900:
123:
1177:, which protrudes from the abdomen. The sting consists of an insertion wound, and venom. The venom is evolved to cause pain to a predator, paralyse a prey item, or both. Because insect stingers evolved from ovipositors, in most hymenopterans only the female can sting. However, there are a few orders of wasp where the male has evolved a "pseudo sting" - the male genitalia has evolved two sharp protrusions which can deliver an insertion wound. However, they do not contain venom, so they are not considered a true sting. In
1530:
1210:
1129:
2703:
1326:
179:(ants, wasps, and bees). While the majority of Hymenoptera stings are locally painful, their associated venom rarely cause toxic reactions unless victims receive many stings at once. The low mortality (around 60 deaths per year in the US out of unreported millions of stings nationwide) associated with Hymenoptera is mostly due to anaphylaxis from venom
55:
1421:
887:
920:
findings of bitten or stung skin rarely aid in diagnosis. Rather, patient history (recent travel to endemic areas, outdoor activities, and other risk factors) primarily guides the diagnostic approach, which can raise clinical suspicion for more serious complications like vector-borne diseases.
444:
In addition to stings and bites causing discomfort in of themselves, bites can also spread secondary infections if the arthropod is carrying a virus, bacteria, or parasite. The World Health
Organization (WHO) estimates that 17% of all infectious diseases worldwide were transmitted by arthropod
258:
Feeding bites have characteristic patterns and symptoms that reflect feeding habits of the offending pest and the chemistry of its saliva. Feeding bites are less likely to be felt at the time of the bite, although there are some exceptions. Since feeding requires longer attachment to prey than
102:(insects, arachnids, millipedes and centipedes) can bite or sting human beings. These bites and stings generally occur as a defense mechanism or during normal arthropod feeding. While most cases cause self-limited irritation, medically relevant complications include
882:
Estimated global number of cases annually according to WHO in 2017. If a vector transmits multiple diseases, aggregate case numbers are listed. Rough estimates are only meant to provide a sense of scale. Unknown disease burden is listed as NA for not available.
1464:
2330:
2318:
915:
Most arthropod bites and stings do not require a specific diagnosis since they typically improve with supportive management alone. Certain bites and stings present with characteristic appearances and distributions. In general, however,
1063:
Local reactions to bites and stings are treated symptomatically. If a stinger is still embedded, manual removal can reduce further irritation. Washing the affected area with soap and water can help reduce risk of contamination. Oral
985:. Standing water and dense vegetation also commonly attract arthropods. Clothes covering most exposed skin can also provide a measure of physical protection, which may be augmented when the fabric is treated with pesticides such as
2742:
1047:
of neglected tropical diseases, many of which are vector borne. Such campaigns must incorporate multipronged approaches to consider global inequality, access to resources, and climate change.
216:, multi-organ failure, and death. Although robust epidemiological data is unavailable, global estimates of scorpion stings exceed 1.2 million resulting in more than 3000 deaths annually.
2558:
1055:
Most arthropod bites and stings require only supportive care. However, complications such as envenomation and severe allergic reactions can present as medical emergencies.
2393:
1088:
Systemic reactions from venom hypersensitivity can rapidly progress to a medical emergency. The mainstay of anaphylactic shock management is intramuscularly injected
1012:
have FDA-approved vaccines available. Since they are relatively new vaccines, however, they are not standard of care as of 2023. Additionally, patients traveling to
142:
sting reactions), a large local reaction occurs when the area of swelling is greater than 10 centimetres (4 in). Rarely (1-3% of
Hymenoptera sting reactions),
1076:
and cold compresses are common over the counter remedies to reduce itchiness and local inflammation. In more severe cases, such as large local reactions, systemic
907:
showing wedge-shaped perivascular inflammation (superficial dermal perivascular lymphoeosinophilic infiltrate), the histomorphologic appearance of an insect bite (
1687:
Golden DB, Demain J, Freeman T, Graft D, Tankersley M, Tracy J, et al. (January 2017). "Stinging insect hypersensitivity: A practice parameter update 2016".
973:
Prevention strategies against arthropod bites and stings comprise measures for personal protection, travel advisories, public health and environmental concerns.
2573:
445:
vectors, resulting in over 700,000 deaths annually. The table below lists common arthropod vectors and their associated diseases. The figure below represents
238:(from widow spiders) may include pain at the bite or involve the chest and abdomen, sweating, muscle cramps and vomiting among others. By comparison,
2361:
1080:
are sometimes prescribed, although limited evidence supports their effectiveness. There are limited data to support one treatment over another.
981:
Travelers should seek to minimize outdoor activity during peak activity times and avoid high risk areas such as regions with known outbreaks or
1169:; spider bites have primarily evolved to paralyse and then digest prey. A sting comes from the abdomen; in most insects (which are all largely
899:
2386:
2177:
1978:
Chauhan P, Jindal R, Errichetti E (October 2022). "Dermoscopy of skin parasitoses, bites and stings: a systematic review of the literature".
1954:
1772:
1739:
704:
122:
162:
mechanism. Stings containing venom are more likely to be painful. Less frequently, venomous spider bites are also associated with
2379:
2737:
2112:
Global report on neglected tropical diseases 2023. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2023. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
222:
most often cause minor symptoms and resolve without intervention. Medically significant spider bites involve substantial
709:
1755:
Reed H, Landolt PJ (January 2019). "Chapter 22 - Ants, Wasps, and Bees (Hymenoptera)". In Mullen GR, Durden LA (eds.).
1109:
scorpion stings, but these drugs are not yet widely available and so typically reserved for severe systemic toxicity.
938:
1031:(VIT). Patients eligibile for VIT include those with a prior anaphylactic reaction to a venomous sting and who have
2747:
1137:, the yellow fever mosquito, biting. Female mosquitoes feed on blood. This species is known for also transmitting
2727:
1925:
Global vector control response 2017–2030. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2017. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
1864:
Herness J, Snyder MJ, Newman RS. Arthropod bites and stings. American family physician. 2022 Aug;106(2):137-47.
1578:
204:
venom, responsible for most morbidity and mortality. Severe toxic reactions can occur resulting in progressive
159:
1329:
Venom droplet from a wasp stinger. Wasp stings in humans can provoke a strong localised reaction, and rarely,
126:
The left side of the image is showing the temperature increase caused by an insect bite after about 28 hours.
2688:
2430:
1095:
Toxic reactions to envenomation are similarly managed with medical stabilization and symptomatic treatment.
768:
700:
633:
131:
77:
2732:
2638:
2537:
2366:
637:
446:
2706:
1001:
526:
2532:
2206:
1570:
1146:
539:
1935:
Marselle, Melissa R.; Stadler, Jutta; Korn, Horst; Irvine, Katherine N.; Bonn, Aletta, eds. (2019).
1529:
2440:
2334:
1586:
1533:
1017:
830:
355:
Low red itchy welts, usually several together resembling rash, slow to develop and can last weeks.
158:
Many arthropods bite or sting in order to immobilize their prey or deter potential predators as a
2232:
2095:
2003:
1960:
1778:
946:
793:
67:
1209:
2542:
2522:
2517:
2281:
2224:
2173:
2142:
2087:
2052:
1995:
1950:
1905:
1844:
1813:
1768:
1735:
1731:
1704:
1658:
1120:
After confirmation of diagnosis, antimicrobials are prescribed according to standard of care.
1035:
to venom allergens. VIT can help prevent future severe systemic reactions in select patients.
530:
209:
2583:
2527:
2271:
2263:
2214:
2165:
2160:
Gwaltney-Brant SM, Dunayer E, Youssef H (2018). "Terrestrial
Zootoxins". In Gupta RC (ed.).
2134:
2079:
2042:
2034:
1987:
1942:
1895:
1887:
1805:
1760:
1723:
1696:
1162:
1128:
1032:
1024:
990:
950:
826:
180:
143:
1936:
259:
envenomation, feeding bites are more often associated with vector transmission of disease.
2618:
1454:
1424:
Flea bites. Rarely, some species of fleas can also transmit secondary infections, such as
1217:
lays its eggs in the wound after biting, causing an infection of parasitic maggots called
1096:
934:
522:
213:
1796:
Chippaux JP, Goyffon M (August 2008). "Epidemiology of scorpionism: a global appraisal".
1000:
Vaccines may also help prevent vector-borne diseases for eligible patients. For example,
2210:
2683:
2598:
2510:
2468:
2425:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2276:
2251:
2169:
2047:
2022:
1900:
1875:
1764:
1613:
1405:
1379:
1348:
1269:
1100:
1077:
1073:
1044:
604:
572:
450:
439:
231:
187:
167:
111:
90:
1809:
2721:
2668:
2633:
2628:
2578:
2568:
2461:
2236:
2099:
2007:
1964:
1782:
1724:
1425:
1318:
1154:
1133:
1065:
1028:
864:
201:
146:
reactions can affect multiple organs and pose a medical emergency, as in the case of
1185:, the bite causes the wound, but during the bite the abdomen bends forward to spray
1157:, as in insects and arachnids which feed from blood. Feeding bites may also contain
2648:
2623:
2608:
2593:
2492:
1518:
1507:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1138:
1105:
1009:
1005:
917:
868:
721:
717:
713:
518:
514:
235:
223:
205:
103:
86:
1099:
should be up to date but antibiotics are typically unnecessary unless a bacterial
908:
2083:
1891:
2603:
2563:
2500:
2484:
2476:
2402:
1546:
1463:
1330:
1325:
1312:
1299:
1231:
1186:
1170:
1089:
506:
372:
239:
227:
219:
191:
175:
147:
139:
82:
1700:
1650:
2219:
2194:
2138:
1946:
1629:
1591:
1444:
1411:
1385:
1360:
1306:
1243:
1198:
1197:
that bears a telson. (Scorpions lack an ovipositor entirely and give birth to
1189:
into the wound, causing additional pain. In arachnids that sting (all largely
1182:
1174:
1158:
1092:. The patient should be stabilized and transferred to an intensive care unit.
986:
962:
958:
904:
731:
510:
99:
28:
17:
2125:
Erickson TB, Cheema N (May 2017). "Arthropod
Envenomation in North America".
2678:
2673:
2613:
2453:
2448:
2435:
2038:
1832:
1557:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1373:
1354:
1294:
1288:
1237:
1103:
is suspected. Antivenom drugs have been created for certain species such as
424:
247:
2285:
2228:
2146:
2091:
2056:
1999:
1909:
1848:
1817:
1708:
1662:
2371:
2643:
2588:
1563:
1282:
1276:
1194:
1190:
1069:
982:
243:
196:
2310:
886:
2406:
2070:
Murray HW (August 2020). "The
Pretravel Consultation: Recent Updates".
1596:
1399:
1218:
1013:
725:
534:
163:
107:
2267:
1991:
1161:, to prevent the bite from being felt. Feeding bites may also contain
54:
2322:
1214:
1166:
1150:
954:
941:. Bites and stings as well as other conditions (e.g. drug reactions,
930:
323:
May make red itchy welt; several days. Later bites are less severe.
1420:
1601:
1528:
1513:
1462:
1438:
1419:
1393:
1324:
1208:
1127:
942:
898:
885:
121:
1880:
International
Journal for Parasitology. Drugs and Drug Resistance
1874:
Schorderet-Weber S, Noack S, Selzer PM, Kaminsky R (April 2017).
371:
Infested area intensely itchy, with red welts at bite sites. See
1477:
1368:
1343:
994:
858:
Borrelia recurrentis, Rickettsia prowazekii, Bartonella quintana
135:
2375:
1980:
Journal of the
European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
1178:
423:
Intensely itchy welts and papules that may last for days. See
27:"Biting fly" redirects here. For the South Korean film, see
1193:), the stinger is not a modified ovipositor, but instead a
138:
and/or pain around the site. Less commonly (around 10% of
2252:"A biomechanical view on stinger diversity in scorpions"
388:
Usually not; may be scratched off before they are seen.
250:. Headaches, vomiting and a mild fever may also occur.
1112:
Several vector-borne diseases can present emergently.
1043:
International organizations such as WHO aim to reduce
890:
Geographic distribution of major vector-borne diseases
2743:
Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin
1938:
Biodiversity and Health in the Face of
Climate Change
1726:
Physician's guide to arthropods of medical importance
385:
Anywhere on body, but prefer covered skin, crevices.
2300:
2023:"My approach to superficial inflammatory dermatoses"
1759:(Third ed.). Academic Press. pp. 459–488.
2661:
2551:
2413:
2304:
1149:. The bite consists of both the bite wound and the
455:
261:
76:
66:
44:
39:
2195:"Male wasp genitalia as an anti-predator defense"
933:are not indicated for bites or stings, since the
1876:"Blocking transmission of vector-borne diseases"
485:Arboviruses (Togavirus, Flavivirus, Bunyavirus)
1657:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
957:perivascular infiltrate consisting of abundant
391:Intensely itchy red welts lasting over a week.
2250:van der Meijden A, Kleinteich T (April 2017).
242:(from recluse spiders) can present with local
2387:
8:
997:) is supported by a large body of evidence.
2127:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
290:Low raised welt, itches for several hours.
2394:
2380:
2372:
2301:
1833:"Spider bites - Assessment and management"
1689:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
1153:. The saliva of the arthropod may contain
949:) can cause microscopic changes such as a
53:
36:
2275:
2218:
2129:. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine.
2046:
1899:
1016:endemic regions are routinely prescribed
2021:Alsaad KO, Ghazarian D (December 2005).
1181:that bite instead of sting, such as the
208:instability, neuromuscular dysfunction,
154:Defensive and predatory bites and stings
1641:
1467:Louse bites. Lice do not carry disease.
246:of the surrounding skin and widespread
1831:Braitberg G, Segal L (November 2009).
130:Most arthropod bites and stings cause
2193:Sugiura S, Tsujii M (December 2022).
2120:
2118:
1921:
1919:
1860:
1858:
1145:A bite is defined as coming from the
7:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1333:in those with a wasp sting allergy.
821:Yersinia pestis, Bartonella henselae
417:mainly on the trunk and extremities
401:covered skin, crevices, entire body
194:. Only certain species (from family
2362:Identifying insect bites and stings
965:, as shown in the adjacent figure:
659:Arboviruses (Bunyavirus, Flavirus)
2170:10.1016/b978-0-12-811410-0.00058-1
1765:10.1016/b978-0-12-814043-7.00022-4
1730:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp.
1338:Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps)
1116:Treatment of vector-borne diseases
226:from only certain species such as
25:
2367:Diagnosing Mysterious "Bug Bites"
1810:10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.05.021
1757:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
1023:Patients with a history of venom
993:such as N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (
2702:
2701:
2072:The American Journal of Medicine
1266:or No see-ums (Ceratopogonidae)
190:also cause self-limited pain or
705:Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
349:appendages, neck, exposed skin
2164:. Elsevier. pp. 781–801.
1649:Powers J, McDowell RH (2022).
1124:Biting and stinging arthropods
173:Most arthropod stings involve
1:
2027:Journal of Clinical Pathology
1173:), the stinger is a modified
339:Painful welt, several hours.
2084:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.02.005
1892:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.01.004
863:Lice-borne relapsing fever,
710:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
317:prefer ankles and bare feet
248:breakdown of red blood cells
1837:Australian Family Physician
1147:mouthparts of the arthropod
525:, California encephalitis,
2764:
1701:10.1016/j.anai.2016.10.031
1611:
1555:
1544:
1426:flea-borne (murine) typhus
1315:(as larvae, Calliphoridae)
1309:(as larvae, Calliphoridae)
437:
407:Itchy welt, several days.
307:Itches for several hours.
40:Arthropod bites and stings
26:
2697:
2220:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.030
2139:10.1016/j.emc.2017.01.001
1947:10.1007/978-3-030-02318-8
769:African sleeping sickness
61:
52:
1246:/Yellow flies (Chrysops)
1018:Malaria chemoprophylaxis
2039:10.1136/jcp.2005.027151
1027:may benefit from venom
701:Tick-borne encephalitis
529:, Equine encephalitis,
468:Annual disease burden*
72:Swelling, itching, pain
1537:
1468:
1429:
1334:
1285:(as larvae, Oestridae)
1222:
1142:
925:Microscopic appearance
912:
891:
638:visceral leishmaniasis
336:painful and immediate
127:
110:, and transmission of
2738:Arthropods and humans
2162:Veterinary Toxicology
1612:Further information:
1556:Further information:
1532:
1466:
1423:
1357:(both bite and sting)
1328:
1212:
1131:
1002:Japanese encephalitis
902:
889:
527:Japanese encephalitis
451:vector-borne diseases
434:As vectors of disease
271:Felt at time of bite
125:
112:vector-borne diseases
2689:Seabather's eruption
1433:Siphonaptera (Fleas)
1226:Diptera (True flies)
953:-shaped superficial
943:urticarial reactions
540:Lymphatic filariasis
365:pubic area or scalp
268:Preferred body part
91:disease transmission
2493:Black widow spider
2211:2022CBio...32R1336S
2205:(24): R1336–R1337.
1534:White-tailed Spider
1472:Phthiraptera (Lice)
1097:Tetanus prophylaxis
1084:Medical emergencies
977:Personal protection
790:Nematode (Loa Loa)
301:exposed appendages
284:exposed appendages
2256:Journal of Anatomy
1722:Goddard J (2002).
1587:Tropical fowl mite
1583:Northern fowl mite
1538:
1469:
1430:
1335:
1223:
1143:
947:bullous pemphigoid
913:
903:Low-magnification
892:
148:anaphylactic shock
128:
118:Signs and symptoms
108:allergic reactions
2748:Arthropod attacks
2715:
2714:
2357:
2356:
2268:10.1111/joa.12582
2179:978-0-12-811410-0
2078:(8): 916–923.e2.
2033:(12): 1233–1241.
1992:10.1111/jdv.18352
1986:(10): 1722–1734.
1956:978-3-030-02317-1
1774:978-0-12-814043-7
1741:978-0-8493-1387-5
1619:All species sting
1163:digestive enzymes
877:
876:
831:Cat scratch fever
699:Heartland virus,
531:Rift Valley fever
431:
430:
333:any exposed skin
210:cardiogenic shock
96:
95:
34:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2755:
2728:Lists of animals
2705:
2704:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2373:
2302:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2222:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2122:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1729:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1684:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1646:
1579:House mouse mite
1571:Red Poultry Mite
1313:Screw-worm flies
1291:(Phlebotomidae)
1072:lotion, topical
1025:hypersensitivity
935:histomorphologic
545:>300 million
456:
449:areas of common
262:
181:hypersensitivity
98:Many species of
57:
37:
21:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2693:
2657:
2547:
2501:Recluse spider
2409:
2400:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2313:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2199:Current Biology
2192:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2020:
2019:
2015:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1957:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1843:(11): 862–867.
1830:
1829:
1825:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1775:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1665:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1626:
1616:
1610:
1560:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1527:
1504:
1474:
1455:Tunga penetrans
1435:
1340:
1228:
1207:
1126:
1118:
1086:
1078:glucocorticoids
1074:corticosteroids
1061:
1059:Supportive care
1053:
1045:disease burdens
1041:
979:
971:
927:
897:
794:African eyeworm
730:
708:
661:
577:>10 million
573:River blindness
487:
462:Pathogen class
442:
436:
298:and no-see-ums
256:
232:recluse spiders
214:pulmonary edema
188:scorpion stings
156:
120:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2761:
2759:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2684:Stinging plant
2681:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2428:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2327:
2326:: W57, X21-X25
2314:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:Classification
2298:
2297:External links
2295:
2292:
2291:
2262:(4): 497–509.
2242:
2185:
2178:
2152:
2133:(2): 355–375.
2114:
2105:
2062:
2013:
1970:
1955:
1927:
1915:
1866:
1854:
1823:
1788:
1773:
1747:
1740:
1714:
1674:
1651:"Insect Bites"
1640:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1614:Scorpion toxin
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1575:Spiny rat mite
1573:
1567:
1566:
1553:
1550:
1545:Main article:
1542:
1539:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1473:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1448:Pulex irritans
1434:
1431:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1406:Yellow Jackets
1403:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1380:Stingless bees
1377:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1339:
1336:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1270:Highland midge
1261:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1235:
1227:
1224:
1206:
1203:
1155:anticoagulants
1125:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1101:superinfection
1085:
1082:
1066:antihistamines
1060:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1040:
1037:
978:
975:
970:
967:
961:and scattered
937:appearance is
926:
923:
896:
893:
875:
874:
871:
865:endemic typhus
861:
854:
837:
836:
833:
824:
817:
800:
799:
796:
791:
788:
775:
774:
771:
766:
752:
739:
738:
735:
697:
657:
644:
643:
642:>3 million
640:
631:
624:
611:
610:
609:>6 million
607:
605:Chagas disease
602:
592:
579:
578:
575:
570:
560:
547:
546:
543:
504:
483:
470:
469:
466:
463:
460:
440:Disease vector
438:Main article:
435:
432:
429:
428:
421:
418:
415:
409:
408:
405:
402:
399:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
377:
376:
369:
366:
363:
357:
356:
353:
350:
347:
341:
340:
337:
334:
331:
325:
324:
321:
318:
315:
309:
308:
305:
302:
299:
292:
291:
288:
285:
282:
276:
275:
272:
269:
266:
255:
252:
234:. Symptoms of
155:
152:
119:
116:
94:
93:
80:
74:
73:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
33:
24:
18:Arthropod bite
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2760:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:Medical lists
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2708:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:Animal attack
2667:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2629:Venomous fish
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:(1): 90–109.
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1551:
1548:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:Other insects
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1319:Hippoboscidae
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:Biting midges
1262:
1259:
1256:
1254:(Glossinidae)
1253:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:hymenopterans
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1134:Aedes aegypti
1130:
1123:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1039:Global health
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1029:immunotherapy
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
976:
974:
968:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
924:
922:
919:
910:
909:H&E stain
906:
901:
894:
888:
884:
881:
872:
870:
866:
862:
859:
855:
853:
851:
847:
842:
839:
838:
834:
832:
828:
825:
822:
818:
816:
814:
810:
805:
802:
801:
797:
795:
792:
789:
787:
785:
780:
777:
776:
772:
770:
767:
764:
763:rhodesesiense
760:
757:
753:
751:
749:
744:
741:
740:
736:
734:
733:
728:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
702:
698:
696:
694:
689:
687:
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
665:
658:
656:
654:
649:
646:
645:
641:
639:
635:
632:
629:
625:
623:
621:
620:Phlebotominae
616:
613:
612:
608:
606:
603:
600:
597:
593:
591:
589:
584:
581:
580:
576:
574:
571:
568:
565:
561:
559:
557:
552:
549:
548:
544:
542:
541:
537:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
505:
503:
501:
498:
493:
491:
484:
482:
480:
475:
472:
471:
467:
464:
461:
458:
457:
454:
452:
448:
441:
433:
426:
422:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
406:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
390:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
374:
370:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
354:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
338:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
322:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
293:
289:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
273:
270:
267:
264:
263:
260:
254:Feeding bites
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:widow spiders
225:
221:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
177:
171:
169:
165:
161:
153:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
124:
117:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
92:
88:
84:
81:
79:
78:Complications
75:
71:
69:
65:
60:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
30:
19:
2589:Domestic cat
2502:
2495:latrodectism
2494:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2455:
2442:
2420:
2414:Invertebrate
2403:Animal bites
2329:
2317:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2161:
2155:
2130:
2126:
2108:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2030:
2026:
2016:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1937:
1930:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1804:(2): 71–79.
1801:
1798:Acta Tropica
1797:
1791:
1756:
1750:
1725:
1717:
1695:(1): 28–54.
1692:
1688:
1666:. Retrieved
1654:
1644:
1519:Conenose bug
1510:/Kissing bug
1508:Assassin bug
1453:
1452:Chigoe flea
1447:
1258:Stable flies
1252:Tsetse flies
1240:(Tabanidae)
1234:(Simuliidae)
1144:
1139:yellow fever
1132:
1119:
1111:
1106:Centruroides
1104:
1094:
1087:
1062:
1054:
1042:
1022:
1010:Dengue fever
1006:Yellow fever
999:
980:
972:
945:, and early
939:non-specific
928:
914:
879:
878:
869:Trench fever
857:
849:
846:Phthiraptera
845:
843:
840:
820:
812:
809:Siphonaptera
808:
806:
803:
783:
781:
779:Biting flies
778:
762:
758:
755:
747:
745:
743:Tsetse flies
742:
737:>500,000
729:
722:Lyme disease
718:ehrlichiosis
714:anaplasmosis
707:
692:
690:
685:
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:
652:
650:
647:
627:
619:
617:
614:
598:
595:
587:
585:
583:Assassin bug
582:
566:
563:
555:
553:
550:
538:
533:
515:Yellow fever
499:
496:
494:
489:
486:
478:
476:
473:
443:
420:usually not
412:
404:usually not
396:
381:Larval ticks
380:
368:usually not
360:
352:usually not
344:
329:Biting flies
328:
312:
295:
287:usually not
279:
257:
236:latrodectism
224:envenomation
220:Spider bites
218:
195:
192:paresthesias
185:
174:
172:
157:
132:self-limited
129:
104:envenomation
97:
87:envenomation
2538:Sea anemone
2518:Bristleworm
2503:loxoscelism
2487:arachnidism
2479:demodicosis
2471:scorpionism
1547:Spider bite
1412:Paper wasps
1361:Bullet ants
1331:anaphylaxis
1300:Phlebotomus
1279:(Culicidae)
1238:Horse-flies
1232:Black flies
1187:formic acid
1159:anaesthetic
1090:epinephrine
963:eosinophils
959:lymphocytes
918:dermoscopic
850:Pediculidae
773:>10,000
756:Trypanosoma
748:Glossinidae
679:burgdorferi
596:Trypanosoma
551:Black flies
397:Adult ticks
373:pediculosis
240:loxoscelism
206:hemodynamic
176:Hymenoptera
170:in humans.
140:Hymenoptera
83:Anaphylaxis
45:Other names
2722:Categories
2552:Vertebrate
2543:Sea urchin
2523:Cephalopod
2477:Skin mite
1668:2023-02-09
1655:StatPearls
1636:References
1630:Centipedes
1592:Mange mite
1445:Human flea
1386:Bumblebees
1307:Blow-flies
1260:(Muscidae)
1244:Deer flies
1199:live young
1183:Formicinae
1175:ovipositor
1051:Management
991:repellants
989:. Topical
987:Permethrin
969:Prevention
905:micrograph
856:Bacteria (
819:Bacteria (
754:Protozoa (
732:Babesiosis
691:Protozoa (
664:Rickettsia
662:Bacteria (
628:Leishmania
626:Protozoa (
594:Protozoa (
588:Reduviidae
564:Onchocerca
562:Nematode (
556:Simuliidae
507:Chikugunya
497:Wuchereria
495:Nematode (
488:Protozoa (
474:Mosquitoes
280:Mosquitoes
202:neurotoxic
100:arthropods
29:Biting Fly
2679:Man-eater
2674:Cnidocyte
2584:Crocodile
2559:Alligator
2533:Jellyfish
2511:Millipede
2469:Scorpion
2456:pulicosis
2443:cimicosis
2426:Centipede
2421:Arthropod
2237:254874084
2100:212741346
2008:249955855
1965:199491437
1783:239396551
1624:Myriapoda
1608:Scorpions
1558:Acariasis
1525:Arachnids
1494:Crab lice
1489:Body lice
1484:Head lice
1374:Honeybees
1355:Fire ants
1349:Bull ants
1295:Lutzomyia
1289:Sandflies
1277:Mosquitos
1191:scorpions
983:epidemics
895:Diagnosis
813:Pulicidae
784:Tabanidae
759:gambiense
672:Ehrlichia
668:Anaplasma
634:Cutaneous
523:West Nile
500:bancrofti
490:Plasmodia
479:Culicidae
425:acariasis
361:Hair Lice
274:Reaction
200:) inject
168:mortality
164:morbidity
136:itchiness
134:redness,
62:Tick bite
2707:Category
2619:Stingray
2462:Mosquito
2441:Bed bug
2286:28028798
2229:36538881
2147:28411932
2092:32179056
2057:16311340
2000:35735046
1910:28189117
1849:19893831
1818:18579104
1709:28007086
1663:30725920
1564:Chiggers
1396:(sting)
1283:Botflies
1195:metasoma
1165:, as in
1070:calamine
931:biopsies
686:burnetti
683:Coxiella
676:Borrelia
653:Ixodidae
615:Sand fly
567:volvulus
465:Disease
345:Bed bugs
320:usually
304:usually
244:necrosis
197:Buthidae
144:systemic
68:Symptoms
48:Bug bite
2599:Leopard
2485:Spider
2277:5345679
2207:Bibcode
2048:1770784
1901:5302141
1597:Scabies
1541:Spiders
1514:Bedbugs
1480:(bite)
1441:(bite)
1414:(sting)
1408:(sting)
1402:(sting)
1400:Hornets
1388:(sting)
1376:(sting)
1363:(sting)
1351:(sting)
1219:Myiasis
1205:Insects
1167:spiders
1014:Malaria
726:Q fever
693:Babesia
535:Malaria
459:Vector
447:endemic
160:defense
2634:Walrus
2604:Monkey
2579:Coyote
2574:Cougar
2569:Beaver
2431:Insect
2407:stings
2348:E906.4
2344:E905.5
2340:E905.1
2284:
2274:
2235:
2227:
2176:
2145:
2098:
2090:
2055:
2045:
2006:
1998:
1963:
1953:
1908:
1898:
1847:
1816:
1781:
1771:
1738:
1707:
1661:
1382:(bite)
1321:(Keds)
1215:botfly
1151:saliva
1008:, and
955:dermal
827:Plague
519:Dengue
296:Midges
2662:Other
2649:Dingo
2624:Tiger
2614:Snake
2609:Shark
2528:Coral
2454:Flea
2233:S2CID
2096:S2CID
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