1721:
576:, the symbiont will increase its fitness if it causes the infected wasp host to produce more, or higher quality daughters, compared to that of an uninfected host. The killing of males therefore provides an incremental gain in fitness of infected females, which is relative to females infected with non-male-killing bacteria. Adaptive advantages for female off-spring by killing male off-spring include reduced competition by siblings for resources, reduced
37:
437:
bacteria for normal physiological function. In other cases, infecting bacteria may confer insect resistance against natural enemies, thus helping insect survival rates. In contrast to the positive roles some symbiotic bacteria play with regards to insects, there are a variety of microbiological
568:
can be easily cultured outside of its host organism which is unusual for insect symbionts. The ability of the bacterium to live outside host cells may be an adaptive advantage for the exploitation of multiple different host organisms and species
871:
Trowbridge RE, Dittmar K, Whiting MF (January 2006). "Identification and phylogenetic analysis of
Arsenophonus- and Photorhabdus-type bacteria from adult Hippoboscidae and Streblidae (Hippoboscoidea)".
715:
is for the reduction of population sizes in parasites which negatively impact potentially endangered or ecologically important species. For example, a study was carried out by which the parasitoid wasp
1347:
Huger AM, Skinner SW, Werren JH (November 1985). "Bacterial infections associated with the son-killer trait in the parasitoid wasp
Nasonia (= Mormoniella) vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)".
580:
and an increased consumption of local resources via consumption of dead male siblings. Aside from the son-killer trait, infection by the bacterium has not been found to measurably affect the host.
417:
and proline; therefore suggesting the bacterium is able to supplement its reduced bio-synthetic abilities by up-taking these amino acids from its environment. As for other biological pathways,
922:
Darby AC, Choi JH, Wilkes T, Hughes MA, Werren JH, Hurst GD, Colbourne JK (February 2010). "Characteristics of the genome of
Arsenophonus nasoniae, son-killer bacterium of the wasp Nasonia".
600:
and other species can be explained by the bacterial transmission routes; by which the bacterium can be transmitted both vertically and through horizontal gene transfer among host species.
1868:
425:, by which genomic analysis revealed a bias towards the conservation of genes encoding enzymes and proteins involved in nucleotide, co-factor, vitamin and lipid metabolism.
1480:
Mouton, Laurence; Thierry, Magali; Henri, Hélène; Baudin, Rémy; Gnankine, Olivier; Reynaud, Bernard; Zchori-Fein, Einat; Becker, Nathalie; Fleury, Frédéric (2012-01-18).
1842:
1881:
1544:
Duron, Olivier; Wilkes, Timothy E.; Hurst, Gregory D. D. (September 2010). "Interspecific transmission of a male-killing bacterium on an ecological timescale".
1385:
Taylor GP, Coghlin PC, Floate KD, Perlman SJ (March 2011). "The host range of the male-killing symbiont
Arsenophonus nasoniae in filth fly parasitioids".
1829:
1855:
369:
is only present in a fraction of wasp hosts therefore the bacterium is unlikely to significantly contribute to the nutrition of the host insect.
741:, therefore lowering the proportion of male wasp off-spring and negatively impacting mating success for female off-spring. Overall, action of
596:
represents one of the richest and most widespread clusters of symbiotic bacteria which infect insects. The diversity in the host range of
377:
but required additional nutritional supplementation. This finding suggested that the bacterium is likely to have retained a variety of key
1131:
Wernegreen, Jennifer J. (2017). "Ancient bacterial endosymbionts of insects: Genomes as sources of insight and springboards for inquiry".
780:"NOTES: Arsenophonus nasoniae gen. nov., sp. nov., the Causative Agent of the Son-Killer Trait in the Parasitic Wasp Nasonia vitripennis"
1927:
239:
gen. nov., sp. nov.' was therefore proposed for the discovered bacterium due to its characteristics and its microbial interaction with
439:
410:
405:. The loss of loss of the histidine pathway is typical of a variety of obligate parasitic bacteria. Genomic analysis showed that
1227:"Son-killer: a third extrachromosomal factor affecting the sex ratio in the parasitoid wasp, Nasonia (=Mormoniella) vitripennis"
572:
95% of the daughters of an infected female inherit the killer-son trait. Because male hosts act as an evolutionary dead-end for
381:
common to free-living bacteria; however the bacterium is also likely to have lost genes in pathways where the host environment (
1082:"Phylogenomics of the reproductive parasite Wolbachia pipientis wMel: a streamlined genome overrun by mobile genetic elements"
493:
exhibits the son-killer trait which causes lethality of approximately 80% of male embryos produced by infected female wasps.
1860:
521:
sexual identity of the host wasps' offspring. The overall effect on wasp offspring is the induced killing of male haploid
1179:
Balas MT, Lee MH, Werren JH (November 1996). "Distribution and fitness effects of the son-killer bacterium in
Nasonia".
749:
population in the bees, with potential for application concerning the conservation of important or endangered species.
442:
from parent to offspring, but leads to a reduction in host fitness. This action occurs by the alteration of the hosts'
36:
1922:
1886:
549:
1589:"Arsenophonus nasoniae and Rickettsiae Infection of Ixodes ricinus Due to Parasitic Wasp Ixodiphagus hookeri"
561:
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which is specifically required for early male embryonic development. The action of the killer-son trait by
1745:
643:
637:
433:
Microorganisms often have influence on insect species, in which some insects require presence of resident
212:
1482:"Evidence of diversity and recombination in Arsenophonus symbionts of the Bemisia tabaci species complex"
1587:
Bohacsova, Monika; Mediannikov, Oleg; Kazimirova, Maria; Raoult, Didier; Sekeyova, Zuzana (2016-02-22).
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Ferree, Patrick M.; Avery, Amanda; Azpurua, Jorge; Wilkes, Timothy; Werren, John H. (2008-09-23).
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has been detected in a variety of other wasp species, including two other members of the genus
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to infect a variety of different host organisms and be passed on vertically and horizontally.
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974:"Arsenophonus, an emerging clade of intracellular symbionts with a broad host distribution"
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162:. These wasps are generalists which afflict the larvae of parasitic carrion flies such as
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Wu M, Sun LV, Vamathevan J, Riegler M, Deboy R, Brownlie JC, et al. (March 2004).
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wasp feeding. This mode of transmission also results in the bacterial infection moving
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interactions which hinder the host. In this case, the infecting microbe is transmitted
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1033:"Metabolic interdependence of obligate intracellular bacteria and their insect hosts"
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482:
340:
324:. Analysis of the extra-chromosomal genome showed that there was a group of putative
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951:
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1048:
778:
Gherna RL, Werren JH, Weisburg W, Cote R, Woese CR, Mandelco L, Brenner DJ (1991).
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329:
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208:
187:
98:
1657:
Goerzen, D.W.; Erlandson, M.A. (2018-05-01). "Infection of the chalcid parasitoid
816:"The Parasitoid Wasp Nasonia: An Emerging Model System With Haploid Male Genetics"
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1613:
1242:
1098:
1498:
1144:
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200:
1287:"A bacterium targets maternally inherited centrosomes to kill males in Nasonia"
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Transmission of the bacterium occurs through intermediate infection of the fly
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Male-killing has been observed in all four species, reflecting the ability of
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1422:"Male-killing bacteria in insects: mechanisms, incidence, and implications"
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shares similarities with genomes of the insect-infecting bacterial genus,
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Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) with the male-killing symbiont
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784:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
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159:
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has also been detected in a variety of fly species including
149:
is a species of bacterium which was previously isolated from
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is then maintained in host wasp populations due to on-going
737:
Infection was observed to induce the killer-son trait in
267:. The assembled draft genome was composed of 3, 567, 128
540:
by the wasp, resulting in subsequent acquisition of the
332:
genes; these of which showed high homology with that of
625:. Infection has also been detected in the wasp species
517:
and developmental arrest prior to the establishment of
592:
host species is particularly large and that the genus
972:
Nováková, Eva; Hypša, Václav; Moran, Nancy A (2009).
556:
populations following co-infection within host pupa.
536:
host. This is due to injection into the host during
1752:
814:Werren, John H.; Loehlin, David W. (October 2009).
497:causes inhibition of the formation of the maternal
588:Several studies have found that the diversity of
279:revealed that the closest sequenced relatives of
1031:Zientz E, Dandekar T, Gross R (December 2004).
1342:
1340:
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231:rods. Cellular division is exhibited through
1665:(Gamma-Proteobacteria: Enterobacteriaceae)".
8:
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1037:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
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711:A potential benefit of host infection by
477:. Genetically, female wasp offspring are
1735:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
757:
726:. This wasp infects populations of the
505:embryos. The maternal centrosome is an
1652:
1650:
684:insects. Several members of the genus
680:from various tissues of blood-sucking
1539:
1537:
1535:
1475:
1473:
1420:Hurst, G. D.; Jiggins, F. M. (2000).
1380:
1378:
1280:
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387:) provides the required metabolites.
295:. Analyses also revealed that 67% of
7:
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489:and develop from unfertilised eggs.
393:lacked genes for the metabolism of
668:Microscopic studies have revealed
485:eggs. Males on the other hand are
191:, has a close relationship to the
14:
1667:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
1387:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
1349:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
874:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
411:ATP-binding cassette transporters
1558:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01502.x
936:10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00950.x
271:and contained a mixture of both
227:forming and form long to highly
35:
722:was infected horizontally with
688:have also been found to infect
251:Isolation and genomic profiling
1049:10.1128/MMBR.68.4.745-770.2004
1:
1225:Skinner, S. W. (April 1985).
446:, such as causing imbalanced
247:is Strain SKI4 (ATCC 49151).
1614:10.1371/journal.pone.0149950
1426:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1361:10.1016/0022-2011(85)90069-2
1099:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020069
820:Cold Spring Harbor Protocols
552:between individual wasps in
464:bacterium which infects the
1499:10.1186/1471-2180-12-S1-S10
1145:10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.04.028
665:Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae.
328:encoding several groups of
275:and bacterial chromosomes.
203:. The genus is composed of
1944:
1928:Bacteria described in 1991
1243:10.1093/genetics/109.4.745
1133:Experimental Cell Research
460:is a maternally inherited
1679:10.1016/j.jip.2018.03.013
1399:10.1016/j.jip.2010.12.004
1303:10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.093
886:10.1016/j.jip.2005.08.009
797:10.1099/00207713-41-4-563
745:could help to reduce the
529:toward female offspring.
429:Killer-son trait in wasps
127:
120:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
924:Insect Molecular Biology
525:; resulting in a skewed
409:had conserved genes for
347:revealed that the genus
339:transfer genes. Further
1711:"Arsenophonus nasoniae"
991:10.1186/1471-2180-9-143
708:and two plant species.
562:horizontal transmission
513:results in unorganized
259:was carried out by DNA
209:secondary-endosymbionts
195:rather than to that of
1438:10.3201/eid0604.000402
638:Muscidifurax uniraptor
361:In terms of bacterial
177:belongs to the phylum
1874:arsenophonus-nasoniae
1754:Arsenophonus nasoniae
1729:Arsenophonus nasoniae
1663:Arsenophonus nasoniae
277:Phylogenetic analyses
243:. The type strain of
237:Arsenophonus nasoniae
146:Arsenophonus nasoniae
131:Arsenophonus nasoniae
25:Arsenophonus nasoniae
1716:Encyclopedia of Life
1181:Evolutionary Ecology
444:reproductive biology
373:was able to grow on
306:genes in the genera
273:extrachromosomal DNA
205:gammaproteobacterial
16:Species of bacterium
1659:Pteromalus venustus
1605:2016PLoSO..1149950B
1193:1996EvEco..10..593B
733:Megachile rotundata
719:Pteromalus venustus
659:Muscidifurax raptor
635:and in the species
616:Nasonia longicornis
474:Nasonia vitripennis
384:Nasonia vitripennis
334:gammaproteobacteria
300:open reading frames
193:Proteus (bacterium)
152:Nasonia vitripennis
69:Gammaproteobacteria
1201:10.1007/bf01237709
930:(Suppl 1): 75–89.
832:10.1101/pdb.emo134
826:(10): pdb.emo134.
730:leaf-cutting bee,
628:Spalangia cameroni
379:metabolic pathways
137:Gherna et al. 1991
1910:
1909:
1895:Open Tree of Life
1746:Taxon identifiers
1297:(18): 1409–1414.
544:infection during
481:and develop from
343:analysis using a
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1923:Enterobacterales
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1552:(9): 1139–1148.
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515:mitotic spindles
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79:Enterobacterales
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375:cell-free media
265:genome assembly
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217:non-flagellated
155:, a species of
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554:N. vitripennis
503:N. vitripennis
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413:for arginine,
292:P. luminescens
261:pyrosequencing
255:The genome of
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241:N. vitripennis
213:gram-negative.
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179:Pseudomonadota
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964:
962:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
867:
864:
859:
855:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
808:
804:
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
758:
752:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
734:
729:
725:
721:
720:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:
661:
660:
655:
651:
647:
645:
641:of the genus
640:
639:
634:
633:
630:of the genus
629:
624:
623:
618:
617:
612:
611:
606:
603:Infection by
601:
599:
595:
591:
583:
581:
579:
575:
570:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
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516:
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508:
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441:
436:
428:
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412:
408:
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396:
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388:
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380:
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372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
354:
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346:
342:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:
317:
316:
311:
310:
305:
301:
298:
294:
293:
288:
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282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
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234:
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226:
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218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
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184:
180:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
154:
153:
148:
147:
134:
132:
126:
123:
122:Binomial name
119:
115:
114:
109:
106:
105:
102:
101:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1753:
1732:
1728:
1714:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1549:
1545:
1489:
1485:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1393:(3): 371–9.
1390:
1386:
1352:
1348:
1294:
1290:
1234:
1230:
1184:
1180:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1089:
1086:PLOS Biology
1085:
1075:
1040:
1036:
1026:
981:
977:
927:
923:
877:
873:
866:
823:
819:
787:
783:
746:
742:
738:
731:
723:
717:
712:
710:
686:Arsenophonus
685:
677:
663:
657:
653:
649:
644:Muscidifurax
642:
636:
626:
620:
614:
608:
604:
602:
597:
594:Arsenophonus
593:
590:Arsenophonus
589:
587:
573:
571:
565:
557:
553:
550:horizontally
541:
531:
510:
502:
494:
490:
472:
457:
456:
432:
418:
406:
390:
389:
382:
370:
366:
360:
353:monophyletic
349:Arsenophonus
348:
345:basic matrix
341:phylogenetic
330:Type IV pili
321:Photorhabdus
319:
313:
307:
296:
290:
286:P. mirabilis
285:
283:are that of
280:
256:
254:
244:
240:
236:
188:Arsenophonus
186:
185:. The genus
174:
172:flesh flies.
150:
145:
144:
143:
130:
128:
112:
111:
100:Arsenophonus
99:
24:
18:
880:(1): 64–8.
747:P. venustus
743:A. nasoniae
739:P. venustus
724:A. nasoniae
713:A. nasoniae
678:A. nasoniae
654:A. nasoniae
650:A. nasoniae
605:A. nasoniae
598:A. nasoniae
574:A. nasoniae
566:A. nasoniae
558:A. nasoniae
542:A. nasoniae
511:A. nasoniae
495:A. nasoniae
491:A. nasoniae
458:A. nasoniae
419:A. nasoniae
407:A. nasoniae
391:A. nasoniae
371:A. nasoniae
367:A. nasoniae
337:conjugative
297:A. nasoniae
281:A. nasoniae
257:A. nasoniae
245:A. nasoniae
229:filamentous
201:Escherichia
181:and family
175:A. nasoniae
1917:Categories
1092:(3): E69.
984:(1): 143.
753:References
682:triatomine
578:inbreeding
499:centrosome
483:fertilised
466:parasitoid
448:sex-ratios
440:vertically
415:methionine
363:metabolism
304:homologous
269:base pairs
235:The name '
233:septation.
215:Cells are
211:which are
197:Salmonella
168:houseflies
157:parasitoid
1769:Q16833957
1687:0022-2011
1673:: 24–28.
1623:1932-6203
1566:1461-0248
1508:1471-2180
1446:1080-6040
1311:0960-9822
1251:0016-6731
1000:1471-2180
840:1940-3402
692:species,
690:hard tick
674:symbionts
632:Spalangia
527:sex-ratio
507:organelle
462:parasitic
452:offspring
435:symbiotic
423:Wolbachia
399:histidine
164:blowflies
107:Species:
1848:10550299
1763:Wikidata
1695:29588209
1641:26901622
1593:PLOS ONE
1574:20545734
1526:22375811
1464:10905965
1407:21147118
1329:18804376
1231:Genetics
1209:12062874
1161:41172916
1153:28454877
1118:15024419
1067:15590782
1018:19619300
952:44987264
944:20167019
894:16289111
858:20147035
698:antlions
672:similar
610:Nasoniae
538:stinging
501:in male
471:species
403:arginine
351:forms a
326:plasmids
315:Yersinia
85:Family:
55:Phylum:
49:Bacteria
45:Domain:
1835:3221725
1778:BacDive
1713:at the
1632:4762546
1601:Bibcode
1517:3287507
1455:2640894
1369:4067323
1320:2577321
1269:3988039
1260:1202505
1189:Bibcode
1009:2724383
849:2916733
728:alfalfa
523:embryos
519:somatic
487:haploid
479:diploid
395:proline
309:Proteus
95:Genus:
75:Order:
65:Class:
1900:857269
1861:959501
1822:ARSENA
1809:972732
1731:at Bac
1693:
1685:
1639:
1629:
1621:
1572:
1564:
1524:
1514:
1506:
1462:
1452:
1444:
1405:
1367:
1327:
1317:
1309:
1267:
1257:
1249:
1207:
1159:
1151:
1116:
1109:368164
1106:
1065:
1058:539007
1055:
1016:
1006:
998:
950:
942:
892:
856:
846:
838:
694:aphids
546:larval
223:, non-
221:motile
219:, non-
1843:IRMNG
1796:5W4K4
1205:S2CID
1157:S2CID
948:S2CID
534:pupal
356:clade
225:spore
1882:NCBI
1869:LPSN
1856:ITIS
1830:GBIF
1817:EPPO
1783:4305
1733:Dive
1691:PMID
1683:ISSN
1637:PMID
1619:ISSN
1570:PMID
1562:ISSN
1522:PMID
1504:ISSN
1460:PMID
1442:ISSN
1403:PMID
1365:PMID
1325:PMID
1307:ISSN
1265:PMID
1247:ISSN
1149:PMID
1114:PMID
1063:PMID
1014:PMID
996:ISSN
940:PMID
890:PMID
854:PMID
836:ISSN
824:2009
706:lice
702:bees
662:and
619:and
469:wasp
401:and
302:had
289:and
263:and
199:and
170:and
160:wasp
1887:638
1804:EoL
1791:CoL
1675:doi
1671:154
1627:PMC
1609:doi
1554:doi
1512:PMC
1494:doi
1450:PMC
1434:doi
1395:doi
1391:106
1357:doi
1315:PMC
1299:doi
1255:PMC
1239:doi
1235:109
1197:doi
1141:doi
1137:358
1104:PMC
1094:doi
1053:PMC
1045:doi
1004:PMC
986:doi
932:doi
882:doi
844:PMC
828:doi
792:doi
676:to
450:in
318:or
1919::
1897::
1884::
1871::
1858::
1845::
1832::
1819::
1806::
1793::
1780::
1765::
1689:.
1681:.
1669:.
1649:^
1635:.
1625:.
1617:.
1607:.
1597:11
1595:.
1591:.
1568:.
1560:.
1550:13
1548:.
1534:^
1520:.
1510:.
1502:.
1490:12
1488:.
1484:.
1472:^
1458:.
1448:.
1440:.
1428:.
1424:.
1401:.
1389:.
1377:^
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1351:.
1337:^
1323:.
1313:.
1305:.
1295:18
1293:.
1289:.
1277:^
1263:.
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1245:.
1233:.
1229:.
1217:^
1203:.
1195:.
1185:10
1183:.
1169:^
1155:.
1147:.
1135:.
1112:.
1102:.
1088:.
1084:.
1061:.
1051:.
1041:68
1039:.
1035:.
1012:.
1002:.
994:.
980:.
976:.
960:^
946:.
938:.
928:19
926:.
902:^
888:.
878:91
876:.
852:.
842:.
834:.
822:.
818:.
806:^
788:41
786:.
782:.
760:^
704:,
700:,
696:,
613:,
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454:.
397:,
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312:,
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1611::
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1436::
1430:6
1409:.
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1371:.
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1331:.
1301::
1271:.
1241::
1211:.
1199::
1191::
1163:.
1143::
1120:.
1096::
1090:2
1069:.
1047::
1020:.
988::
982:9
954:.
934::
896:.
884::
860:.
830::
800:.
794::
735:.
646:.
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