152:
128:
316:
254:
349:
547:"we present dating results for three sites in Spain that show that cave art emerged in Iberia substantially earlier than previously thought. Uranium-thorium (U-Th) dates on carbonate crusts overlying paintings provide minimum ages for a red linear motif in La Pasiega (Cantabria), a hand stencil in Maltravieso (Extremadura), and red-painted speleothems in Ardales (AndalucĂa). Collectively, these results show that cave art in Iberia is older than 64.8 thousand years (ka). This cave art is the earliest dated so far and predates, by at least 20 ka, the arrival of modern humans in Europe, which implies Neandertal authorship."
301:– the earliest forms of abstract representation and conventional design tradition hitherto recorded. The interpretation of the hatching patterns as "symbolic" has been challenged, and several purely functional explanations of the objects have been proposed, e.g. as an ingredient in mastic, skin protection against sun or insects, as soft-hammers for delicate knapping, as a hide preservative or as medicine. The Blombos Cave cross-hatches, dated to as early as 73,000 years old, have been described as "abstract drawings" in a 2018 publication.
483:
at least compatible in age with the oldest
European art. The earliest dated image from Maros, with a minimum age of 39.9 kyr, is now the oldest known hand stencil in the world. In addition, a painting of a babirusa ('pig-deer') made at least 35.4 kyr ago is among the earliest dated figurative depictions worldwide, if not the earliest one. Among the implications, it can now be demonstrated that humans were producing rock art by ~40 kyr ago at opposite ends of the Pleistocene Eurasian world."
19:
482:
volume 514, pages 223–227 (09 October 2014). "using uranium-series dating of coralloid speleothems directly associated with 12 human hand stencils and two figurative animal depictions from seven cave sites in the Maros karsts of
Sulawesi, we show that rock art traditions on this Indonesian island are
596:
Marquet, Jean-Claude; Freiesleben, Trine Holm; Thomsen, Kristina Jørkov; Murray, Andrew Sean; Calligaro, Morgane; Macaire, Jean-Jacques; Robert, Eric; Lorblanchet, Michel; Aubry, Thierry; Bayle, Grégory; Bréhéret, Jean-Gabriel; Camus, Hubert; Chareille, Pascal; Egels, Yves; Guillaud, Émilie
288:
were capable of abstraction and production of abstract art or symbolic art. Also discovered at the
Blombos cave were shell beads, also dating to c. 70,000 years ago. Engraved ochre has also been reported from other Middle Stone Age sites, such as Klein Kliphuis,
151:
418:" (250 kya). Both of these may be natural rock formations with an incidental likeness to the human form, but some scholars have suggested that they exhibit traces of pigments or carving intended to further accentuate the human-like form.
396:. Some have attempted to interpret these as a precursor to art, allegedly revealing the intent of the maker to decorate and fashion. The symmetry and attention given to the shape of a tool has led authors to controversially argue
496:
D. L. Hoffmann; C. D. Standish; M. GarcĂa-Diez; P. B. Pettitt; J. A. Milton; J. ZilhĂŁo; J. J. Alcolea-González; P. Cantalejo-Duarte; H. Collado; R. de BalbĂn; M. Lorblanchet; J. Ramos-Muñoz; G.-Ch. Weniger; A. W. G. Pike (2018).
1283:
Wadley, Lyn, Hodgskiss, Tamaryn & Grant, Michael (2009) Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa. Proceedings of the
National Academy of
1133:
d'Errico, Francesco; GarcĂa Moreno, Renata; Rifkin, Riaan F (2012). "Technological, elemental and colorimetric analysis of an engraved ochre fragment from the Middle Stone Age levels of
Klasies River Cave 1, South Africa".
127:
1343:
Joordens, Josephine C. A.; d'Errico, Francesco; Wesselingh, Frank P.; Munro, Stephen; de Vos, John; Wallinga, Jakob; Ankjærgaard, Christina; Reimann, Tony; Wijbrans, Jan R.; Kuiper, Klaudia F.; Mücher, Herman J. (2015).
315:
89:. The markings on the walls of a cave in La Roche-Cotard in the Loire valley have been identified as the oldest known Neanderthal engravings and have been dated to more than 57,000 years ago. Similarly, the
1052:
Watts, Ian (2009) Red ochre, body painting, and language: interpreting the
Blombos ochre. In Botha, Rudolf P. & Knight, Chris (Eds.) The cradle of language. Oxford ; New York, Oxford University
1227:
Texier, Pierre-Jean, et al. The context, form and significance of the MSA engraved ostrich eggshell collection from
Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science.
1328:
Rifkin, Riaan F. (2012) The symbolic and functional exploitation of ochre during the South
African Middle Stone Age. Institute for Human Evolution (IHE). University of the Witwatersrand.
558:
180:, have been viewed by some anthropologists as an example of Neanderthal art. Some have suggested that Neanderthals may have copied this behavior from Homo sapiens. But
1451:
378:, contains the earliest known geometric engravings. Although some commentators express an opinion that this could be the earliest evidence of artistic expression of
245:" had controversially been claimed as a Neanderthal musical instrument, though many researchers believe that its holes are most likely the bite marks of carnivores.
219:) yielded an age of more than 64,800 years, predating the previously oldest known art by at least 20,000 years. In July 2021, scientists reported the discovery of a
3209:
2950:
2546:
253:
3165:
2674:
1249:
Lombard, M (2007). "The gripping nature of ochre: The association of ochre with
Howiesons Poort adhesives and Later Stone Age mastics from South Africa".
2997:
2448:
1098:
Chazan, Michael; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (2009). "Milestones in the development of symbolic behaviour: a case study from
Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa".
348:
965:
574:
1416:
65:
There are, however, some examples of non-figurative designs which somewhat predate the Upper Paleolithic, beginning about 70,000 years ago (
1444:
281:
stones were discovered engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns, dated to some 70,000 years ago. This suggested to some researchers that
1063:
Mackay, Alex; Welz, Aara (2008). "Engraved ochre from a Middle Stone Age context at Klein Kliphuis in the Western Cape of South Africa".
1171:"A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa"
1004:"'Neanderthal bone flutes': simply products of Ice Age spotted hyena scavenging activities on cave bear cubs in European cave bear dens"
881:
157:
Proposed Neanderthal work of art with symbolism: incision-decorated raven bone from the Zaskalnaya VI (Kolosovskaya) Neanderthal site,
235:
2575:
1481:
2669:
389:
1237:
Lombard, M (2006). "Direct evidence for the use of ochre in the hafting technology of Middle Stone Age tools from Sibudu Cave".
3194:
2585:
1623:
1437:
184:
has disputed this view, saying that Homo sapiens were not in the region where claws were discovered even after 100,000 years.
97:
yielded some stones with engraved grid or cross-hatch patterns, dated to some 73,000 years ago, but they are attributed to
2337:
1597:
914:
337:
1294:
Wadley, Lyn (2010). "Compound-Adhesive Manufacture as a Behavioral Proxy for Complex Cognition in the Middle Stone Age".
2802:
2342:
1815:
433:
224:
43:
1768:
1665:
862:
3070:
2871:
365:
319:
3306:
2782:
2691:
3311:
3065:
2157:
1702:
670:
70:
234:
has also been argued as being evidence of Neanderthal figurative art, although in a period post-dating their
3182:
3092:
2264:
2031:
1850:
1783:
1515:
231:
3270:
3144:
2750:
2641:
2629:
2325:
2066:
1905:
1542:
1476:
1460:
298:
297:. Arguably, these engraved pieces of ochre represent – together with the engraved ostrich egg shells from
188:
66:
2212:
3009:
2945:
2819:
2512:
2438:
2207:
2145:
2021:
1969:
1962:
1508:
438:
415:
357:
599:"The earliest unambiguous Neanderthal engravings on cave walls: La Roche-Cotard, Loire Valley, France"
3226:
3221:
3204:
3199:
3177:
2967:
2681:
2534:
2426:
2330:
2123:
1808:
1778:
1607:
1550:
1357:
1182:
1143:
1072:
807:
740:
685:
610:
510:
458:
443:
112:
59:
47:
3265:
2876:
2735:
2568:
2101:
1974:
1855:
1830:
294:
200:
78:
26:. The types shown are (clockwise from top) cordate, ficron and ovate. Arguably a form of early art.
3216:
3119:
3021:
2834:
2229:
2016:
1746:
1712:
1389:
1311:
1115:
939:
709:
448:
310:
282:
51:
3258:
3248:
3238:
3187:
2844:
2056:
2041:
2026:
2006:
1897:
1876:
1687:
1530:
1412:
1381:
1373:
1266:
1210:
1035:
931:
843:
825:
776:
758:
701:
646:
628:
566:
538:
407:
3253:
3160:
2903:
2745:
2686:
2406:
2362:
2162:
1984:
1835:
1795:
1491:
1365:
1303:
1258:
1200:
1190:
1151:
1107:
1080:
1025:
1015:
977:
923:
833:
815:
766:
748:
693:
636:
618:
528:
518:
411:
353:
242:
388:
had long before produced seemingly aimless patterns on artifacts such as is those found at
3275:
3134:
3104:
2866:
2794:
2772:
2730:
2625:
2595:
2460:
2455:
2106:
1989:
1560:
727:
Frayer, David W.; Radovčić, Jakov; Sršen, Ankica Oros; Radovčić, Davorka (11 March 2015).
453:
428:
290:
181:
1361:
1186:
1147:
1076:
811:
744:
689:
641:
614:
598:
514:
3243:
3170:
2992:
2957:
2888:
2777:
2649:
2357:
1942:
1932:
1734:
1205:
1170:
1030:
1003:
910:"A 51,000-year-old engraved bone reveals Neanderthals' capacity for symbolic behaviour"
838:
796:"A decorated raven bone from the Zaskalnaya VI (Kolosovskaya) Neanderthal site, Crimea"
795:
771:
728:
55:
31:
3300:
3129:
3114:
3060:
2935:
2923:
2839:
2762:
2590:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2239:
2150:
2079:
1820:
1763:
1741:
1650:
1582:
1577:
1555:
981:
943:
909:
1315:
713:
3048:
3004:
2985:
2940:
2812:
2740:
2664:
2486:
2421:
2416:
2372:
1999:
1881:
1845:
1825:
1677:
1655:
1567:
1393:
1119:
886:
882:"Beautiful Bone Carving From 51,000 Years Ago Is Changing Our View of Neanderthals"
671:"An abstract drawing from the 73,000-year-old levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa"
374:
324:
274:
270:
262:
258:
220:
99:
94:
90:
74:
3097:
1262:
820:
753:
623:
3087:
3077:
3033:
3028:
2980:
2918:
2854:
2755:
2600:
2522:
2443:
2431:
2224:
2192:
2177:
2167:
2138:
2096:
2011:
1979:
1927:
1860:
1697:
1572:
341:
208:
204:
134:
86:
35:
18:
927:
729:"Evidence for Neandertal Jewelry: Modified White-Tailed Eagle Claws at Krapina"
499:"U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art"
3231:
3124:
3082:
2898:
2861:
2824:
2307:
2219:
2084:
2046:
1947:
1920:
1840:
1753:
1670:
1638:
1592:
1503:
1471:
1346:"Homo erectus at Trinil on Java used shells for tool production and engraving"
1345:
1155:
1111:
1084:
697:
192:
82:
1377:
829:
762:
632:
570:
3139:
3038:
2930:
2908:
2893:
2708:
2491:
2476:
2401:
2384:
2302:
2187:
2118:
2113:
2036:
1915:
1803:
1729:
1496:
1486:
1195:
523:
498:
397:
393:
216:
196:
162:
137:
jewelry: white-tailed eagle claw with striations at the Neanderthal site of
1385:
1270:
1214:
1039:
935:
847:
780:
705:
650:
542:
2913:
2849:
2654:
2394:
2389:
2297:
2172:
1994:
1957:
1937:
1429:
559:"French cave markings said to be oldest known engravings by Neanderthals"
400:
379:
39:
1369:
1020:
2975:
2881:
2767:
2725:
2701:
2481:
2287:
2197:
2051:
1952:
1910:
1773:
1692:
1645:
1633:
1409:
The Emergence of Culture: The Evolution of a Uniquely Human Way of Life
533:
382:, the actual meaning and intent behind these engravings are not known.
212:
177:
173:
142:
138:
3043:
2720:
2580:
2558:
2411:
2347:
2292:
1682:
1660:
1628:
1602:
329:
158:
1307:
478:
M. Aubert et al., "Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia",
42:, Indonesia, and are dated as far back as around 50,000 years ago (
3109:
2829:
2713:
2563:
2517:
2379:
2234:
2182:
2128:
1758:
1724:
322:
with the earliest known geometric engravings, supposedly, made by
314:
278:
252:
17:
85:, dated to at least 64,000 years ago and as such attributable to
3055:
3016:
2696:
2496:
2352:
2282:
2202:
2074:
1587:
369:
333:
23:
2623:
2262:
1528:
1433:
2659:
2367:
2133:
2091:
863:"The Origin of Art and the Early Examples of Paleolithic Art"
257:
The "abstract drawing" (ochre cross-hatching) discovered in
966:"Mousterian Musicianship? The Case of the Divje Babe I Bone"
794:
d'Errico, Francesco; Tsvelykh, Alexander (29 March 2017).
113:
Neanderthal behavior § Claims of art and adornment
165:
industry dated to between cal. 43,000 and 38,000 BP.
3153:
2966:
2793:
2640:
2505:
2469:
2318:
2275:
2065:
1896:
1869:
1794:
1711:
1616:
1541:
81:, a simple linear design, and red paint applied to
54:of contemporary human societies, the emergence of
1338:
1336:
1334:
1175:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
227:, made by Neanderthals about 51,000 years ago.
491:
489:
1445:
664:
662:
660:
8:
2637:
2620:
2272:
2259:
1717:
1538:
1525:
1452:
1438:
1430:
172:The 130,000-year-old eagle claws found in
1204:
1194:
1169:Texier, Pierre-Jean; et al. (2010).
1029:
1019:
837:
819:
770:
752:
640:
622:
532:
522:
908:Leder, Dirk; et al. (5 July 2021).
347:
669:Henshilwood, C.S.; et al. (2018).
471:
69:). These include the earliest of the
7:
1002:Diedrich, Cajus G. (April 1, 2015).
191:of painted designs in the caves of
406:There are several other claims of
30:The oldest undisputed examples of
14:
2576:Megalithic architectural elements
1136:Journal of Archaeological Science
1065:Journal of Archaeological Science
58:is a necessary attribute of full
982:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2006.00264.x
861:Koto, Koray (November 2, 2022).
150:
126:
3195:Evolutionary origin of religion
915:Nature Ecology & Evolution
372:in the 1890s, associated with
1:
2808:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2338:British megalith architecture
970:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
880:Feehly, Conor (6 July 2021).
414:" (before 300 kya) and the "
338:Naturalis Biodiversity Center
305:Claimed Lower Paleolithic art
2803:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2343:Nordic megalith architecture
1263:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.05.004
821:10.1371/journal.pone.0173435
754:10.1371/journal.pone.0119802
624:10.1371/journal.pone.0286568
557:Sample, Ian (21 June 2023).
434:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
44:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
1239:Southern African Humanities
3328:
2951:British Isles and Brittany
2872:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1251:Journal of Human Evolution
1008:Royal Society Open Science
928:10.1038/s41559-021-01487-z
366:Pseudodon shell DUB1006-fL
320:Pseudodon shell DUB1006-fL
308:
110:
2636:
2619:
2271:
2258:
1720:
1537:
1524:
1467:
1156:10.1016/j.jas.2011.10.032
1112:10.1080/00438240903374506
1085:10.1016/j.jas.2007.10.015
698:10.1038/s41586-018-0514-3
403:as artistic expressions.
22:Acheulean hand-axes from
1407:Chase, Philip G (2005).
120:Proposed Neanderthal art
3183:Evolutionary musicology
2586:Oldest extant buildings
2513:Archaeological features
2032:Prepared-core technique
1196:10.1073/pnas.0913047107
524:10.1126/science.aap7778
328:; ca. 500,000 BP; from
265:, ca. 73,000 years old.
232:Mask of La Roche-Cotard
3145:Unchambered long cairn
2993:Mound Builders culture
2326:Neolithic architecture
1461:Prehistoric technology
361:
345:
266:
189:Uranium-thorium dating
71:Iberian cave paintings
27:
2820:List of Stone Age art
2022:Microblade technology
1970:Langdale axe industry
1568:Ard / plough
964:Morley, Iain (2006).
439:List of Stone Age art
416:Venus of Berekhat Ram
358:Venus of Berekhat Ram
351:
318:
309:Further information:
256:
223:, one of the world's
199:), a hand stencil in
111:Further information:
21:
3227:Prehistoric medicine
3222:Prehistoric counting
3205:Prehistoric religion
3200:Paleolithic religion
3178:Behavioral modernity
2535:Causewayed enclosure
2427:Abri de la Madeleine
1551:Neolithic Revolution
1296:Current Anthropology
459:Prehistoric religion
444:Behavioral modernity
295:Klasies River Cave 1
60:behavioral modernity
3266:Prehistoric warfare
2012:Magdalenian culture
1975:Levallois technique
1906:Earliest toolmaking
1370:10.1038/nature13962
1362:2015Natur.518..228J
1187:2010PNAS..107.6180T
1148:2012JArSc..39..942D
1077:2008JArSc..35.1521M
1021:10.1098/rsos.140022
812:2017PLoSO..1273435M
745:2015PLoSO..1019802R
690:2018Natur.562..115H
615:2023PLoSO..1886568M
515:2018Sci...359..912H
364:A 500,000-year-old
225:oldest works of art
207:), and red-painted
145:, circa 130,000 BP.
79:Cave of Maltravieso
52:cultural universals
3217:Origin of language
3210:Spiritual drug use
3120:Rectangular dolmen
3022:Dartmoor kistvaens
2835:Carved stone balls
2547:Circular enclosure
2506:Other architecture
2449:Alp pile dwellings
2037:Solutrean industry
1948:Gravettian culture
1598:Secondary products
449:Origin of language
410:art, namely the "
362:
346:
311:Makapansgat pebble
267:
28:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3239:Prehistoric music
3188:music archaeology
2845:Cup and ring mark
2670:Clothing/textiles
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2057:Yubetsu technique
2042:Striking platform
2007:Lithic technology
1892:
1891:
1877:Game drive system
1796:Projectile points
1688:Mortar and pestle
1418:978-0-387-30512-7
1356:(7538): 228–231.
1181:(14): 6180–6185.
1100:World Archaeology
684:(7725): 115–118.
509:(6378): 912–915.
408:Lower Paleolithic
46:). Together with
3319:
3307:Middle Stone Age
3254:Divje Babe flute
3161:Archaeoastronomy
2904:Petrosomatoglyph
2638:
2621:
2470:Water management
2273:
2260:
2163:Denticulate tool
1985:Lithic reduction
1718:
1539:
1526:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1340:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1246:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1071:(6): 1521–1532.
1060:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1023:
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
961:
955:
954:
952:
950:
922:(9): 1273–1282.
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
877:
871:
870:
867:ULUKAYIN English
858:
852:
851:
841:
823:
791:
785:
784:
774:
756:
724:
718:
717:
675:
666:
655:
654:
644:
626:
593:
587:
586:
584:
582:
573:. Archived from
554:
548:
546:
536:
526:
493:
484:
476:
412:Venus of Tan-Tan
354:Venus of Tan-Tan
243:Divje Babe flute
154:
130:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3312:Prehistoric art
3297:
3296:
3295:
3282:
3149:
3135:Stone box grave
3105:Megalithic tomb
3010:Cotswold-Severn
2962:
2867:Guardian stones
2795:Prehistoric art
2789:
2632:
2607:
2596:Timber trackway
2501:
2465:
2461:Wattle and daub
2314:
2293:Standing stones
2267:
2246:
2061:
1888:
1865:
1790:
1707:
1617:Food processing
1612:
1561:New World crops
1533:
1520:
1463:
1458:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1342:
1341:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1248:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1001:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
963:
962:
958:
948:
946:
907:
906:
902:
892:
890:
879:
878:
874:
860:
859:
855:
806:(3): e0173435.
793:
792:
788:
739:(3): e0119802.
726:
725:
721:
673:
668:
667:
658:
609:(6): e0286568.
595:
594:
590:
580:
578:
577:on 21 June 2023
556:
555:
551:
495:
494:
487:
477:
473:
468:
463:
454:Origin of music
429:Prehistoric art
424:
313:
307:
291:Wonderwerk Cave
251:
249:Southern Africa
182:David W. Frayer
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
155:
147:
146:
131:
122:
121:
115:
109:
34:are known from
12:
11:
5:
3325:
3323:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3244:Alligator drum
3236:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3171:lunar calendar
3168:
3157:
3155:
3154:Other cultural
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2958:Venus figurine
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2889:Megalithic art
2886:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2842:
2840:Cave paintings
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2642:Material goods
2634:
2633:
2624:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2360:
2358:Cliff dwelling
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1943:Fire hardening
1940:
1935:
1933:Clovis culture
1930:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1856:Manis Mastodon
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1800:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1735:throwing stick
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1547:
1545:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1411:. Birkhäuser.
1399:
1330:
1321:
1308:10.1086/649836
1286:
1276:
1257:(4): 406–419.
1229:
1220:
1161:
1142:(4): 942–952.
1125:
1106:(4): 521–539.
1090:
1055:
1045:
994:
976:(4): 317–333.
956:
900:
872:
853:
786:
719:
656:
597:(2023-06-21).
588:
549:
485:
470:
469:
467:
464:
462:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
425:
423:
420:
356:" (left) and "
306:
303:
273:, situated in
250:
247:
156:
149:
148:
132:
125:
124:
123:
119:
118:
117:
116:
108:
105:
73:, including a
56:figurative art
32:figurative art
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3324:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Simple dolmen
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:Passage grave
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3061:Gallery grave
3059:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2976:Burial mounds
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:Statue menhir
2934:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2924:Stone carving
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Sewing needle
2761:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Timber circle
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2540:Tor enclosure
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2528:fulacht fiadh
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:spear-thrower
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:Bow and arrow
1740:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Grinding slab
1649:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Domestication
1581:
1579:
1578:Digging stick
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Founder crops
1554:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:New Stone Age
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1423:, pp. 145-146
1420:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:: S111–S119.
1301:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
995:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
957:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:
911:
904:
901:
889:
888:
883:
876:
873:
868:
864:
857:
854:
849:
845:
840:
835:
831:
827:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
790:
787:
782:
778:
773:
768:
764:
760:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
723:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
665:
663:
661:
657:
652:
648:
643:
638:
634:
630:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
592:
589:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:
550:
544:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
492:
490:
486:
481:
475:
472:
465:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
399:
395:
391:
390:Bilzingsleben
387:
383:
381:
377:
376:
371:
367:
359:
355:
350:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:
321:
317:
312:
304:
302:
300:
296:
292:
287:
286:
280:
276:
272:
264:
260:
255:
248:
246:
244:
240:
239:
236:contact with
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
164:
160:
153:
144:
140:
136:
129:
114:
106:
104:
102:
101:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
25:
20:
16:
3071:wedge-shaped
3056:Funeral pyre
3049:Great dolmen
3005:Chamber tomb
2986:Round barrow
2941:Stone circle
2813:Blombos Cave
2807:
2741:Grooved ware
2665:Chalcolithic
2569:Thornborough
2487:Flush toilet
2422:Blombos Cave
2417:Rock shelter
2373:Quiggly hole
2265:Architecture
2240:illustration
1882:Buffalo jump
1703:Storage pits
1666:Aşıklı Höyük
1656:Ground stone
1492:Subdivisions
1408:
1402:
1353:
1349:
1324:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1279:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1048:
1011:
1007:
997:
985:. Retrieved
973:
969:
959:
947:. Retrieved
919:
913:
903:
891:. Retrieved
887:ScienceAlert
885:
875:
866:
856:
803:
799:
789:
736:
732:
722:
681:
677:
606:
602:
591:
579:. Retrieved
575:the original
563:The Guardian
562:
552:
506:
502:
479:
474:
405:
386:Homo erectus
385:
384:
375:Homo erectus
373:
363:
360:" (replicas)
325:Homo erectus
323:
285:Homo sapiens
284:
275:South Africa
271:Blombos cave
268:
263:South Africa
259:Blombos Cave
238:Homo sapiens
237:
229:
221:bone carving
186:
171:
100:Homo sapiens
98:
95:South Africa
91:Blombos Cave
87:Neanderthals
75:hand stencil
64:
29:
15:
3093:unchambered
3088:Long barrow
3078:Grave goods
3034:Court cairn
3029:Clava cairn
2981:Bowl barrow
2919:Rock cupule
2862:Golden hats
2855:Hill figure
2756:Unstan ware
2736:Cord-marked
2601:Sweet Track
2523:Burnt mound
2444:Stilt house
2432:Sibudu Cave
2225:Tally stick
2193:Quern-stone
2178:Hammerstone
2168:Fire plough
2139:Pesse canoe
2097:Bannerstone
2067:Other tools
1980:Lithic core
1928:Aurignacian
1816:Bare Island
1698:Quern-stone
534:10498/21578
342:Netherlands
269:In 2002 in
209:speleothems
205:Extremadura
201:Maltravieso
135:Neanderthal
83:speleothems
3301:Categories
3232:trepanning
3125:Ring cairn
3083:Jar burial
3066:transepted
2998:U.S. sites
2899:Petroglyph
2825:Bird stone
2783:wine press
2456:Stone roof
2439:Roundhouse
2331:long house
2308:Stonehenge
2276:Ceremonial
2220:Stone tool
2047:Tool stone
2017:Metallurgy
1921:Mousterian
1898:Toolmaking
1836:Cumberland
1809:Transverse
1779:Schöningen
1671:Qesem cave
1639:Earth oven
1593:Irrigation
1504:Technology
1472:Prehistory
466:References
193:La Pasiega
187:In Spain,
50:and other
3276:symbolism
3140:Tor cairn
3098:Grønsalen
3039:Cremation
2931:Sculpture
2909:Pictogram
2894:Petroform
2714:amber use
2682:Cosmetics
2492:Reservoir
2477:Check dam
2407:Pueblitos
2402:Pit-house
2385:Longhouse
2319:Dwellings
2188:Microlith
2119:Bow drill
2114:Bone tool
2107:prismatic
1916:Acheulean
1831:Cresswell
1804:Arrowhead
1730:Boomerang
1646:Granaries
1608:Terracing
1487:Stone Age
1378:1476-4687
1284:Sciences.
944:235746596
830:1932-6203
763:1932-6203
633:1932-6203
571:0261-3077
401:hand axes
398:Acheulean
394:Thuringia
368:found in
299:Diepkloof
217:Andalusia
197:Cantabria
163:Micoquian
133:Proposed
38:and from
2914:Rock art
2877:painting
2850:Geoglyph
2675:timeline
2655:Beadwork
2395:Mehrgarh
2390:Mudbrick
2298:megalith
2173:Fire-saw
1995:debitage
1990:analysis
1958:Hand axe
1938:Cupstone
1516:Glossary
1477:Timeline
1386:25470048
1316:56253913
1271:17643475
1245:: 57–67.
1215:20194764
1040:26064624
936:34226702
848:28355292
800:PLOS ONE
781:25760648
733:PLOS ONE
714:52197496
706:30209394
651:37343032
642:10284424
603:PLOS ONE
543:29472483
422:See also
380:hominids
48:religion
40:Sulawesi
3271:Symbols
2882:pigment
2768:Weaving
2731:Cardium
2726:Pottery
2721:Mirrors
2709:Jewelry
2650:Baskets
2630:culture
2482:Cistern
2288:Pyramid
2230:Weapons
2208:Scraper
2198:Racloir
2158:Cleaver
2146:Chopper
2052:Uniface
1963:Grooves
1953:Hafting
1911:Oldowan
1870:Systems
1821:Cascade
1784:woomera
1774:harpoon
1747:history
1713:Hunting
1693:Pottery
1634:Cooking
1543:Farming
1509:history
1482:Outline
1394:4461751
1358:Bibcode
1206:2851956
1183:Bibcode
1144:Bibcode
1120:4672735
1073:Bibcode
1031:4448875
987:May 30,
839:5371307
808:Bibcode
772:4356571
741:Bibcode
686:Bibcode
611:Bibcode
581:22 June
511:Bibcode
503:Science
241:. The "
213:Ardales
178:Croatia
174:Krapina
143:Croatia
139:Krapina
77:at the
3249:flutes
3044:Dolmen
2968:Burial
2778:winery
2751:Linear
2581:Midden
2559:Cursus
2552:Goseck
2412:Pueblo
2363:Dugout
2348:Burdei
2027:Mining
1851:Lamoka
1846:Folsom
1826:Clovis
1683:Metate
1661:Hearth
1629:Basket
1603:Sickle
1415:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1350:Nature
1314:
1269:
1213:
1203:
1118:
1053:Press.
1038:
1028:
949:6 July
942:
934:
893:6 July
846:
836:
828:
779:
769:
761:
712:
704:
678:Nature
649:
639:
631:
569:
541:
480:Nature
330:Trinil
283:early
159:Crimea
107:Europe
36:Europe
3166:sites
3110:Mummy
2830:Cairn
2746:JĹŤmon
2697:shoes
2692:Hides
2564:Henge
2518:Broch
2380:Jacal
2235:Wheel
2183:Knife
2129:Canoe
2124:Burin
2102:Blade
2000:flake
1861:Plano
1769:baton
1759:Spear
1725:Arrow
1678:Manos
1531:Tools
1390:S2CID
1312:S2CID
1116:S2CID
1014:(4).
940:S2CID
710:S2CID
674:(PDF)
279:ochre
67:MIS 4
3259:gudi
3017:Cist
2946:list
2773:Wine
2702:Ă–tzi
2687:Glue
2660:Beds
2628:and
2626:Arts
2497:Well
2353:Cave
2283:Kiva
2213:side
2203:Rope
2151:tool
2085:bone
2075:Adze
1841:Eden
1754:Nets
1624:Fire
1588:Goad
1573:Celt
1413:ISBN
1382:PMID
1374:ISSN
1267:PMID
1211:PMID
1036:PMID
989:2024
951:2021
932:PMID
895:2021
844:PMID
826:ISSN
777:PMID
759:ISSN
702:PMID
647:PMID
629:ISSN
583:2023
567:ISSN
539:PMID
370:Java
334:Java
293:and
230:The
24:Kent
2368:Hut
2303:row
2134:Oar
2092:Axe
2080:Awl
1366:doi
1354:518
1304:doi
1259:doi
1201:PMC
1191:doi
1179:107
1152:doi
1108:doi
1081:doi
1026:PMC
1016:doi
978:doi
924:doi
920:594
834:PMC
816:doi
767:PMC
749:doi
694:doi
682:562
637:PMC
619:doi
529:hdl
519:doi
507:359
392:in
336:);
261:in
211:in
93:of
3303::
1388:.
1380:.
1372:.
1364:.
1352:.
1348:.
1333:^
1310:.
1300:51
1298:.
1265:.
1255:53
1253:.
1247:;
1243:18
1241:.
1209:.
1199:.
1189:.
1177:.
1173:.
1150:.
1140:39
1138:.
1114:.
1104:41
1102:.
1079:.
1069:35
1067:.
1034:.
1024:.
1010:.
1006:.
974:25
972:.
968:.
938:.
930:.
918:.
912:.
884:.
865:.
842:.
832:.
824:.
814:.
804:12
802:.
798:.
775:.
765:.
757:.
747:.
737:10
735:.
731:.
708:.
700:.
692:.
680:.
676:.
659:^
645:.
635:.
627:.
617:.
607:18
605:.
601:.
565:.
561:.
537:.
527:.
517:.
505:.
501:.
488:^
344:).
277:,
176:,
161:,
141:,
103:.
62:.
1453:e
1446:t
1439:v
1421:.
1396:.
1368::
1360::
1318:.
1306::
1273:.
1261::
1217:.
1193::
1185::
1158:.
1154::
1146::
1122:.
1110::
1087:.
1083::
1075::
1042:.
1018::
1012:2
991:.
980::
953:.
926::
897:.
869:.
850:.
818::
810::
783:.
751::
743::
716:.
696::
688::
653:.
621::
613::
585:.
545:.
531::
521::
513::
352:"
340:(
332:(
215:(
203:(
195:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
