479:, "Jackson's particular genius was to recognize a wider application for the procedure than Watanabe ever did." Jackson realized the technique could be used for young, athletic patients that had suffered injuries. Torn knee cartilage or ligaments previously would require an arthrotomy procedure and might mean a year or more of rehab or the end of a career. Jackson believed the less invasive procedure with its smaller incisions would be able to save the career of injured athletes. While many were skeptical at first, Jackson's efforts to develop, teach and popularize the procedure helped to prolong the careers of athletes such as
294:(FAI) and its associated pathologies. Hip conditions that may be treated arthroscopically also includes labral tears, loose / foreign body removal, hip washout (for infection) or biopsy, chondral (cartilage) lesions, osteochondritis dissecans, ligamentum teres injuries (and reconstruction), Iliopsoas tendinopathy (or 'snapping psoas'), trochanteric pain syndrome, snapping iliotibial band, osteoarthritis (controversial), sciatic nerve compression (piriformis syndrome), ischiofemoral impingement and direct assessment of hip replacement.
47:
455:. He published several papers in the 1920s about his use of arthroscopy of the knee for diagnostic purposes. After diagnosing torn tissue, he used open surgery to remove or repair the damaged tissue. Initially, he used an electric Jacobaeus thoracolaparoscope for his diagnostic procedures, which produced a dim view of the joint. Later, he developed a double-contrast approach to improve visibility. He gave up endoscopy in 1930, and his work was largely neglected for several decades.
419:. TMJ arthroscopy can be a purely diagnostic procedure, or it can have its own beneficial effects which may result from washing out of the joint during the procedure, thought to remove debris and inflammatory mediators, and may enable a displaced disc to return to its correct position. Arthroscopy is also used to visualize the inside of the joint during certain surgical procedures involving the articular disc or the articular surfaces, similar to
340:
254:(government and private) world-wide have generally felt obliged to continue funding it. An exception is Germany, where funding has been removed for the indication of knee osteoarthritis. It is claimed that German surgeons have continued to perform knee arthroscopy and instead claim rebates on the basis of a sub-diagnosis, such as meniscal tear.
378:) allow access to and treatment of spinal conditions with minimal damage to surrounding tissues. Recovery times are greatly reduced due to the relatively small size of incisions, and many patients are treated as outpatients. Recovery rates and times vary according to condition severity and the patient's overall health.
257:
A 2017 meta-analysis confirmed that there is only a very small and usually unimportant reduction in pain and improvement in function at 3 months (e.g. an average pain reduction of approximately 5 on a scale from 0 to 100). A separate review found that most people would consider a reduction in pain of
253:
Two major trials of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee found no benefit for these surgeries. Even though randomized control trials have demonstrated this to be a procedure which involves the risks of surgery with questionable or no demonstrable long-term benefit, insurance companies
266:
One of the primary reasons for performing arthroscopies is to repair or trim a painful and torn or damaged meniscus. The technical terms for the surgery is arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM). Arthroscopic surgery, however, does not appear to result in benefits to adults when performed for knee
249:
The BMJ Rapid
Recommendations group makes a strong recommendation against arthroscopy for osteoarthritis on the basis that there is high quality evidence that there is no lasting benefit and less than 15% of people have a small short-term benefit. There are rare but serious adverse effects that can
469:
Canadian doctor Robert
Jackson is credited with bringing the procedure to the Western world. In 1964, Jackson was in Tokyo completing a one-year fellowship and serving as a physician for the Canadian Olympic team. While there, he spent time at the clinic of Watanabe learning the thirty year old
435:
in Tokyo has traditionally been credited with performing the first arthroscopic examination of a knee joint, in 1919. He used a 7.3 mm cystoscope for his first arthroscopies. The Danish physician
Severin Nordentoft reported on arthroscopies of the knee joint in 1912 at the Proceedings of the
271:
who have a meniscal tear. This may be due to the fact that a torn meniscus may often not cause pain and symptoms, which may be caused by the osteoarthritis alone. Some groups have made a strong recommendation against arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in nearly all patients, stating that the only
272:
group of patients who may—or may not—benefit are those with a true locked knee. Professional knee societies, however, highlight other symptoms and related factors they believe are important, and continue to support limited use of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in carefully selected patients.
321:. The most common indications include subacromial decompression, bankarts lesion repair and rotator cuff repair. All these procedures were done by opening the joint through big incisions before the advent of arthroscopy. Arthroscopic shoulder surgeries have gained momentum in the past decade. "
233:
While knee arthroscopy is commonly used for partial meniscectomy (trimming a torn meniscus) on middle aged to older adults with knee pain, the claimed positive results seem to lack scientific evidence. Many studies have shown the outcomes from knee arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis and
465:
The first operating arthroscope was designed by them, and they worked together to produce the first high-quality color intraarticular photography. The field benefited significantly from technological advances, particularly advances in flexible fiber optics during the 1970s and 1980s.
250:
occur, including venous thromboembolism, infections, and nerve damage. The BMJ Rapid
Recommendation includes infographics and shared decision-making tools to facilitate a conversation between doctors and patients about the risks and benefits of arthroscopic surgery.
241:) is inserted into the joint through a small incision, about 4 mm (1/8 inch) width. More incisions might be performed in order to visually check other parts of the knee and to insert the miniature instruments that are used to perform surgical procedures.
258:
approximately 12 on the same 0 to 100 scale important—suggesting that for most people, the pain reduction at 3 months is not important. Arthroscopy did not reduce pain or improve function or quality of life at one year. There are important adverse effects.
1035:
Siemieniuk RA, Harris IA, Agoritsas T, Poolman RW, Brignardello-Petersen R, Van de Velde S, Buchbinder R, Englund M, Lytvyn L, Quinlan C, Helsingen L, Knutsen G, Olsen NR, Macdonald H, Hailey L, Wilson HM, Lydiatt A, Kristiansen A, et al. (May 2017).
639:
Siemieniuk RA, Harris IA, Agoritsas T, Poolman RW, Brignardello-Petersen R, Van de Velde S, Buchbinder R, Englund M, Lytvyn L, Quinlan C, Helsingen L, Knutsen G, Olsen NR, Macdonald H, Hailey L, Wilson HM, Lydiatt A, Kristiansen A, et al. (May 2017).
462:, MD, receives primary credit for using arthroscopy for interventional surgery. Watanabe was inspired by the work and teaching of Dr Richard O'Connor. Later, Dr. Heshmat Shahriaree began experimenting with ways to excise fragments of menisci.
912:
Merchan EC, Galindo E, et al. (1993). "Arthroscope-guided surgery versus nonoperative treatment for limited degenerative osteoarthritis of the femorotibial joint in patients over 50 years of age: a prospective comparative study".
423:. Examples include release of adhesions (e.g., by blunt dissection or with a laser) or release of the disc. Biopsies or disc reduction can also be carried out during arthroscopy. It is carried out under general anesthetic.
222:) that was performed in the past. Arthroscopic knee surgery is one of the most common orthopaedic procedures, performed approximately 2 million times worldwide each year. The procedures are more commonly performed to treat
1993:
689:
Jameson, S. S.; Dowen, D.; James, P.; Serrano-Pedraza, I.; Serrano-Pedraza, Deehan; Reed, M. R.; Deehan, D. J. (October 2011). "The burden of arthroscopy of the knee: a contemporary analysis of data from the
English NHS".
470:
procedure that had only been used to investigate arthritis in the elderly. Jackson returned to
Toronto where he continued to practice the technique, eventually becoming "the world's foremost expert on arthroscopy".
178:
is that the joint does not have to be opened up fully. For knee arthroscopy only two small incisions are made, one for the arthroscope and one for the surgical instruments to be used in the knee cavity. This reduces
289:
was initially used for the diagnosis of unexplained hip pain, but is now widely used in the treatment of conditions both in and outside the hip joint. The most common indication currently is for the treatment of
827:
Yim JH, Seon JK, Song EK, Choi JI, Kim MC, Lee KB, Seo HY, et al. (23 May 2013). "A comparative study of meniscectomy and nonoperative treatment for degenerative horizontal tears of the medial meniscus".
2375:
2198:
Hame, Sharon L.; Nguyen, Virginia; Ellerman, Jessica; Ngo, Stephanie S.; Wang, Jeffrey C.; Gamradt, Seth C. (2012-04-10). "Complications of
Arthroscopic Meniscectomy in the Older Population".
1284:
Devji T, Guyatt GH, Lytvyn L, Brignardello-Petersen R, Foroutan F, Sadeghirad B, Buchbinder R, Poolman RW, Harris IA, Carrasco-Labra A, Siemieniuk RA, Vandvik PO, et al. (May 2017).
1143:
Kirkley, Alexandra; Birmingham, Trevor B.; Litchfield, Robert B.; Giffin, J. Robert; Willits, Kevin R.; Wong, Cindy J.; Feagan, Brian G.; Donner, Allan; Griffin, Sharon H. (2008-09-11).
2368:
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Kirkley A, Birmingham TB, Litchfield RB, Giffin JR, Willits KR, Wong CJ, Feagan BG, Donner A, Griffin SH, D'Ascanio LM, Pope JE, Fowler PJ, et al. (September 11, 2008).
198:. It is technically possible to do an arthroscopic examination of almost every joint, but is most commonly used for the knee, shoulder, elbow, wrist, ankle, foot, and hip.
194:
The surgical instruments are smaller than traditional instruments. Surgeons view the joint area on a video monitor, and can diagnose and repair torn joint tissue, such as
778:"Exercise therapy versus arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for degenerative meniscal tear in middle aged patients: randomised controlled trial with two year follow-up"
1241:
Fujita-Rohwerder, Naomi; RĂĽther, Alric; Sauerland, Stefan (2017). "Arthroscopic
Surgery for Knee Osteoarthritis: Impact of Health Technology Assessment in Germany".
2017:
187:. It has gained popularity due to evidence of faster recovery times with less scarring, because of the smaller incisions. Irrigation fluid (most commonly 'normal'
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which is generally a temporary phenomenon, taking anywhere from 7–15 days to completely settle. Rarely, this fluid may be the cause of a serious complication,
1972:
1286:"Application of minimal important differences in degenerative knee disease outcomes: a systematic review and case study to inform BMJ Rapid Recommendations"
297:
Hip arthroscopy is a widely adopted treatment for a range of conditions, including labral tears, femoroacetabular impingement, osteochondritis dissecans.
2151:"Adverse outcomes after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy: a study of 700000 procedures in the national Hospital Episode Statistics database for England"
520:
2768:
1094:
Brignardello-Petersen R, Guyatt GH, Buchbinder R, Poolman RW, Schandelmaier S, Chang Y, Sadeghirad B, Evaniew N, Vandvik PO, et al. (May 2017).
2720:
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is sometimes used as either a diagnostic procedure for symptoms and signs related to these joints, or as a therapeutic measure in conditions like
78:
2347:
1597:
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Arthroscopy is commonly used for treatment of diseases of the shoulder including subacromial impingement, acromioclavicular osteoarthritis,
871:
Moseley JB, O'Malley K, Petersen NJ, Menke TJ, Brody BA, Kuykendall DH, Hollingsworth JC, Ashton CM, Wray NP, et al. (July 11, 2002).
2892:
2626:
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Siegel, M. G. (July 1997). "Compartment syndrome after arthroscopic surgery of the knee. A report of two cases managed nonoperatively".
555:
416:
367:
Many invasive spine procedures involve the removal of bone, muscle, and ligaments to access and treat problematic areas. In some cases,
325:" of the shoulder as it is popularly known has reduced inpatient time and rehabilitation requirements and is often a daycare procedure.
234:
degenerative meniscal tears are no better than the outcomes from placebo (fake) surgery or other treatments (such as exercise therapy).
991:"A randomized, controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery versus closed-needle joint lavage for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee"
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2621:
1647:
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1672:
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Arthroscopy is considered a low-risk procedure with a very low rates of serious complications. Commonly, irrigation fluid may leak (
371:(mid-spine) conditions require a surgeon to access the problem area through the rib cage, dramatically lengthening recovery time.
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1501:"Degenerative meniscus tears - assimilation of evidence and consensus statements across three continents: state of the art"
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1096:"Knee arthroscopy versus conservative management in patients with degenerative knee disease: a systematic review"
459:
375:
1780:
Kieser CW, Jackson RW (2003). "Eugen
Bircher (1882–1956) the first knee surgeon to use diagnostic arthroscopy".
1499:
Stone, Jonathan A.; Salzler, Matthew J.; Parker, David A.; Becker, Roland; Harner, Christopher D. (2017-04-21).
355:, fractures of the wrist and torn or damaged ligaments. It can also be used to ascertain joint damage caused by
313:(adhesive capsulitis), chronic tendonitis, removal of loose bodies and partial tears of the long biceps tendon,
46:
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85:
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that is inserted into the joint through a small incision. Arthroscopic procedures can be performed during
2614:
1038:"Arthroscopic surgery for degenerative knee arthritis and meniscal tears: a clinical practice guideline"
642:"Arthroscopic surgery for degenerative knee arthritis and meniscal tears: a clinical practice guideline"
549:
31:
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2060:
1346:"Arthroscopic surgery for degenerative knee: systematic review and meta-analysis of benefits and harms"
579:
Millar, Neal L.; Wu, Xiao; Tantau, Robyn; Silverstone, Elizabeth; Murrell, George A. C. (2009-04-01).
499:'s forty most impactful people in sport's history, coming in at #37, and the only doctor on the list.
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1403:"Arthroscopic surgery for degenerative tears of the meniscus: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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Beaufils, Ph; Becker, R.; Kopf, S.; Englund, M.; Verdonk, R.; Ollivier, M.; Seil, R. (2017-02-01).
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758:
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149:
52:
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Jackson RW (1987). "Memories of the early days of arthroscopy: 1965–1975. The formative years".
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Kise NJ, Risberg MA, Stensrud S, Ranstam J, Engebretsen L, Roos EW, et al. (20 July 2016).
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41st
Congress of the German Society of Surgeons at Berlin. He called the procedure (in Latin)
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Chang RW, Falconer J, Stulberg SD, Arnold WJ, Manheim LM, Dyer AR, et al. (March 1993).
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Järvinen, Teppo L N; Guyatt, Gordon H (20 July 2016). "Arthroscopic surgery for knee pain".
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608:
592:
223:
2061:"In Memoriam: Robert Wilson Jackson, O.C., M.D., F.R.C.S.C., Hon. F.R.C.S. (UK & Edin)"
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While he is often considered the inventor of arthroscopy of the knee, the Japanese surgeon
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solution as his optic media, and entering the joint by a portal on the outer border of the
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400:
310:
286:
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1542:"Surgical management of degenerative meniscus lesions: the 2016 ESSKA meniscus consensus"
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Yeh, PC; Kharrazi, FD (February 2012). "Postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis".
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1944:
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Friberger Pajalic, Katarina; Turkiewicz, Aleksandra; Englund, Martin (1 June 2018).
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Abram, Simon G F; Judge, Andrew; Beard, David J; Price, Andrew J (September 2018).
1892:
Metcalf RW (1985). "A decade of arthroscopic surgery: AANA. Presidential address".
1332:
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528:
432:
368:
175:
703:
117:
2076:
1716:
Kieser CW, Jackson RW (May 2001). "Severin Nordentoft: The first arthroscopist".
1665:
Oxford handbook of dental patient care, the essential guide to hospital dentistry
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448:. It is not clear if these examinations were of deceased or of living patients.
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in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage is performed using an
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2350:– Articles from different institutes, organizations, and spine professionals.
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1452:"Incidental meniscal findings on knee MRI in middle-aged and elderly persons"
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1202:"A controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee"
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1145:"A Randomized Trial of Arthroscopic Surgery for Osteoarthritis of the Knee"
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1007:
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975:
950:"A Randomized Trial of Arthroscopic Surgery for Osteoarthritis of the Knee"
898:
873:"A Controlled Trial of Arthroscopic Surgery for Osteoarthritis of the Knee"
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813:
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719:
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622:
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Watanabe M (1983). "History arthroscopic surgery". In Shahriaree H (ed.).
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Thorlund, J. B.; Juhl, C. B.; Roos, E. M.; Lohmander, L. S. (2015-06-16).
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undergoes rapid, degenerative changes shortly after arthroscopic surgery.
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1598:"Hip Arthroscopy Surgery in Sydney — From Dr. Sunny Randhawa (June 2015)"
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1201:
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872:
536:
195:
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Khan, M; Evaniew, N; Bedi, A; Ayeni, OR; Bhandari, M (7 October 2014).
445:
180:
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99:
1994:"Physician who brought arthroscopy to North America passes away at 78"
1667:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 116, 117.
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127:
394:
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1760:
BUSINESS BRIEFING: GLOBAL HEALTHCARE – ADVANCED MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES
1625:". June 20, 2005. Cleveland Clinic contribution to SpineUniverse.com
1505:
Journal of ISAKOS: Joint Disorders & Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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time and may increase the rate of success due to less trauma to the
237:
During an average knee arthroscopy, a small fiberoptic camera (the
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338:
156:
60:
56:
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SpineUniverse Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery Information Center
2403:
2385:
2874:
2357:
1200:
Moseley JB, O'Malley K, Petersen NJ, et al. (July 2002).
2100:"Update on the risks of complications after knee arthroscopy"
1973:"Robert Jackson was Canadian pioneer in arthroscopic surgery"
1450:
Englund M, Guermazi A, Gale D, et al. (September 2008).
1243:
International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care
451:
Pioneering work began as early as the 1920s with the work of
2870:
2343:
Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery
550:
Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery
2294:
The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
581:"Open versus Two Forms of Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair"
218:
It has, in many cases, replaced the classic open surgery (
191:) is used to distend the joint and make a surgical space.
1642:. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone. pp. 173–178.
1692:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 342–351.
692:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
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215:, is a surgery that uses arthroscopic techniques.
27:Examination of a joint via small surgical incision
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1081:
343:Arthroscopic view showing two of the wrist bones
1711:
1709:
2967:Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
1846:(1st ed.). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.
1546:Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
67:displays a fissure (tip of teaser instrument).
2886:
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1638:Wray D, Stenhouse D, Lee D, Clark AJ (2003).
1030:
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351:is used to investigate and treat symptoms of
8:
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1623:Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Spinal Surgery
511:) into the surrounding soft tissue, causing
2016:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1844:O'Connor's Textbook of Arthroscopic surgery
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2408:
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1751:Craig H. Bennett; Caroline Chebli (2004).
1407:CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal
585:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
521:postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis
45:
2769:Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
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2721:Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction
2338:Arthroscopy Association of North America
2243:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
2200:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
830:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
571:
2009:
1929:"Richard L. O'Connor, M.D., 1933–1980"
495:. For this, Jackson was named one of
36:
1688:Kerawala C, Newlands C, eds. (2010).
7:
1640:Textbook of general and oral surgery
2627:Autologous chondrocyte implantation
1992:Today, Orthopedics; February 2010.
954:The New England Journal of Medicine
877:The New England Journal of Medicine
556:Invasiveness of surgical procedures
417:temporomandibular joint dysfunction
123:
2778:Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty
2622:Knee cartilage replacement therapy
523:(PAGCL) is a rare complication of
25:
1945:10.2106/00004623-198264020-00036
1927:Allen FR, Shahriaree H (1982).
1149:New England Journal of Medicine
174:The advantage over traditional
3156:Orthopedic surgical procedures
1690:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1663:Kalantzis A, Scully C (2005).
381:Arthroscopic procedures treat
374:Arthroscopic procedures (also
1:
2167:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31771-9
2104:BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
1906:10.1016/S0749-8063(85)80087-6
1871:10.1016/S0749-8063(87)80002-6
1794:10.1016/S0749-8063(03)00693-5
927:10.1016/s0749-8063(05)80503-1
704:10.1302/0301-620X.93B10.27078
440:, and used sterile saline or
30:For the medical journal, see
2077:10.1016/j.arthro.2010.01.011
376:endoscopic spinal procedures
292:femoroacetabular impingement
55:located between thigh bone (
1518:10.1136/jisakos-2015-000003
1302:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015587
1112:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016114
3177:
3033:Female reproductive system
2921:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
2610:Articular cartilage repair
2255:10.1177/036354659702500432
995:Arthritis & Rheumatism
332:
279:
228:anterior cruciate ligament
29:
2393:
2117:10.1186/s12891-018-2102-y
1558:10.1007/s00167-016-4407-4
1255:10.1017/S0266462317000861
597:10.1007/s11999-009-0706-0
213:arthroscopic knee surgery
124:
44:
2736:Finger joint replacement
2527:Distraction osteogenesis
2212:10.1177/0363546512443043
1762:(Report). Archived from
842:10.1177/0363546513488518
353:repetitive strain injury
59:, above) and shin bone (
2306:10.5435/JAAOS-20-02-102
2036:"37 DR. ROBERT JACKSON"
1730:10.1053/jars.2001.24058
413:temporomandibular joint
407:Temporomandibular joint
2910:Gastrointestinal tract
2517:Femoral head ostectomy
2485:Vertebral augmentation
2059:Selby, Ronald (2010).
1008:10.1002/art.1780360302
531:wherein the articular
388:and degenerative discs
386:Spinal disc herniation
344:
267:pain in patients with
2714:Weaver–Dunn procedure
2615:Microfracture surgery
2384:Procedures involving
1468:10.1056/NEJMoa0800777
1162:10.1056/nejmoa0708333
967:10.1056/NEJMoa0708333
342:
211:Knee arthroscopy, or
63:, below). The tibial
32:Arthroscopy (journal)
3161:Veterinary diagnosis
3084:Laparoscopic surgery
2704:Shoulder replacement
2666:Intervertebral discs
2424:Orthognathic surgery
2161:(10160): 2194–2202.
1933:J Bone Joint Surg Am
1219:10.1056/NEJMoa013259
890:10.1056/NEJMoa013259
561:Laparoscopic surgery
525:arthroscopic surgery
517:compartment syndrome
357:wrist osteoarthritis
319:shoulder instability
18:Arthroscopic surgery
2856:Arthroscopic lavage
2588:Tension band wiring
2065:Arthroscopy Journal
1815:Böni T (1996). "".
1419:10.1503/cmaj.140433
411:Arthroscopy of the
347:Arthroscopy of the
245:Knee osteoarthritis
2798:Triple arthrodesis
2793:Broström procedure
2731:Brunelli procedure
2532:Ilizarov apparatus
2480:Vertebral fixation
2396:Orthopedic surgery
497:Sports Illustrated
476:Sports Illustrated
345:
307:rotator cuff tears
153:surgical procedure
150:minimally invasive
3138:
3137:
2977:Respiratory tract
2959:Capsule endoscopy
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2834:Joint replacement
2788:Ankle replacement
2596:
2595:
2583:External fixation
2578:Internal fixation
2429:Chin augmentation
2034:Hoffer, Richard.
1362:10.1136/bmj.h2747
1155:(11): 1097–1107.
1054:10.1136/bmj.j1982
960:(11): 1097–1107.
795:10.1136/bmj.i3740
747:10.1136/bmj.i3934
698:(10): 1327–1333.
658:10.1136/bmj.j1982
438:arthroscopia genu
335:Wrist arthroscopy
185:connective tissue
135:
134:
100:OPS-301 code
16:(Redirected from
3168:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2774:Knee replacement
2699:Shoulder surgery
2642:
2409:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2355:
2326:
2325:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2206:(6): 1402–1405.
2195:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2119:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1947:. Archived from
1924:
1918:
1917:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1757:
1753:Knee Arthroscopy
1748:
1742:
1741:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1635:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1600:. Archived from
1594:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1341:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1164:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1091:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1032:
1021:
1020:
1010:
986:
980:
979:
969:
945:
939:
938:
909:
903:
902:
892:
868:
862:
861:
836:(7): 1565–1570.
824:
818:
817:
807:
797:
773:
767:
766:
730:
724:
723:
686:
680:
679:
669:
636:
627:
626:
616:
576:
391:spinal deformity
230:reconstruction.
171:reconstruction.
128:edit on Wikidata
120:
94:
49:
37:
21:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3108:
3099:Mediastinoscopy
3060:
3027:
2999:
2971:
2904:
2899:
2869:
2860:
2802:
2759:Hip replacement
2754:Hip resurfacing
2742:
2687:
2631:
2592:
2541:
2537:Phemister graft
2505:
2489:
2433:
2398:
2389:
2382:
2334:
2329:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1462:(11): 1108–15.
1456:N. Engl. J. Med
1449:
1448:
1444:
1413:(14): 1057–64.
1400:
1399:
1395:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1327:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1206:N. Engl. J. Med
1199:
1198:
1194:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1093:
1092:
1079:
1034:
1033:
1024:
988:
987:
983:
947:
946:
942:
911:
910:
906:
870:
869:
865:
826:
825:
821:
775:
774:
770:
732:
731:
727:
688:
687:
683:
638:
637:
630:
578:
577:
573:
569:
545:
505:
493:Mary Lou Retton
460:Masaki Watanabe
429:
409:
365:
337:
331:
323:Keyhole surgery
311:frozen shoulder
303:
287:Hip arthroscopy
284:
282:Hip arthroscopy
278:
264:
247:
226:and to perform
224:meniscus injury
209:
204:
131:
116:
90:
68:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3174:
3172:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2849:Arthrocentesis
2846:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2771:
2766:
2764:Rotationplasty
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2709:Bankart repair
2706:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2650:
2648:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2568:Epiphysiodesis
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:Astragalectomy
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2332:External links
2330:
2328:
2327:
2284:
2249:(4): 589–590.
2233:
2190:
2141:
2090:
2071:(3): 294–297.
2051:
2023:
1998:www.healio.com
1984:
1964:
1919:
1884:
1849:
1834:
1823:(10): 716–23.
1807:
1772:
1769:on 2007-09-30.
1743:
1705:
1698:
1680:
1673:
1655:
1649:978-0443070839
1648:
1627:
1614:
1589:
1552:(2): 335–346.
1532:
1511:(2): 108–119.
1491:
1442:
1393:
1336:
1325:
1296:(5): e015587.
1276:
1249:(4): 420–423.
1233:
1192:
1135:
1106:(5): e016114.
1077:
1022:
981:
940:
921:(6): 663–667.
904:
863:
819:
768:
725:
681:
628:
591:(4): 966–978.
570:
568:
565:
564:
563:
558:
553:
544:
541:
504:
501:
428:
425:
408:
405:
404:
403:
399:general spine
397:
392:
389:
364:
361:
333:Main article:
330:
327:
302:
299:
280:Main article:
277:
274:
269:osteoarthritis
263:
262:Meniscal tears
260:
246:
243:
208:
205:
203:
200:
148:surgery) is a
133:
132:
125:
122:
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3126:
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3085:
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3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3005:Urinary tract
3002:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2939:Sigmoidoscopy
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
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2891:
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2882:
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2845:
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2809:
2805:
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2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
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2767:
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2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2659:Spinal fusion
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Bone grafting
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2501:Acromioplasty
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:Jaw reduction
2417:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2300:(2): 102–12.
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2013:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1954:on 2008-11-22
1950:
1946:
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1920:
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1911:
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1868:
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1850:
1845:
1838:
1835:
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1826:
1822:
1819:(in German).
1818:
1811:
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1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1773:
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1723:
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1706:
1701:
1699:9780199204830
1695:
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1684:
1681:
1676:
1674:9780198566236
1670:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1604:on 2015-03-10
1603:
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1543:
1536:
1533:
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1524:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
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1101:
1097:
1090:
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1086:
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1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1001:(3): 289–96.
1000:
996:
992:
985:
982:
977:
973:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
941:
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811:
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3051:Falloposcopy
3046:Hysteroscopy
3018:Ureteroscopy
2995:Bronchoscopy
2990:Laryngoscopy
2838:
2828:
2819:Arthroplasty
2783:Ankle fusion
2726:Hand surgery
2681:Arthroplasty
2676:Annuloplasty
2475:Foraminotomy
2460:Laminoplasty
2445:Coccygectomy
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2293:
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142:arthroscopic
141:
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136:
3104:Coelioscopy
3089:Arthroscopy
3079:Laparoscopy
3013:Nephroscopy
2965:Accessory:
2949:Proctoscopy
2944:Pouchoscopy
2934:Colonoscopy
2929:Enteroscopy
2829:Arthroscopy
2824:Synovectomy
2654:Arthrodesis
2470:Facetectomy
2455:Laminectomy
1894:Arthroscopy
1859:Arthroscopy
1782:Arthroscopy
1718:Arthroscopy
1212:(2): 81–8.
915:Arthroscopy
519:. However,
489:Joan Benoit
485:Willis Reed
421:laparoscopy
239:arthroscope
161:arthroscope
138:Arthroscopy
112:MedlinePlus
40:Arthroscopy
3145:Categories
3125:Angioscopy
3056:Culdoscopy
3041:Colposcopy
3023:Cystoscopy
2985:Rhinoscopy
2844:Arthrogram
2814:Arthrotomy
2671:Discectomy
2465:Corpectomy
2450:Laminotomy
2388:and joints
2155:The Lancet
2110:(1): 179.
2045:2020-01-27
2003:2020-01-27
1978:2020-01-27
1958:2010-11-27
1939:(2): 315.
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1608:2008-01-14
442:boric acid
431:Professor
220:arthrotomy
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3120:Fetoscopy
2902:Endoscopy
2602:Cartilage
2573:Reduction
2563:Osteotomy
2553:Ostectomy
2279:209327350
2263:0363-5465
1566:0942-2056
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3130:Otoscopy
3071:incision
2954:Anoscopy
2839:imaging:
2322:11304366
2314:22302448
2228:25464984
2220:22495145
2185:30262336
2136:29859074
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2012:cite web
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537:shoulder
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