterers with the same surname as him;
578:
However, the payment of the subsidy ceased on January 13, 1442, and he was replaced by Jacquet d'Arras, who was directly awarded an annual grant of 45 gold florins for a period of ten years.
924:
Indeed, the description of a portière in the inventory of the tapestries of the Maison d'Este and delivered by Boteram is strikingly similar to the central section of the New York tapestry:
1089:. Aux Quatre Vents. A Festschrift for Bert W. Meijer (in French). Boschloo Anton W.A., Grasman Edward et Van der Sman Gert (dir). Firenze: Edizioni Centro Di. pp. 179–182.
740:
where it appears, in a letter of 1466, that some deliveries of upholstery had been paid for by Pigello Portinari and that Boteram asked the Marchioness to write to the Duchess
887:
Hillie Smit also defends the traditional hypothesis in her biographical article by pointing out that Arnt van der Dussen signs his letters with "Arnaldo ditto Boteram" or "
619:
Historians, such as Viviane Baesens, suspect that he was mainly involved in teaching his art during his stay in Mantua and point to the presence of Italian weavers at the
1814:. Aux Quatre Vents. À Festschrift for Bert W. Meijer. Boschloo Anton W.A., Grasman Edward and Van der Sman Gert (dir). Firenze: Edizioni Centro Di. pp. 179–182.
1036:(who worked in Brussels) accompanied Boteram on his trip to Italy in 1450. Wauters even believes that van der Weyden may have participated in the upholstery trade.
1920:
1856:
833:
Smit, who bases himself on a document from 1502 that speaks of the widowhood of Boteram's wife, considers that he must have died in that year or the year before.
403:, which means "buttered toast" in Dutch, has not yet been found, but it was already used by his father and later by his children and grandchildren. A variation
1017:
in 1431 so that the latter could travel to the Burgundian Netherlands where he improved his technique and where he probably took part in the tapestry trade;
178:
and, as with most people of his time and rank, there are only fragmentary traces of his itinerary, sometimes difficult to interpret, in various documents.
1418:
1344:. Revue archéologique (in French). Vol. X. Pottier Edmond et Reinach Salomon (dir) (5th ed.). Paris: Éditions Ernest Leroux. pp. 294–332.
853:
737:
164:
159:, establishing a network of contacts and clients and corresponding personally with important members of the Italian courts, such as the Marquise of
602:
804:
Viviane Baesens considers that Arnt van der Dussen had no family link with upholstery since his apprenticeship contract did not define him as a "
727:
Between 1462 and 1470, he supplied the duke on numerous occasions with rooms, armorial and historiated hangings (in particular, a tapestry on an
524:
to Italy immediately afterwards or lived as a master upholsterer in Brussels along the Zavelbeek (a river in Brussels) before leaving for Siena.
748:
1505:
1795:. Revue archéologique (in French). Pottier Edmond and Reinach Salomon (dir) (5th ed.). Paris: Éditions Ernest Leroux. pp. 294–332.
1779:
1473:
1174:
1149:
1740:
1721:
1693:
1557:
1428:
1169:. De Pétrarque à Descartes (in French). Febvre, Renaudet et Coornaert (dir). Paris: Librairie philosophique J. Vrin. pp. 37–54.
2189:
2058:
2021:
1991:
1819:
1392:
Chamber of Accounts, Accounts of the Brussels Domain, no. 4185, folio 8 verso; no. 44831 folio 69-2 verso; no. 44832 folio 65 verso.
1094:
623:
workshop in the following years as evidence. Hillie Smit explains, however, that he was particularly involved in the acquisition of
314:
Since spelling was not standardised in the 15th century, the spelling of Arnt van der Dussen's first and last names varied greatly.
278:. Even though it remained the center of financial activity thanks to very active Italian bankers (the Medici branch in particular),
516:
upholsterer in the "Registre des inscriptions au Grand Métier de la laine de Bruxelles" in 1431–1432. As he is not mentioned as a "
921:, was made in the Burgundian Netherlands around 1455-1465 and is believed to have been delivered by Boteram to the Court of Este.
701:
1629:
1840:
1515:
1304:
1124:
2194:
2079:
Les tapisseries bruxelloises. Essai historique sur les tapisseries et les tapissiers de haute- et basse-lice de Bruxelles
1533:
Les tapisseries bruxelloises. Essai historique sur les tapisseries et les tapissiers de haute- et basse-lice de Bruxelles
2209:
2204:
2048:
1981:
552:
Renaud son of Gauthier, Flemish from Lower Germany, master upholsterer in the manner of Arras (historiated upholstery)
1024:
1010:
914:
1489:
Lorne, Campbell (1981). "Notes on Netherlandish pictures in the Veneto in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries".
2184:
1252:. Nouvelle Biographie nationale (in French). Vol. I. Brussels: Académie royale de Belgique. pp. 15–18.
1811:
Some biographical notes on Rinaldo Boteram, weaver and merchant of Flemish tapestries in fifteenth century Italy
1754:(in French). Louvain-Rome: Bibliothèque de l’Université (Fondation Nationale Princesse Marie-José). p. 208.
1446:
Les débuts de la tapisserie bruxelloise au XIVe siècle et son importance durant la première moitié du XVe siècle
1086:
Some biographical notes on Rinaldo Boteram, weaver and merchant of Flemish tapestries in fifteenth century Italy
822:
Smit cites sources indicating that he set up an upholstery workshop in his home town for a time before leaving;
656:
435:
in French) van der Dussen, he married Lysbeth Mostincx, daughter of Jan Mostincx, who gave him five children:
2148:
2131:
2110:
2097:
1641:
1621:
724:
Renaud Grue (Rinaldo De Grue) were invited to supply tapestries of a quality equivalent to those of Boteram.
1972:
1970:
Campbell Lorne, "Notes on Netherlandish pictures in the Veneto in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries" in
1963:
634:
was captain of the Brotherhood of Saint Barbara, which included several Flemish upholsterers and craftsmen.
463:
1547:
970:
216:
156:
2199:
2174:
2169:
1033:
1020:
630:
Documents indicate that Boteram was also active in Florence during this period, since in 1452 a certain
291:
2072:(in French). Arras: Commission départementale des Monuments Historiques du Pas-de-Calais. p. 140.
1406:(in French). Arras: Commission départementale des Monuments Historiques du Pas-de-Calais. p. 140.
376:
On his arrival in Italy, Arnt van der Dussen adapted his father's first name to use it as a patronym:
1956:
On tapestry within the commercial and cultural exchanges between the Burgundian Netherlands and Italy
1327:. Louvain-Rome: Bibliothèque de l’Université (Fondation Nationale Princesse Marie-José). p. 208.
205:
2013:
Un si bello et onorato mistero. Flemish weavers employed by the City Government of Siena (1438-1480)
1448:. Annales de la Société royale d'archéologie de Bruxelles (in French). Vol. LV. pp. 27–51.
1601:
1006:
989:, sending to the Austrian Netherlands for a master oil painter that he was unable to find in Italy;
415:
199:
349:
in French. In the same way, the Italian spelling of the name varies from one document to another:
2053:(in Italian). Vol. Storia dell'Arte e della Cultura. Trento: Éditrice TeMi. pp. 35–71.
2005:(in French). Vol. XXXVIII. Revue belge d'Archéologie et d'Histoire de l'Art. pp. 19–41.
1986:(in Italian). Vol. Storia dell'Arte e della Cultura. Trento: Éditrice TeMi. pp. 35–71.
1914:
1850:
1830:
1294:
992:
271:
260:
107:
1881:
627:
tapestries based on drawings by Mantuan court artists such as the miniaturist Giacomo Bellanti.
301:
This is the background to the life and career of Arnt van der Dussen, known as Rinaldo Boteram.
2070:
Deux siècles de l'histoire de la tapisserie, 1300-1500. Paris, Arras, Lille, Tournai, Bruxelles
1404:
Deux siècles de l'histoire de la tapisserie, 1300-1500. Paris, Arras, Lille, Tournai, Bruxelles
29:
2054:
2017:
1987:
1836:
1815:
1796:
1775:
1736:
1717:
1689:
1670:
1553:
1511:
1469:
1424:
1345:
1300:
1253:
1170:
1145:
1120:
1090:
950:
866:
Deux siècles de l'histoire de la tapisserie, 1300-1500. Paris, Arras, Lille, Tournai, Brussels
191:
175:
155:
tapestries in fifteenth-century Italy. For half a century, he travelled between Italy and the
1549:
Reformers On Stage: Popular Drama and Propaganda in the Low Countries of Charles V, 1515-1556
2179:
1114:
597:
596:
He is traced back to February 1449 as a "master upholsterer" attached to the service of the
591:
275:
256:
240:
83:
2011:
1646:
1633:
1000:
248:
224:
1961:
Campbell Lorne, "The art market in the Southern Netherlands in the fifteenth century" in
1014:
1683:
1884:
andPinchard Joseph Alexandre (dir). Paris: Société anonyme de publications périodiques.
1835:. Textielhistorische Bijdragen (in Dutch). Vol. XXXIV. Firenze. pp. 179–182.
1703:
Elisabeth, Dhanens; Jellie, Dijkstra (September 23, 1999). "Locating Renaissance Art".
1423:. Historical Dictionaries of Cities, States, and Regions. Scarecrow Press. p. 40.
986:
904:
609:
513:
209:
171:
152:
1769:
1463:
140:
between 1417 and 1418, and died in the same city between 1484 and 1502, was a Brabant
2163:
1626:
996:
918:
848:
The signature of "Arnaldo also known as Boetram" in his letter of June 16, 1466 from
741:
651:
482:
420:
232:
830:
Baesens considers that the documents of the Houwaert Fund attest to a death in 1484,
1119:. Questions à l'Histoire (in French). Brussels: Editions Complexe. pp. 35–39.
2042:(in Dutch). Gentse Bijdragen tot de Kunstgeschiedenis. pp. 222, 226–227, 235.
1790:
1339:
1277:
819:
Baesens believes that Boteram left Brussels immediately after his apprenticeship,
1809:
1591:
1084:
936:"A satin doorway 3.5 fathoms long (3.5x1.83 m - in Italian measures - or 6.4 m)
881:
844:
503:
264:
195:
1716:. Comprendre et reconnaître (in French). Paris: Larousse-Bordas. p. 144.
1581:
908:
660:
521:
220:
1800:
1674:
1349:
1257:
1144:. Abrégés de médecine (in French). Issy-les-Moulineaux: Masson. p. 273.
419:
The coat of arms of the van der Dussen family, visible above the entrance to
270:
Secondly, on an economic level, there was a shift in economic power from the
1586:
1299:. Textielhistorische Bijdragen (in Dutch). Vol. XXXIV. pp. 13–29.
477:
Arnt van der Dussen's father, Wouter, came from a distinguished family from
448:
151:
Arnt van der Dussen played a central role in the introduction and spread of
2003:
Le rĂ´le de la banque de MĂ©dicis dans la diffusion des tapisseries flamandes
1613:
684:
During this period, main sources establish that Rinaldo Boteram settled in
259:
also declined and the arrival of refugees in Italy led to a rediscovery of
2156:, n°4185, folio 8 verso; n°44831 folio 69-2 verso; n°44832 folio 65 verso
1616: : Centralization of historical and scientific research on tapestry.
1596:
1040:
964:
Trade and cultural exchanges between the Burgundian Netherlands and Italy
902:
There is, however, a tapestry linked to Boteram's commercial activities:
849:
668:
664:
624:
507:
485:. Boteram's mother may have come from a family of Brussels upholsterers.
295:
252:
145:
141:
137:
72:
52:
1707:. Références (in French). Tournai: La Renaissance du Livre. p. 208.
1468:. The Oxford History of Art. Oxford University Press. pp. 103–106.
974:
945:
The place and reputation of Brussels upholsterers in 15th century Italy
677:
647:
613:
563:
283:
236:
111:
2081:(in French). Brussels: Imprimerie de Ve Julien Baertsoen. p. 477.
1535:(in French). Brussels: Imprimerie de Ve Julien Baertsoen. p. 477.
1832:
Tapijthandel op Italië rond 1450. De Medicibank en de familie Grenier
1296:
Tapijthandel op Italië rond 1450. De Medicibank en de familie Grenier
956:
concerning the importance of Brussels workshops in the 15th century.
857:
685:
643:
620:
587:
478:
279:
244:
160:
1669:(in French). Brussels: Académie Royale de Belgique. pp. 15–18.
1774:. The Oxford History of Art. Oxford University Press. p. 384.
407:
indicates the possibility that his family produced or sold butter.
2124:
Registre des inscriptions au Grand MĂ©tier de la laine de Bruxelles
1735:. Les arts décoratifs (in French). Paris: Flammarion. p. 64.
843:
655:
539:
533:
414:
228:
101:
1142:
Sciences humaines et sociales. L'homme, la société et la médecine
1627:
Le Centre de la Tapisserie, des Arts du Tissu et des Arts muraux
1510:. Références (in French). La Renaissance du Livre. p. 208.
287:
215:
At the political level, the Belgian provinces were united under
67:
63:
47:
43:
1941:. Rivista storica italiana (in Italian). pp. 712, 745–746.
1165:
Michel, Mollat (1958). "Actes du colloque sur la Renaissance".
548:
Renaldo di Gualtieri de la Magna Basa, maestro di panni di Razo
1039:
Philosophical ideas and ambitions were also driven by trade:
913:. This tapestry, which is currently in the collection of the
776:
affairs. According to Hillie Smit, he died around 1501–1502.
899:
No tapestry is currently attributed to Arnt Van der Dussen.
182:
and ideas in the West at the time of the First Renaissance.
1552:. University of Toronto Press, Buffalo (N.Y.). p. 17.
1665:
Viviane, Baesens (1988). "Nouvelle Biographie Nationale".
544:
Rinaldo di Gualtieri, fiammingo, maestro di panni d'arrazo
223:
of northern Italy were ruled by influential families (the
1504:
Dhanens Élisabeth; Dijkstra Jellie (September 23, 1999).
554:". According to him, he left his country because of the "
562:). On 19 November 1438, he therefore obtained an annual
1763:(in Italian). Vol. I. Siena: Presso Onorato Porri.
1682:
Elizabeth, Cleland (2007). "Locating Renaissance Art".
1282:(in Italian). Vol. I. Siena: Presso Onorato Porri.
692:) and his dealings with the Gonzagas were handled by a
1027:, was the patron who made most use of foreign artists.
872:
Netherlands of the time, and by the use of the term "
2154:
Chambre des Comptes, Comptes du Domaine de Bruxelles
204:
The 15th century was a period of transition for the
2143:, ms II 6510, p. 212 and ms 6598, p. 165.
1116:
Histoire de la Belgique. De l'Antiquité à nos jours
801:a possible family link with the tapestry activity:
538:He appears in 1438 in the documents of the city of
294:: this was the First Renaissance and the origin of
117:
97:
89:
79:
59:
39:
20:
1752:Juste de Gand. Peintre de Frédéric de Montefeltre
1325:Juste de Gand. Peintre de Frédéric de Montefeltre
1685:Tapestries in a transnational artistic commodity
1003:to Brussels to study with Rogier van der Weyden;
816:the living conditions before leaving for Italy:
797:Their studies are contradictory on some points:
443:, who succeeded his father as a tapestry maker;
2091:Based on the article by Viviane Baesens :
934:
926:
494:condemned to appear fragmented and incomplete.
1792:Les sujets antiques dans la tapisserie (suite)
1341:Les sujets antiques dans la tapisserie (suite)
1205:General Archives of the Kingdom, in Brussels,
891:" when he is better known as Rinaldo Boteram.
884:from the 15th to the 17th centuries in Italy.
667:school of the early 16th century, probably of
2040:Brusselse legwerckers uit de XVIe en XVe eeuw
8:
1939:L'arte a Ferrara nel periodo di Borso d'Este
1013:, gave 100 Castilian florins to the painter
1900:(in Italian). Mantova: Eredi Segna editori.
1688:. Yale University Press. pp. 103–134.
1367:(in Italian). Mantova: Eredi Segna editori.
1932:(in Italian). Milano: Electa. p. 239.
1919:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1855:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1382:(in Italian). Milano: Electa. p. 239.
827:the date of death of Arnt van der Dussen:
28:
17:
512:He is mentioned for the first time as an
170:Rinaldo Boteram is a minor figure in the
2050:Arrazi di Bruxelles in Italia, 1480-1535
1983:Arrazi di Bruxelles in Italia, 1480-1535
1761:Documenti per la storia dell'arte senese
1733:La tapisserie de haute et de basse lisse
1279:Documenti per la storia dell'arte senese
1196:, II, 6510, page 212 and 6598, page 165.
1167:Y a t il une Ă©conomie de la Renaissance?
688:: he was paid in Venetian currency (the
1890:On tapestry factories in northern Italy
1052:
785:The main studies on Arnt van der Dussen
282:lost control of international trade to
1912:
1898:Sulle Manifatture di Arrazi in Mantova
1848:
1659:Main books used in writing the article
1365:Sulle Manifatture di Arrazi in Mantova
1457:
1455:
1318:
1316:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1078:
1076:
860:(adapted from Hillie Smit's drawing).
7:
2001:Sophie, Schneebalg-Perelman (1969).
1444:Sophie, Schneebalg-Perelman (1978).
1271:
1269:
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1056:
1909:(in Italian). Mantova. p. 127.
1705:Rogier de le Pasture van der Weyden
1507:Rogier de le Pasture van der Weyden
840:Controversy over Boteram's identity
310:First name, last name, and nickname
1878:Histoire générale de la tapisserie
1192:Royal Library Albert I, Brussels,
14:
1462:Susan, Nash (November 28, 2008).
1420:Historical Dictionary of Brussels
286:because of the silting up of the
2077:Alphonse-Jules, Wauters (1878).
1976:, n°123, 1981, pp. 467–473.
1967:, n°118, 1976, pp. 188–198.
1531:Alphonse-Jules, Wauters (1878).
1614:The Studies in Western Tapestry
755:Municipal Councilor in Brussels
706:Story of Our Lady of Montferrat
481:, whose main branch resided at
466:with Cathelyne Van de Bossche:
1896:Willelmo, Braghirolli (1879).
1363:Willelmo, Braghirolli (1879).
1113:Marie-Thérèse, Bitsch (2004).
985:Frederick III of Montefeltro,
710:Story of Judith and Holofernes
1:
2116:Archives générales du Royaume
2047:Forti Grazzini Nello (1990).
1980:Forti Grazzini Nello (1990).
1950:(in Italian). pp. 14–15.
1876:Jules, Guiffret (1878–1885).
1378:Forti Grazzini Nello (1982).
1032:Dhanens, it is possible that
889:Arnaldo also known as Boetram
694:syer righo couet yn fonticho
2137:Bibliothèque royale Albert I
1928:Forti Grazzini Nelo (1982).
34:Monogram of Rinaldo Boteram.
1789:Roblot-Delondre L. (1919).
1750:Lavalleye, Jacques (1936).
1338:Roblot-Delondre L. (1919).
1323:Jacques, Lavalleye (1936).
729:Episode of the Life of Ahab
610:Duke of Modena Borso d'Este
427:The only son of Wouter (or
399:The origin of the nickname
2226:
1905:Campori, Giuseppe (1876).
1759:Gaetano, Milanesi (1854).
1276:Gaetano, Milanesi (1854).
948:
915:Metropolitan Museum of Art
764:registered under the name
641:
585:
531:
501:
208:, but also for the entire
189:
2068:Jean, Lestocquoy (1978).
1946:Viale-Ferrero M. (1961).
1647:Le musée de la Tapisserie
1402:Jean, Lestocquoy (1978).
1248:Viviane, Baesens (1988).
1025:Queen of Castile and LeĂłn
27:
2190:Flemish tapestry artists
2032:On Brussels upholsterers
1771:Northern Renaissance Art
1731:Guimbaud, Louis (1963).
1465:Northern Renaissance Art
839:
556:misfortunes of the times
1973:The Burlington Magazine
1964:The Burlington Magazine
1712:Jannic, Durand (2004).
1140:Guy, Lazorthes (2001).
747:The Marquis of Mantua,
690:ducato d'oro de Venezia
608:recommended him to the
263:which gave rise to the
1870:On tapestry in general
1546:Waite Gary K. (2000).
1417:State Paul F. (2004).
999:, sending the painter
971:Burgundian Netherlands
942:
930:
861:
854:Barbara of Brandenburg
672:
424:
219:rule, while the great
157:Burgundian Netherlands
2010:Hillie, Smit (1999).
1829:Hillie, Smit (1995).
1808:Hillie, Smit (2002).
1293:Hillie, Smit (1995).
1083:Hillie, Smit (2002).
1034:Rogier van der Weyden
1021:Isabella I of Castile
847:
766:Arnoul Van der Dussen
659:
464:illegitimate children
418:
233:Este family of Modena
186:Historical background
112:Marquisate of Ferrara
105:Marquisate of Mantua
2195:People from Brussels
2105:of Brussels, n°9414.
1768:Nash, Susan (1963).
1047:Notes and references
938:and 2.5 fathoms wide
932:Or in French :
261:ancient philosophies
2210:16th-century deaths
2205:15th-century deaths
2120:MĂ©tiers et Serments
2038:Duverger J (1934).
1937:Venturi A. (1885).
1907:L'Arazzeria estense
1602:Italian Renaissance
1491:Burlington Magazine
1207:MĂ©tiers et Serments
880:") to refer to the
632:Rainaldus Gualtieri
200:Italian Renaissance
128:Arnt van der Dussen
22:Arnt van der Dussen
1930:L'arrazo ferrarese
1714:L'art du Moyen Ă‚ge
1632:2008-05-08 at the
1380:L'arrazo ferrarese
862:
738:Barbara of Gonzaga
673:
638:Merchant in Venice
425:
388:in French) became
272:County of Flanders
165:Barbara of Gonzaga
121:Master upholsterer
108:Republic of Venice
1781:978-0-19-284269-5
1475:978-0-19-284269-5
1176:978-2-7116-4000-3
1151:978-2-294-00108-6
951:Brussels tapestry
780:Historical review
749:Frederico Gonzaga
702:Duke Borso d'Este
489:Professional life
206:Belgian provinces
192:Early renaissance
176:early Renaissance
125:
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102:Republic of Siena
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2185:Duchy of Brabant
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1842:9071715094
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1571:Appendices
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