83:
52:
817:, approximately 550,000 people die each year from heart-related arterial embolism and thrombosis. Approximately 250,000 of these individuals are female, and approximately 100,000 of all these deaths are considered premature, that is, prior to the age of average life expectancy.
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388:
to compensate for the loss of arterial flow. However, it takes time for sufficient collateral circulation to develop, making affected areas more vulnerable for sudden occlusion by embolisation than for e.g. gradual occlusion as in
115:
carrying deoxygenated blood away from the heart. However, pulmonary embolism is generally classified as a form of venous embolism, because the embolus forms in veins. Arterial embolism is the major cause of
740:. Limb amputation is in itself usually remarkably well-tolerated, but is associated with substantial mortality (~50%), primarily because of the severity of the diseases in patients where it is indicated.
132:
Symptoms may begin quickly or slowly depending on the size of the embolus and how much it blocks the blood flow. Symptoms of embolisation in an organ vary with the organ involved but commonly include:
213:
Arterial emboli often occur in the legs and feet. Some may occur in the brain, causing a stroke, or in the heart, causing a heart attack. Less common sites include the kidneys, intestines, and eyes.
755:. The affected area can be permanently damaged, and up to approximately 25% of cases require amputation of an affected extremity. Arterial emboli may recur even after successful treatment.
1242:
358:, which happens when a clot in a vein enters the right side of the heart and passes through a hole into the left side. The clot can then move to an artery and cause arterial embolisation.
748:
How well a patient does depends on the location of the clot and to what extent the clot has blocked blood flow. Arterial embolism can be serious if not treated promptly.
259:. The legs and feet are major impact sites for these types. Thus, risk factors for atherosclerosis are risk factors for arterial embolisation as well:
691:). Intra-arterial thrombolysis reduces thromboembolic occlusion by 95% in 50% of cases, and restores adequate blood flow in 50% to 80% of cases.
1126:
931:
727:
Balloon catheterization or open embolectomy surgery reduces mortality by nearly 50% and the need for limb amputation by approximately 35%.
1047:
Sean O. Stitham, MD and David C. Dugdale III, MD. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD. Reviewed last on: August 5, 2008. Alternative link:
488:
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Tests to determine any underlying cause for thrombosis or embolism and to confirm presence of the obstruction may include:
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Treatment is aimed at controlling symptoms and improving the interrupted blood flow to the affected area of the body.
31:
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medication. These are commonly given because thromboembolism is the major cause of arterial embolism. Examples are:
511:
684:
Appropriate drug treatments successfully produce thrombolysis and removal of the clot in 50% to 80% of all cases.
774:
372:
An arterial embolism is caused by one or more emboli getting stuck in an artery and blocking blood flow, causing
193:
include coldness, decreased or no pulse beyond the site of blockage, pain, muscle spasm, numbness and tingling,
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Antithrombotic agents may be administered directly onto the clot in the vessel using a flexible catheter (
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is useful in individuals where administration of radiopaque contrast material must be kept to a minimum.
496:
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82:
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540:. Myoglobins and creatine kinase are also elevated in the blood in embolisation in other locations.
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in the aorta and other large blood vessels is a common risk factor, both for thromboembolism and
234:
108:
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In addition to evaluating the symptoms above, the health care provider may find decreased or no
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In case of high risk for developing thromboembolism, antithrombotic medication such as
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If extensive necrosis and gangrene has set in an arm or leg, the limb may have to be
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Possible complications of arterial embolism depend on the site of the obstruction:
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is classified as arterial embolism as well, in the sense that the clot follows the
1066:
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225:, the major cause of arterial embolism, include disturbed blood flow (such as in
1215:
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705:
677:
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650:
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183:
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120:(which may also be caused by e.g. arterial compression, rupture or pathological
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578:, which is a major risk factor of arterial embolism, can be performed e.g. by
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525:
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377:
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155:
144:
117:
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420:- embolism of cholesterol, often from atherosclerotic plaque inside a vessel.
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of the affected tissue. This may cause permanently decreased organ function.
1196:
737:
546:
may be done to identify the organism responsible for any causative infection
241:
poses a high risk of forming emboli which may travel to the brain and cause
202:
249:
increases the risk for thromboembolism, by a mixture of the factors above.
103:
blocking the flow of blood, the major type of embolus being a blood clot (
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is a sudden interruption of blood flow to an organ or body part due to an
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Blockage of arteries that supply arms or legs may result in necrosis and
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for measuring elevated enzymes in the blood, including cardiac-specific
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isoenzymes. These indicate embolisation to the heart that has caused
1191:
802:
778:
242:
194:
175:
100:
724:
384:). Individuals with arterial thrombosis or embolism often develop
790:
Temporary or permanent decrease or loss of other organ functions
407:
Arterial embolisms can consist of various materials, including:
708:, to remove the embolus, with various techniques available:
322:
Other important risk factors for arterial embolism include:
487:, sometimes involving more specialized techniques such as
326:
recent surgery (both for thromboembolism and air embolism)
432:(also known as a gas embolism) – embolism of air bubbles.
1169:
1206:
1173:
70:
44:
929:MDGuidelines > Arterial Embolism And Thrombosis
1243:Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries
942:by Presley Reed, MD. Retrieved on April 30, 2010
702:surgery to create another source of blood supply
332:a history of long-term intravenous therapy (for
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30:"Peripheral embolism" redirects here. See also
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777:(TIA), and, in prolonged blood obstruction,
451:almost exclusively affects the venous side.
426:– embolism of bone fracture or fat droplets.
233:), injury or damage to an artery wall, and
1170:
81:
50:
41:
730:Embolectomy by open surgery on the artery
329:previous stroke or cardiovascular disease
826:
751:Without treatment, it has a 25% to 30%
438:– embolism of pus containing bacteria.
143:Later symptoms are closely related to
27:Interruption of blood flow to an organ
414:– embolism of thrombus or blood clot.
7:
1148:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1096:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1071:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
653:) can prevent new clots from forming
493:myocardial contrast echocardiography
237:(such as increased platelet count).
139:Temporarily decreased organ function
504:of the affected extremity or organ
354:of the heart makes it possible for
1045:MedlinePlus > Arterial embolism
680:to relax and dilate blood vessels.
25:
565:inserted directly into an artery.
489:Transesophageal echocardiography
601:may be taken prophylactically.
506:Digital subtraction angiography
940:The Medical Disability Advisor
136:Pain in the involved body part
1:
773:In the brain, it can cause a
723:with or without implanting a
694:Surgical procedures include:
481:exam of arteries to the brain
1092:"Overview of Bone Fractures"
59:An embolized fragment of an
689:intra-arterial thrombolysis
201:, possibly to the grade of
99:adhering to the wall of an
32:Peripheral vascular disease
1259:
1121:. Philadelphia: Saunders.
1053:February 20, 2007, at the
767:In the heart it can cause
605:drugs may also be needed.
512:Magnetic resonance imaging
400:
365:
29:
934:February 2, 2018, at the
775:transient ischemic attack
301:, or decreased levels of
150:For example, symptoms of
63:(a tumor embolus) at the
58:
49:
376:, possibly resulting in
356:paradoxical embolization
18:Arterial thromboembolism
1119:Robbins Basic Pathology
721:balloon catheterization
639:antiplatelet medication
449:amniotic fluid embolism
209:Commonly occluded sites
477:. It may also involve
475:duplex ultrasonography
386:collateral circulation
205:in the affected limb.
166:(an excessive form of
769:myocardial infarction
616:Medications include:
554:myocardial infarction
538:myocardial infarction
497:myocardial infarction
401:Further information:
366:Further information:
274:(high blood pressure)
152:myocardial infarction
663:) can dissolve clots
552:(ECG) for detecting
479:transcranial doppler
418:Cholesterol embolism
291:hypertriglyceridemia
287:hypercholesterolemia
257:cholesterol embolism
563:fiberoptic catheter
550:Electrocardiography
463:in the arm or leg.
380:with tissue death (
314:Sedentary lifestyle
227:atrial fibrillation
1207:External resources
495:(MCE) to diagnose
471:Doppler ultrasound
235:hypercoagulability
128:Signs and symptoms
109:pulmonary embolism
1230:
1229:
1144:"Atherosclerosis"
1128:978-1-4160-2973-1
712:Thromboaspiration
588:smoking cessation
584:physical exercise
561:using a flexible
309:diabetes mellitus
267:cigarette smoking
221:Risk factors for
93:Arterial embolism
90:
89:
65:iliac bifurcation
45:Arterial embolism
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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485:Echocardiography
299:apolipoprotein B
172:light-headedness
122:vasoconstriction
113:pulmonary artery
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1055:Wayback Machine
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936:Wayback Machine
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795:septic embolism
761:
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576:atherosclerosis
572:
534:creatine kinase
457:
442:Cancer embolism
436:Septic embolism
412:Thromboembolism
405:
399:
391:atherosclerosis
370:
364:
362:Pathophysiology
295:lipoprotein (a)
253:Atherosclerosis
239:Mitral stenosis
231:mitral stenosis
223:thromboembolism
219:
211:
199:muscle weakness
191:limb infarction
154:mainly include
130:
105:thromboembolism
80:
40:
35:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
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1174:Classification
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1166:External links
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1127:
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1067:"Hypertension"
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627:Anticoagulants
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610:
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574:Prevention of
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544:Blood cultures
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482:
461:blood pressure
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1070:
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603:Antiplatelet
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430:Air embolism
424:Fat embolism
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344:fat embolism
334:air embolism
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272:hypertension
263:advanced age
251:
247:Endocarditis
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217:Risk factors
212:
189:Symptoms of
188:
184:palpitations
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1216:MedlinePlus
717:Angioplasty
706:Embolectomy
669:Painkillers
651:clopidogrel
647:ticlopidine
518:Blood tests
293:, elevated
164:diaphoresis
1153:August 25,
1101:August 25,
1076:August 25,
821:References
570:Prevention
559:Angioscopy
530:myoglobins
526:troponin I
522:troponin T
378:infarction
368:Infarction
156:chest pain
145:infarction
118:infarction
77:Cardiology
744:Prognosis
738:amputated
698:Arterial
659:(such as
641:(such as
629:(such as
609:Treatment
491:(TEE) or
455:Diagnosis
397:Materials
203:paralysis
72:Specialty
1237:Category
1051:Archived
932:Archived
799:gangrene
786:gangrene
631:warfarin
599:coumadin
595:warfarin
403:Embolism
382:necrosis
374:ischemia
180:vomiting
168:sweating
813:In the
643:aspirin
635:heparin
580:dieting
524:and/or
285:, e.g.
278:obesity
160:dyspnea
97:embolus
1221:001102
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779:stroke
700:bypass
671:given
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532:, and
318:stress
243:stroke
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176:nausea
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