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584:, conducted by the School of Environment and Health at the University of British Columbia, looked at adverse respiratory effects in crew members on a wide variety of entertainment venues ranging from live theatres, concerts, television and film productions to a video arcade. This study determined that cumulative exposure to mineral oil and glycol-based fogs was associated with acute and chronic adverse effects on respiratory health. This study found that short-term exposure to glycol fog was associated with coughing, dry throat, headaches, dizziness, drowsiness, and tiredness. This study also found long-term exposure to smoke and fog was associated with both short-term and long-term respiratory problems such as chest tightness and wheezing. Personnel working closest to the fog machines had reduced lung function results.
351:) is used to create low-lying fog effects in a manner similar to dry ice. A machine heats water to at or near the boiling point, creating steam and increasing the humidity in a closed container. When liquid nitrogen is pumped into the container, the moisture rapidly condenses, creating a thick white fog. A fan placed at the output of the container directs the fog where it is needed, creating a rolling fog that lies low to the ground. These types of machines are commonly referred to as "dry foggers" because the fog created by this method consists solely of water droplets, and as it dissipates there is little to no residue left on any surfaces. Dry Fogger is also a trademarked name for a particular brand of this style of fog machine. Liquid air can be used instead of nitrogen.
57:
45:, is a category of atmospheric effects used in the entertainment industry. The use of fogs can be found throughout motion picture and television productions, live theatre, concerts, at nightclubs and raves, amusement and theme parks and even in video arcades and similar venues. These atmospheric effects are used for creating special effects, to make lighting and lighting effects visible, and to create a specific sense of mood or atmosphere. Recently smaller, cheaper
221:, breaking the mineral oil into a fine mist. Another technique for creating haze uses a glycol/water mixture to create haze in a process nearly identical to that for creating fog effects. In either case the fluid used is referred to as haze fluid, but the different formulations are not compatible or interchangeable. Glycol/water haze fluid is sometimes referred to as "water based haze" to avoid
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respiratory health problems. Efforts should be made to reduce exposure to theatrical smoke to as low a level as possible. The use of digital effects in post production on film and television sets can be considered a safer practice than using theatrical smoke and fog during filming, although this is not always practical.
319:(solid carbon dioxide) effects are produced by heating water to or near boiling in a suitable container (for example: a 55-gallon drum with water heater coils in it), and then dropping in one or more pieces of dry ice. Because carbon dioxide cannot exist as a liquid at atmospheric pressure, the dry ice
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and instantly produces a gas, condensing water vapour and creating a thick white fog. A fan placed at the top of the container directs the fog where it is needed, creating a rolling fog that lies low to the ground. As the submerged dry ice cools the water, the amount and duration of fog produced will
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has compiled a standard for theatrical fogs or artificial mists compositions for use in entertainment venues that "are not likely to be harmful to otherwise healthy performers, technicians, or audience members of normal working age, which is 18 to 64 years of age, inclusive." This standard was based
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musicals. The conclusion of all three studies was that there was irritation of mucous membranes such as the eyes and the respiratory tract associated with extended peak exposure to theatrical fog. Exposure guidelines were outlined in the 2000 study that, it was determined, should prevent actors from
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Nitrogen itself is relatively non-toxic, but in high concentrations it can displace oxygen, creating a suffocation hazard. Liquid nitrogen (−195.8 °C) presents a significant risk of frostbite or cold burn if mishandled. Proper protective clothing, such as long sleeves and gloves, should always
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canisters containing mineral oil under pressure. Although the density of haze generated and the volume of space that can be filled is significantly smaller than that of a haze machine, aerosol canisters have the advantages of portability, no requirements for electricity and finer control over the
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Short term exposure to glycol fog can be associated with headaches, dizziness, drowsiness and tiredness. Long term exposure to smoke and fog can be related to upper airway and voice symptoms. Extended (multi-year) exposure to smoke and fog has been associated with both short-term and long-term
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is used to chill theatrical fog, the result is a thick fog that stays within a few feet of the ground. As the fog warms, or is agitated, it rises and dissipates. Several manufacturers of theatrical fog fluid have developed specially formulated mixtures specifically designed to be used with
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Theatrical fog and theatrical fog machines are also becoming more prevalent in industrial applications outside of the entertainment industry, due to their ease of use, inherent portability and ruggedness. Common popular applications for theatrical fog include environmental testing (such as
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gas bubbles are formed, then the bulk liquid molecules start to evaporate at the surface of the bubbles into the gas bubbles. The evaporated liquid molecules are later condensed within the bubbles creating a fog which lead to more evaporation of liquid molecules into gas bubbles based on
177:"Low-lying" fog effects can be created by combining a fog machine with another device designed specifically for this purpose. As the fog exits the fog machine it is chilled, either by passing through a device containing a fan and ice, or by passing through a device containing a fan and
185:. The result is a relatively thick fog that stays within a few feet of the ground. As the fog warms, or is agitated, it rises and dissipates. Several manufacturers of theatrical fog fluid have developed specially formulated mixtures specifically designed to be used with CO
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On
January 4, 2008, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented a Technical Achievement Award to Jörg Pöhler and Rüdiger Kleinke of OTTEC Technology GmbH for the design and development of the battery-operated series of fog machines known as "Tiny
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at each end. Fog from a fog machine is pumped in one side of the container, and allowed to flow out the other end. Although this technique does allow an individual to create low-lying fog "on the cheap" (when compared to the cost of renting cylinders of liquid
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On March 25, 1985, the
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented a Scientific and Engineering Award to Günther Schaidt of Rosco Laboratories for the development of an improved, non-toxic fluid for creating fog and smoke for motion picture
532:, should always be worn when handling these products. Liquid carbon dioxide, (5 atmospheres; −56.6 °C), stored in compressed cylinders, also presents all the hazards attendant to materials under pressure and should be handled accordingly.
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On March 7, 1992, the
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented a Technical Achievement Award to Jim Doyle for the design and development of the Dry Fogger, which uses liquid nitrogen to produce a safe, dense, low-hanging dry
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The techniques and technology for creating smoke and fog effects are continually evolving. The individuals who create and develop theatrical fog for use in the entertainment industry have received numerous recognition for their efforts.
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wrote especially for her. It was during Hall's rendition of "Ill Wind" that nitrogen smoke was used to cover the floor of the stage. It was the first time such an effect had ever been used on a stage and caused a sensation.
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to control timing and duration. When the solenoid valve is closed, the fog rapidly disperses in the air, ending the effect nearly instantaneously. This effect can be used for a variety of applications, including simulating
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Another study focused on the use of theatrical fog in the commercial aviation industry for emergency training of staff in simulated fire conditions. This study that found eye and respiratory tract irritation can occur.
166:, and is generally only used outdoors due to the volume of fog produced and the petroleum fuel required. For theatrical purposes the pesticide is typically replaced with glycol, glycol/water mixtures, or water.
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The operating characteristics of this compact, well-engineered and remote-controllable package make possible a range of safe special effects that would be totally impractical with larger, more conventional fog
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On
February 28, 1998, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented a Technical Achievement Award to James F. Foley (UCISCO); Charles Converse (UCISCO); F. Edward Gardner (UCISCO); Bob Stoker and
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or glycol/water mixtures (referred to as fog fluid) into a heat exchanger (essentially a block of metal with a resistance heating element in it) and heating until the fluid vapourises, creating a thick
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be worn when handling these products. Liquid nitrogen is stored in compressed cylinders, and therefore presents all the hazards attendant to materials under pressure and should be handled accordingly.
189:, intended to provide thicker, more consistent fog effects. Although these chilling devices do not use carbon dioxide, the specially formulated fog fluid does create denser fog than regular fog fluid.
162:), ignites the fuel to create a flame, and then heats a mixture of air and pesticide to create a dense fog. This technique is similar to the smoke generators used by military forces to create
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Smoke is differentiated from other atmospheric effects in that it is composed of solid particles released during combustion, rather than the liquid droplets that fog or haze are composed of.
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Adelaide Hall obituary in the
Independent newspaper in which it mentions the use of nitrogen smoke used during Hall's appearance at the Cotton Club: (article retrieved 26 December 2014):
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Health harms can be caused by short- and long-term exposure to artificial fogs. Some types of fog are less healthy than others. Handling the generating equipment also has health risks.
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Militaries have historically used smoke and fog to mask troop movements in training and combat, the techniques of which are technologically similar to those used in theatre and film.
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1962. Virgil Allen testing
Dynafog Model 70 fog machine used for pest control. Machine has jet engine and disseminates only oil-based material. Olympic National Forest, Washington
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still live, or if there are any leaks of smoke from the venue sufficient to set off detectors in other parts of the venue being tested. This practice is known as a smoke test.
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The first study that was done by
Consultech Engineering, Co. under contract to Actor's Equity. The findings of the Consultech study were confirmed by two additional studies—a
268:, intended to provide thicker, more consistent fog effects. Effect duration is determined by the heating cycle of the theatrical fog machine and consumption rate of liquid CO
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commissioned by ESTA and applies only those fog fluid compositions that consist of a mixture of water and glycol and glycerin (so called "water based" fog fluid).
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or watertight containers with integral heaters), the volume of low-lying fog produced is typically less, and is more susceptible to atmospheric disturbances.
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Dry ice can also be used in conjunction with a fog machine to create a low-lying fog effect. Dry ice is placed inside an insulated container with an
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633:
Kuntzleman, T. S.; Ford, N.; No, J.-H.; Ott, M. E. (2015). "A Molecular
Explanation of How the Fog Is Produced When Dry Ice Is Placed in Water".
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An obsolete method for creating theatrical fog on-stage (although the technique is still used in motion pictures) is to use a device known as a
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have become available to the general public, and fog effects are becoming more common in residential applications, from small house parties to
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A number of studies have been published on the potential health effects presented by exposure to theatrical fogs and artificial mists.
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cloud intended primarily to reveal lighting beams, such as "light fingers" in a rock concert. This effect is produced using a
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There are generally 4 types of fog effects used in entertainment applications: smoke, fog, haze, and "low-lying" effects.
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When using smoke machines, a common test is to fill the venue to the full capacity with smoke to see if there are any
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Experimental exposure to propylene glycol mist in aviation emergency training: acute ocular and respiratory effects
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363:(1598–1613) reportedly used smoke effects during performances for atmosphere and special effects.
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Theatrical Fog Made With
Aqueous Solutions Of Di- And Trihydric Alcohols F&S/1997-3017r7.5
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Ontario Ministry of Labour – Fog and Smoke Safety Guideline for the Live Performance Industry
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Effects of theatrical smokes and fogs on respiratory health in the entertainment industry
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Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Scientific and Technical Award winners – 2007
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773:"HARLEM NIGHT CLUBS BRILLIANT AND LIVELY – ADELAIDE HALL, GLADYS BENTLEY FEATURED STARS"
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cloud. Devices specifically manufactured for this purpose are referred to as
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http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-adelaide-hall-1502902.html
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835:. Prepared for Actor's Equity Pension and Health Trust Funds. June 6, 2000.
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Smoke effects refers to theatrical atmospheric effects produced either by
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systems to identify leaks in ducting, as well as to visualize air flow.
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Show Tunes: The Songs, Shows, and Careers of Broadway's Major Composers
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for the development and realization of the Liquid Synthetic Air system.
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729:, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 147 (retrieved 14 September 2014).
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Teschke K, Chow Y, van Netten C, Varughese S, Kennedy SM, Brauer M.
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Varughese S, Teschke K, Brauer M, Chow Y, van Netten C, Kennedy SM.
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Health Effects Evaluation of Theatrical Smoke, Haze and Pyrotechnics
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if mishandled. Proper protective clothing, such as long sleeves and
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Exposures to atmospheric effects in the entertainment industry
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suffering adverse impact to their health or vocal abilities.
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Theatre Effects U.S. – Many Fog FAQs Found Within This Site
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Smoke machines are commonly used in the testing of larger
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be reduced, requiring "rest" periods to reheat the water.
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Burr GA, Van Gilder TJ, Trout DB, Wilcox TG, Driscoll R.
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Moline JM, Golden AL, Highland JH, Wilmarth KR, Kao AS.
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213:, typically done in one of two ways. One technique uses
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Fog is created by pumping one of a variety of different
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Dry ice (−78.5 °C) presents a significant risk of
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Atmospheric effects used in the entertainment industry
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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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24th Edition. In the show Hall introduced the song "
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228:Smaller volumes of haze can also be generated from
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312:Generic dry ice machine made from a 45gal. drum
205:Haze effects refer to creating an unobtrusive,
822:HETA 90-0355-2499. Actor's Equity Association.
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870:ANSI E1.5 – 2003, Entertainment Technology –
848:. Occup Environ Med. 2001 Oct. 58(10):649–55.
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886:. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2005 May 2(5):277–84.
667:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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497:. Higher concentrations will result in
173:A thermal fogger and fan on a movie set
60:Fog is used for dramatic effect as the
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580:In May 2005, a study published in the
861:. Am J Ind Med. 2005 May 47(5):411–8.
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62:2007 Texas Longhorns football team
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751:The 1934 Cotton Club Parades.
428:Technical achievement awards
279:plumes are created from the
201:A laser passing through haze
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111:smoke pencils or pens.
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35:special effect smoke
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495:shortness of breath
370:opened at Harlem's
103:substances such as
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366:On 23 March 1934,
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704:21 September
702:. Retrieved
700:. March 2018
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663:cite journal
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615:Haze machine
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303:pyrotechnics
281:condensation
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1261:Prompt book
1222:Accessories
1174:Instruments
954:scenography
610:Fog machine
515:ventilation
507:suffocation
463:production.
388:Ted Koehler
372:Cotton Club
215:mineral oil
207:homogeneous
137:translucent
97:pyrotechnic
1331:Categories
1238:management
1212:Striplight
1109:Barn doors
1039:Fly system
971:Theatrical
963:Scene shop
950:Stagecraft
739:"Ill Wind"
621:References
321:sublimates
179:compressor
1217:Spotlight
1129:Cyclorama
1119:Color gel
1044:Platforms
526:frostbite
491:dizziness
479:headaches
446:Foggers."
382:", which
223:ambiguity
101:flammable
51:Halloween
1246:Blocking
1102:Hardware
1029:Curtains
1017:Hardware
804:Archived
604:See also
570:Broadway
380:Ill Wind
340:Nitrogen
248:in water
156:kerosene
1318:Outline
1159:Top hat
1114:C-clamp
1054:Weights
1003:Rigging
973:scenery
643:Bibcode
511:dry ice
505:due to
329:orifice
317:Dry ice
299:geysers
246:Dry ice
230:aerosol
160:propane
105:incense
1076:Fields
1024:Batten
981:Fields
530:gloves
483:nausea
452:units.
414:Awards
141:opaque
132:glycol
1347:Smoke
1236:Stage
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1149:Snoot
1034:Flats
725:, in
503:death
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952:and
706:2019
669:link
587:The
501:and
493:and
434:fog.
408:HVAC
386:and
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193:Haze
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1337:Fog
1251:Cue
651:doi
374:in
277:fog
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