68:
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277:
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750:). Naturally occurring vernal ponds do not usually have fish, a major higher tropic level consumer, as these ponds frequently dry up. The absence of fish is a very important characteristic of these ponds since it prevents long chained biotic interactions from establishing. Ponds without these competitive predation pressures provides breeding locations and safe havens for endangered or migrating species. Hence, introducing fish to a pond can have seriously detrimental consequences. In some parts of the world, such as California, the vernal ponds have rare and endangered plant species. On the coastal plain, they provide habitat for endangered frogs such as the
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and turtles that migrate to and from ponds as part of their annual breeding cycle and should be kept as far away from established ponds as possible. Because of these factors, gently sloping shorelines with broad expanses of wetland plants not only provide the best conditions for wildlife, but they help protect water quality from sources in the surrounding landscapes. It is also beneficial to allow water levels to fall each year during drier periods in order to re-establish these gentile shorelines.
767:
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265:, in part to include 'bodies of water where light penetrates to the bottom of the waterbody', 'bodies of water shallow enough for rooted water plants to grow throughout', and 'bodies of water which lack wave action on the shoreline'. Each of these definitions are difficult to measure or verify in practice and are of limited practical use, and are mostly not now used. Accordingly, some organizations and researchers have settled on technical definitions of
45:
678:
427:
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295:, known as the "land of 10,000 lakes", is commonly said to distinguish lakes from ponds, bogs and other water features by this definition, but also says that a lake is distinguished primarily by wave action reaching the shore. Even among organizations and researchers who distinguish lakes from ponds by size alone, there is no universally recognized standard for the maximum size of a pond. The international
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521:
809:
138:, or simply natural undulations in undrained land) filled by runoff, groundwater, or precipitation, or all three of these. They can be further divided into four zones: vegetation zone, open water, bottom mud and surface film. The size and depth of ponds often varies greatly with the time of year; many ponds are produced by spring flooding from rivers. Ponds are usually
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effects on lakes and ponds. Spring overturn, summer stratification, autumn turnover, and an inverse winter stratification, ponds adjust their stratification or their vertical zonation of temperature due to these influences. These environmental factors affect pond circulation and temperature gradients within the water itself producing distant layers; the
60:
517:. Ponds are used for breeding grounds for these species but also as shelter and even drinking/feeding locations for other wildlife. Aquaculture practices lean heavily on artificial ponds in order to grow and care for many different type of fish either for human consumption, research, species conservation or recreational sport.
893:(carbon dioxide) to be converted into forms of carbon that can easily be stored in sediments. When these new drainage ponds are constructed, concentrations of bacteria that normally break down dead organic matter, such as algae, are low. As a result, breakdown and release of nitrogen gases from these organic materials such as
1182:
David C. Richardson; Meredith A. Holgerson; Matthew J. Farragher; Kathryn K. Hoffman; Katelyn B. S. King; MarĂa B. Alfonso; Mikkel R. Andersen; Kendra Spence
Cheruveil; Kristen A. Coleman; Mary Jade Farruggia; Rocio Luz Fernandez; Kelly L. Hondula; Gregorio A. LĂłpez Moreira Mazacotte; Katherine Paul;
315:
to be 'a man-made or natural waterbody that is between 1 m (0.00010 hectares; 0.00025 acres) and 20,000 m (2.0 hectares; 4.9 acres) in area, which holds water for four months of the year or more.' Other
European biologists have set the upper size limit at 5 hectares
993:
In landscapes where ponds are artificially constructed, they are done so to provide wildlife viewing and conservation opportunities, to treat wastewater, for sequestration and pollution containment, or for simply aesthetic purposes. For natural pond conservation and development, one way to stimulate
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and so on. The significance of this feature seems, in some cases, to have been lost when the word was carried abroad with emigrants. However, some parts of New
England contain "ponds" that are actually the size of a small lake when compared to other countries. In the United States, natural pools are
452:
and other tectonic uplifting events have created some of the oldest lakes and ponds on the globe. These indentions have the tendency to quickly fill with groundwater if they occur below the local water table. Other tectonic rifts or depressions can fill with precipitation, local mountain runoff, or
447:
and sediment outwash plains. These areas may develop depressions that can fill up with excess precipitation or seeping ground water, forming a small pond. Kettle lakes and ponds are formed when ice breaks off from a larger glacier, is eventually buried by the surrounding glacial till, and over time
989:
to expand beyond the limitation of the pond. However, the construction of retaining walls, lawns, and other urbanized developments can severely degrade the range of pond habitats and the longevity of the pond itself. Roads and highways act in the same manor, but they also interfere with amphibians
792:
Many ponds undergo a regular yearly process in the same matter as larger lakes if they are deep enough and/or protected from the wind. Abiotic factors such as UV radiation, general temperature, wind speed, water density, and even size, all have important roles to play when it comes to the seasonal
543:
can be created to reduce nutrient runoff from reaching local streams or groundwater storages. Pollutants that enter ponds can often be mitigated by natural sedimentation and other biological and chemical activities within the water. As such, waste stabilization ponds are becoming popular low-cost
816:
Each zone has varied traits that sustain or harm specific organisms and biotic interactions below the surface depending on the season. Winter surface ice begins to melt in the Spring. This allows the water column to begin mixing thanks to solar convection and wind velocity. As the pond mixes, an
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to grow as sunlight still penetrates here. These algae may support yet another food web that includes aquatic insects and other small fish species. A pond, therefore, may have combinations of three different food webs, one based on larger plants, one based upon decayed plants, and one based upon
830:
lakes with high levels of dissolved oxygen as the water reaches an average colder temperature. Finally, winter stratification occurs inversely to summer stratification as surface ice begins to form yet again. This ice cover remains until solar radiation and convection return in the spring.
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consume the wetland plants directly as a source of food. In many other cases, pond plants will decay in the water. Many invertebrates and herbivorous zooplankton then feed on the decaying plants, and these lower trophic level organisms provide food for wetland species including fish,
362:
In practice, a body of water is called a pond or a lake on an individual basis, as conventions change from place to place and over time. In origin, a pond is a variant form of the word pound, meaning a confining enclosure. In earlier times, ponds were artificial and utilitarian, as
834:
Due to this constant change in vertical zonation, seasonal stratification causes habitats to grow and shrink accordingly. Certain species are bound to these distinct layers of the water column where they can thrive and survive with the best efficiency possible.
788:. The scales are used to associate each section of the stratification to their corresponding depths and temperatures. The arrow is used to show the movement of wind over the surface of the water which initiates the turnover in the epilimnion and the hypolimnion.
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overall constant temperature is reached. As temperatures increase through the summer, thermal stratification takes place. Summer stratification allows for the epilimnion to be mixed by winds, keeping a consistent warm temperature throughout this zone. Here,
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Ponds provide not only environmental values, but practical benefits to society. One increasingly crucial benefit that ponds provide is their ability to act as greenhouse gas sinks. Most natural lakes and ponds are greenhouse gas sources and aid in the
438:
Natural ponds are those caused by environmental occurrences. These can vary from glacial, volcanic, fluvial, or even tectonic events. Since the
Pleistocene epoch, glacial processes have created most of the Northern hemispheric ponds; an example is the
825:
flourishes. However, those species that need cooler water with higher dissolved oxygen concentrations will favor the lower metalimnion or hypolimnion. Air temperature drops as fall approaches and a deep mixing layer occurs. Autumn turnover results in
150:
pools, with a direct connection to the sea to maintain full salinity, may sometimes be called 'ponds' but these are normally regarded as part of the marine environment. They do not support fresh or brackish water-based organisms, and are rather
994:
this is with general stream and river restoration. Many small rivers and streams feed into or from local ponds within the same watershed. When these rivers and streams flood and begin to meander, large numbers of natural ponds, including
735:
algae and their specific upper trophic level consumers and predators. Hence, ponds often have many different animal species using the wide array of food sources though biotic interaction. They, therefore, provide an important source of
936:
or buffalo as watering and bathing holes. As mentioned in the use section, ponds are important hotspots for biodiversity. Sometimes this becomes an issue with invasive or introduced species that disrupt pond ecosystem dynamics such as
757:
Often groups of ponds in a given landscape - so called 'pondscapes' - offer especially high biodiversity benefits compared to single ponds. A group of ponds provides a higher degree of habitat complexity and habitat connectivity.
496:
Many ecosystems are linked by water and ponds have been found to hold a greater biodiversity of species than larger freshwater lakes or river systems. As such, ponds are habitats for many varieties of organisms including plants,
214:. Since fish are a major predator upon amphibian larvae, ponds that dry up each year, thereby killing resident fish, provide important refugia for amphibian breeding. Ponds that dry up completely each year are often known as
984:
Ponds, depending on their orientation and size, can spread their wetland habitats into the local riparian zones or watershed boundaries. Gentle slopes of land into ponds provides an expanse of habitat for wetland plants and
485:, local fires can create depressions during periods of drought. These have the tendency to fill up with small amounts of precipitation until normal water levels return, turning these isolated ponds into open water.
335:
at 340 acres (140 ha). There are numerous examples in other states, where bodies of water less than 10 acres (40,000 m; 4.0 ha) are being called lakes. As the case of
Crystal Lake shows,
662:. Because of this, many ponds and lakes contain large numbers of endemic species that have gone through adaptive radiation to become specialized to their preferred habitat. Familiar examples might include
3673:
1995:
4165:
1341:
Biggs, Jeremy; Williams, Penny; Whitfield, Mericia; Nicolet, Pascale; Weatherby, Anita (2005). "15 years of pond assessment in
Britain: results and lessons learned from the work of Pond Conservation".
387:, which may also apply to a large body of water such as a lake. In the South Western parts of North American, lakes or ponds that are temporary and often dried up for most parts of the year are called
102:
and there are no official criteria distinguishing the two, although defining a pond to be less than 5 hectares (12 acres) in area, less than 5 metres (16 ft) in depth and with less than 30% with
693:, provide shelter for wildlife, and stabilize the shore of the pond. This margin is also known as the littoral zone and contains much of the photosynthetic algae and plants of this ecosystem called
5240:
1794:
Johnson, Pieter T. J.; Preston, Daniel L.; Hoverman, Jason T.; Richgels, Katherine L. D. (2013). "Biodiversity decreases disease through predictable changes in host community competence".
587:
Some ponds are the life blood of many small villages in arid countries such as those in sub-Saharan Africa where bathing, sanitation, fishing, socialization, and rituals are held. In the
372:
often called ponds. Ponds for a specific purpose keep the adjective, such as "stock pond", used for watering livestock. The term is also used for temporary accumulation of water from
2508:
Genet, John A.; Olsen, Anthony R. (2008). "Assessing depressional wetland quantity and quality using a probabilistic sampling design in the
Redwood River watershed, Minnesota, USA".
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and animals. Depth, seasonal water level variations, nutrient fluxes, amount of light reaching the ponds, the shape, the presence of visiting large mammals, the composition of any
746:. These ponds dry up for part of the year and are so called because they are typically at their peak depth in the spring (the meaning of "vernal" comes form the Latin word for
4909:
2073:
Birx-Raybuck, Devynn A.; Price, Steven J.; Dorcas, Michael E. (21 November 2009). "Pond age and riparian zone proximity influence anuran occupancy of urban retention ponds".
2141:
Zongo, Bilassé; Zongo, Frédéric; Toguyeni, Aboubacar; Boussim, Joseph I. (1 February 2017). "Water quality in forest and village ponds in
Burkina Faso (western Africa)".
461:
and snow melt. Temporary or vernal ponds are created this way and are important for breeding fish, insects, and amphibians, particularly in large river systems like the
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1285:
391:. These playas are simply shallow depressions in dry areas that may only fill with water on certain occasion like excess local drainage, groundwater seeping, or rain.
3513:
630:, their own springs, or a combination of these sources. They were designed to retain the water, while at the same time letting some water seep away to feed the local
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are becoming more common in new housing developments. These ponds reduce the risk of flooding and erosion damage from excess storm water runoff in local communities.
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causes. Apart from their role as highly biodiverse, fundamentally natural, freshwater ecosystems ponds have had, and still have, many uses, including providing
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5225:
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Common freshwater fish species include the Large Mouth and Small Mouth Bass, Catfish, Bluegill, and
Sunfish such as the Pumpkinseed Sunfish shown above
1433:
Adamson, David; Newell, Charles (1 February 2014). "Frequently Asked
Questions about Monitored Natural Attenuation in Groundwater". Fort Belvoir, VA.
953:
that attack breeding amphibians, aquatic snails that carry infectious parasites that kill other species, and even rapid spreading aquatic plants like
642:
488:
Manmade ponds are those created by human intervention for the sake of the local environment, industrial settings, or for recreational/ornamental use.
3688:
233:, livestock and communities, aiding in habitat restoration, serving as breeding grounds for local and migrating species, decorative components of
281:
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be fed by mountain streams. Volcanic activity can also lead to lake and pond formation through collapsed lava tubes or volcanic cones. Natural
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in the ground which collects and retains a sufficient amount of water can be considered a pond, and such, can be formed by a variety of
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1853:
Bagenal, T. B.; Lowe-McConnell, R. H. (1976). "Fish Communities in Tropical Freshwaters: Their Distribution, Ecology and Evolution".
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Experimental ponds are used to test hypotheses in the fields of environmental science, chemistry, aquatic biology, and limnology.
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Some regions of the United States define a pond as a body of water with a surface area of less than 10 acres (4.0 ha).
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where faced with excessive nutrient input from fertilizers and runoff. This over-nitrifies the pond water and results in mass
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1690:. Valk, Arnoud van der., National Wetlands Technical Council (U.S.) (1st ed.). Ames: Iowa State University. 1989.
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The Flooded Forest: Guidance for policy makers and river managers in Europe on the restoration of floodplain forests
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1719:
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Benjamin L. Peierls; Joseph S. Rabaey; Steven Sadro; MarĂa Laura Sánchez; Robyn L. Smyth; Jon N. Sweetman (2022).
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and upon aquatic plants. There is usually a diverse array of aquatic life, with a few examples including algae,
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311:). Researchers for the British charity Pond Conservation (now called Freshwater Habitats Trust) have defined a
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2479:. Holt, Jodie S., Ghersa, Claudio., Radosevich, Steven R. (3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience.
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temple monks care for sacred ponds used for religious practices and bathing pilgrims alike. In Europe during
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How Much Habitat is Enough? A Framework for Guiding Habitat Rehabilitation in Great Lakes Areas of Concern
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along rivers, as well as landscapes that contain many depressions, may experience spring/rainy season
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730:, and herons both in the littoral zone and the limnetic zone. The open water limnetic zone may allow
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91:
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STANLEY, E. G. (1 June 1975). "The Merriam-Webster Dictionary – The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary".
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For more information regarding seasonal thermal stratification of ponds and lakes, please look at "
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Ghost Ponds : Resurrecting lost ponds and species to assist aquatic biodiversity conservation
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Ecology of weeds and invasive plants: relationship to agriculture and natural resource management
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of these dissolved compounds. However, manmade farm ponds are becoming significant sinks for gas
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There are various regional names for naturally occurring ponds. In Scotland, one of the terms is
2876:
2588:"Habitat recovery and restoration in aquatic ecosystems: current progress and future challenges"
2236:
1654:
Brönmark, Christer; Hansson, Lars-Anders (21 December 2017). "The Biology of Lakes and Ponds".
1516:"The ecology of European ponds: defining the characteristics of a neglected freshwater habitat"
1378:"Evaluation of potential sources of sauger Sander canadensis for reintroduction into Lake Erie"
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717:) thrive here and stand as the primary producers of pond food webs. Some grazing animals like
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does not occur and thus, not added to our atmosphere. This process is also used with regular
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level water from surrounding soils. Highly acidic drainage ponds act as catalysis for excess
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of North America. When glaciers retreat, they may leave behind uneven ground due to bedrock
1607:"Lipid Reserves of Migrant Shorebirds During Spring in Playas of the Southern Great Plains"
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The technical distinction between a pond and a lake has not been universally standardized.
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communities and salinity can all affect the types of plant and animal communities present.
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partitioning, and guild assignments. This varies from introduced fish species such as the
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basins, general urbanization, interception basins for pollutants and sources and sinks of
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Cutko, Andrew; Rawinski, Thomas (13 August 2007), "Flora of Northeastern Vernal Pools",
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A Retention pond guarded by concrete wall and surrounded by Taro plants in an urban area
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1586:. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 28 November 2017.
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Ponds are frequently man made or expanded beyond their original depths and bounds by
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In North America, even larger bodies of water have been called ponds; for example,
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channels, by glacial processes, by peatland formation, in coastal dune systems, by
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2633:. FLOBAR2, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 96 p.
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Reay, D. S.; Grace, J. (2007), "Carbon dioxide: importance, sources and sinks.",
2237:"Framing a Strategy for Pond Landscape Conservation: aims, objectives and issues"
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1121: – pond which is constructed to treat lightly polluted water or wastewater
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Some farm ponds are not used for runoff control but rather for livestock like
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218:. Some ponds are produced by animal activity, including alligator holes and
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1561:"Newton of Braintree, Baron, (Antony Harold Newton) (1937–25 March 2012)",
1491:
1474:
1226:
2225:
by Padma Sunder Joshi, Spaces Nepal, April 2018, retrieved 11 October 2019
1475:"Koshi Tappu Ramsar Site: Updates on Ramsar Information Sheet on Wetlands"
1160:
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purposes can sometimes be the driving factor behind the categorization.
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1242:
Clegg, J. (1986). Observer's Book of Pond Life. Frederick Warne, London
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999:
863:
722:
686:
655:
631:
627:
502:
449:
416:
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300:
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114:. Ponds can be created by a wide variety of natural processes (e.g. on
111:
107:
59:
1933:
Science and Conservation of Vernal Pools in Northeastern North America
1185:"A functional definition to distinguish ponds from lakes and wetlands"
5266:
5156:
4781:
4572:
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4458:
4077:
3403:
3168:
2974:
2956:
2700:
2604:
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2554:
Dufour, Simon; Piégay, Hervé (2005), "Restoring Floodplain Forests",
2521:
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859:
671:
604:
533:
514:
510:
481:
through damning and nest excavation respectively. In landscapes with
466:
285:
195:
183:
123:
1882:
1354:
403:
Pond formation through seeping groundwater in South Tufa, California
162:
Ponds are typically shallow water bodies with varying abundances of
1376:
Hartman, Travis; Tyson, Jeff; Page, Kevin; Stott, Wendylee (2019).
5161:
5132:
4622:
4577:
4567:
4547:
4498:
4463:
4438:
4411:
4307:
2994:
1759:"How do glaciers affect land? | National Snow and Ice Data Center"
963:
909:
layer of ponds. However, not all ponds have the ability to become
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methods for general wastewater treatment. They may also provide
384:
308:
191:
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99:
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4254:
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3210:
3172:
2669:
2048:"Why Ponds are Important to the Environment (How you can help)"
626:. These ponds were fed with rainwater, water coming in through
4416:
4327:
3635:
3625:
2357:
Ridgwell, A.; Edwards, U. (2007), "Geological carbon sinks.",
616:
71:
Stereoscopic image of a pond in Central City Park, Macon, GA,
2216:
Traditional Ponds – The Water Urban-ism of Newar Civilization
1605:
Davis, Craig A.; Smith, Loren M.; Conway, Warren C. (2005).
968:
During the last thirty years of his life, the main focus of
646:
Azalea flowers around a still pond in London's Richmond Park
4250:
1903:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 390–426,
1514:
Céréghino, R.; Biggs, J.; Oertli, B.; Declerck, S. (2008).
883:
465:. Some ponds are solely created by animals species such as
961:
that can restrict water flow and cause overbank flooding.
770:
Lakes are stratified into three separate sections: I. The
331:
at 61 acres (250,000 m; 25 ha), and nearby
622:
In Nepal artificial ponds were essential elements of the
126:), or they can simply be isolated depressions (such as a
2660:
Wetlands of British Columbia: A Guide to Identification
1312:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2592:
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
2586:
Geist, Juergen; Hawkins, Stephen J. (31 August 2016).
1899:
Keddy, Paul A. (2010), "Conservation and management",
1343:
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
63:
A man made pond at sunset in Montgomery County, Ohio.
2268:"New policy directions for global pond conservation"
1123:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
812:
A pond in winter experiencing inverse stratification
607:(small, partly self-sufficient communities) to have
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5541:
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2707:
2662:. Ministry of Forests, Land Management Handbook 52.
685:Often, the entire margin of the pond is fringed by
658:for a biological community commonly referred to as
222:, and these add important diversity to landscapes.
2549:
2547:
1894:
1892:
1256:(4th ed.). Harmondsworth: Frederick Warne.
650:A defining feature of a pond is the presence of
2558:, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 306–312,
1967:, CRC Press, pp. 797–824, 1 January 1994,
1109: – Swamp dominated by pond or bald cypress
323:at 33 acres (130,000 m; 13 ha),
4853:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
882:. These agriculture runoff ponds receive high
551:for struggling farms during times of drought.
5109:
4938:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
4863:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
4266:
3474:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
3184:
2681:
299:sets the upper limit for pond size as 8
8:
1565:, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007,
1310:Wetland ecology: principles and conservation
1284:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
280:Vegetated pond within the sand dunes of the
5257:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
3539:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
2310:. Likens, Gene E., 1935-. . 19 March 2009.
2184:"Regional Perspectives: Local Traditions",
1130: – Garden with water as a main feature
5411:
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4292:
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2674:
2666:
2338:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1288:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
611:. These are still common in Europe and in
2603:
2448:
2366:
2283:
1622:
1490:
1401:
1216:
976:of about 250 oil paintings depicting the
949:that eat native water plants or Northern
697:. Other photosynthetic organisms such as
689:, and these wetlands support the aquatic
2255:– via Taylor & Francis Online.
553:
206:. Top predators may include large fish,
2433:"Farm Ponds Sequester Greenhouse Gases"
1139:
27:Relatively small body of standing water
4958:Meadowview Biological Research Station
4890:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
2658:W.H. MacKenzie and J.R. Moran (2004).
2331:
2266:Hill, Matthew J.; et al. (2018).
1734:"Kettles (U.S. National Park Service)"
1711:
1455:
1444:
1277:
2470:
2468:
2361:, Wallingford: CABI, pp. 74–97,
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1238:
1236:
562:As urbanization continues to spread,
261:have proposed formal definitions for
7:
5241:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
5203:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
2403:, Wallingford: CABI, pp. 1–10,
2186:Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies
1592:10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.22489
1303:
1301:
1299:
1254:The new observer's book of pond life
742:Opposite to long standing ponds are
624:ancient drinking water supply system
573:Siddha Pokhari, a reservoir pond in
4953:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
3802:Oceanic physical-biological process
3664:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
1571:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u29423
2645:Zen & the Art of Pond Building
1664:10.1093/oso/9780198713593.001.0001
1473:Karki, Jhamak B (1 January 1970).
1066:, 17th-century artificial pond in
25:
5167:Montane grasslands and shrublands
1038:, United States, associated with
282:Lençóis Maranhenses National Park
110:of ponds from those of lakes and
5078:
5077:
5066:
4235:
4234:
4222:
4208:
3840:
3512:
3329:Colored dissolved organic matter
2875:
2556:Forest Restoration in Landscapes
1963:"Toward Ecosystem Restoration",
1252:Clegg, John, 1909-1998. (1986).
1115: – Water feature in gardens
1091:
854:Artificial pond in front of the
316:(50,000 m; 12 acres).
174:are based both on free-floating
5283:Flooded grasslands and savannas
4449:Flooded grasslands and savannas
3674:Latin America and the Caribbean
1382:Journal of Great Lakes Research
599:times, it was typical for many
5596:Ecological land classification
5125:Biogeographic regionalisations
4156:Ecological values of mangroves
3699:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
2629:Hughes, F.M.R. (ed.). (2003).
2475:Radosevich, Steven R. (2007).
1935:, CRC Press, pp. 71–104,
1658:. Biology of Habitats Series.
1053:, Medieval artificial pond in
978:lily pond in his flower garden
86:is a small, still, land-based
1:
4973:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
4963:Society of Wetland Scientists
2647:Sterling Publishing Company.
2308:Encyclopedia of inland waters
2188:, Bloomsbury Academic, 2011,
1855:The Journal of Animal Ecology
72:
5262:Deserts and xeric shrublands
4588:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
4176:Marine conservation activism
4161:Fisheries and climate change
2636:Environment Canada. (2004).
2194:10.5040/9781472549419.ch-006
2143:Journal of Forestry Research
1909:10.1017/cbo9780511778179.016
434:in Niagara Falls Rock Garden
106:helps in distinguishing the
5503:Temperate Northern Atlantic
5193:Broadleaf and mixed forests
4858:National Wetlands Inventory
4171:Human impact on marine life
4048:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
3284:Aquatic population dynamics
846:Conservation and management
98:. A pond is smaller than a
90:formed by pooling inside a
5663:
5606:Vegetation classifications
5508:Temperate Northern Pacific
4943:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
2409:10.1079/9781845931896.0001
2377:10.1079/9781845931896.0074
2022:"Why are ponds important?"
1941:10.1201/9781420005394.sec2
1403:10.1016/j.jglr.2019.09.027
1209:10.1038/s41598-022-14569-0
972:artistic production was a
856:Haus der Kulturen der Welt
666:and other aquatic plants,
539:In agriculture practices,
36:
29:
5518:Temperate Southern Africa
5061:
4880:
4202:
3858:
3838:
3787:Marine primary production
3735:
3722:
3681:List of marine ecoregions
3510:
3220:
3206:
2873:
2431:Burke, Ty (21 May 2019).
2253:10.1080/01426399908706551
2155:10.1007/s11676-017-0369-8
2117:"Water Chemistry Testing"
2087:10.1007/s11252-009-0116-9
1688:Northern prairie wetlands
1656:Oxford Scholarship Online
1532:10.1007/s10750-007-9225-8
297:Ramsar wetland convention
273:that rely on size alone.
5528:Tropical Eastern Pacific
5478:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4922:Wetland indicator status
4033:Coastal biogeomorphology
4028:Marine coastal ecosystem
2867:Waste stabilization pond
2564:10.1007/0-387-29112-1_44
1973:10.1201/9781466571754-41
917:. Most ponds experience
37:Not to be confused with
5549:Biogeographic provinces
5513:Temperate South America
5231:Moist broadleaf forests
4633:Freshwater swamp forest
3941:Paradox of the plankton
3752:Diel vertical migration
3646:Freshwater swamp forest
3364:GIS and aquatic science
3212:General components and
1996:"Freshwater ecosystems"
1308:Keddy, Paul A. (2010).
1010:Some notable ponds are:
752:Mississippi Gopher Frog
619:may be kept or raised.
615:(notably Japan), where
4968:Wetlands International
4739:List of wetland plants
3767:Large marine ecosystem
3459:Shoaling and schooling
2235:Boothby, John (1999).
1718:: CS1 maint: others (
1492:10.3126/init.v2i1.2513
1454:Cite journal requires
981:
878:and the fight against
866:
813:
789:
701:(suspended algae) and
682:
647:
581:
559:
536:
441:Prairie Pothole Region
435:
404:
359:
329:Concord, Massachusetts
288:
235:landscape architecture
94:, either naturally or
79:
64:
56:
5611:Zoogeographic regions
5569:Global 200 ecoregions
5498:Temperate Australasia
5236:Dry broadleaf forests
4613:Salt pannes and pools
4186:Marine protected area
4113:Salt pannes and pools
3888:Marine larval ecology
3863:Census of Marine Life
3747:Deep scattering layer
3704:San Francisco Estuary
3669:Africa and Madagascar
3494:Underwater camouflage
3274:Aquatic biomonitoring
3214:freshwater ecosystems
2822:Salt evaporation pond
2342:) CS1 maint: others (
1584:Pond, Edward (d 1629)
1016:Big Pond, Nova Scotia
967:
853:
811:
769:
705:(organisms including
680:
645:
572:
557:
524:A small agricultural
523:
430:Ornamental pond with
429:
402:
346:
279:
259:freshwater biologists
231:water for agriculture
70:
62:
47:
32:Pond (disambiguation)
5632:Lacustrine landforms
5591:Altitudinal zonation
5533:Western Indo-Pacific
5493:Eastern Indo-Pacific
5488:Central Indo-Pacific
3921:Marine bacteriophage
3883:Marine invertebrates
3077:Big fish–little pond
3046:Freshwater ecosystem
2980:Puddles on a surface
2450:10.1029/2019EO124083
2401:Greenhouse gas sinks
2359:Greenhouse gas sinks
2272:Conservation Letters
737:biological diversity
30:For other uses, see
5564:Lists of ecoregions
5221:Tropical rainforest
5073:Wetlands portal
4704:Constructed wetland
4289:Types and landforms
3797:Ocean fertilization
3606:Trophic state index
3564:Lake stratification
3294:Aquatic respiration
3087:Constructed wetland
1816:10.1038/nature11883
1808:2013Natur.494..230J
1394:2019JGLR...45.1299H
1201:2022NatSR..1210472R
1161:10.1093/nq/22-6-242
1040:Henry David Thoreau
840:Lake Stratification
589:Indian subcontinent
104:emergent vegetation
5601:Floristic kingdoms
5365:Hydrothermal vents
5226:Coniferous forests
5188:Coniferous forests
4917:Salt marsh die-off
4835:Salt marsh dieback
4744:List of fen plants
4583:Palustrine wetland
4484:Intertidal wetland
4479:Interdunal wetland
4063:Intertidal wetland
4058:Intertidal ecology
3926:Marine prokaryotes
3868:Deep-sea community
3762:Iron fertilization
3685:Specific examples
3611:Upland and lowland
3529:Freshwater biology
3394:Microbial food web
3304:Aquatic toxicology
3247:Aquatic adaptation
3200:Aquatic ecosystems
2970:Coffee ring effect
2777:Infiltration basin
2757:Facultative lagoon
2285:10.1111/conl.12447
2241:Landscape Research
2221:2021-03-22 at the
2054:. 31 December 2018
2028:. 30 December 2013
1439:10.21236/ada627131
1189:Scientific Reports
982:
867:
823:primary production
814:
790:
683:
648:
582:
560:
537:
436:
405:
360:
289:
80:
65:
57:
5619:
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5579:
5578:
5523:Tropical Atlantic
5399:
5398:
5306:
5305:
5198:Deciduous forests
5091:
5090:
4993:Aquatic ecosystem
4981:
4980:
4900:Ramsar Convention
4727:
4726:
4709:Converted wetland
4651:Peat swamp forest
4514:Inland salt marsh
4248:
4247:
4229:Oceans portal
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4073:Hydrothermal vent
4009:
4008:
3898:Seashore wildlife
3729:Marine ecosystems
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3484:Thermal pollution
3449:Ramsar Convention
3389:Microbial ecology
3349:Fisheries science
3289:Aquatic predation
3166:
3165:
3107:Pond of Abundance
3041:Aquatic ecosystem
2653:978-1-4027-4274-3
2486:978-0-470-16894-3
2418:978-1-84593-189-6
2386:978-1-84593-189-6
2317:978-0-12-370626-3
2203:978-1-4411-0334-5
1982:978-0-429-10199-1
1950:978-0-8493-3675-1
1918:978-0-511-77817-9
1802:(7436): 230–233.
1673:978-0-19-871359-3
1319:978-1-139-22365-2
1149:Notes and Queries
915:greenhouse gasses
638:Pond biodiversity
16:(Redirected from
5654:
5412:
5147:
5138:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5095:
5081:
5080:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5053:Will-o'-the-wisp
4986:Related articles
4878:
4678:Whitewater river
4628:Coniferous swamp
4509:Freshwater marsh
4402:Clearwater river
4318:Blackwater river
4293:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4252:
4238:
4237:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4217:
4215:Lakes portal
4213:
4212:
4211:
4181:Marine pollution
3873:Deep-water coral
3856:
3844:
3777:Marine chemistry
3737:
3724:
3641:Freshwater marsh
3534:Freshwater biome
3516:
3232:Acoustic ecology
3222:
3208:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3170:
2879:
2752:Evaporation pond
2690:
2683:
2676:
2667:
2643:Herda DJ (2008)
2618:
2617:
2607:
2605:10.1002/aqc.2702
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2522:10.1672/06-150.1
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2149:(5): 1039–1048.
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2075:Urban Ecosystems
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513:, and even some
243:greenhouse gases
77:
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21:
5662:
5661:
5657:
5656:
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5653:
5652:
5651:
5647:Bodies of water
5622:
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5466:
5406:
5395:
5391:Endolithic zone
5379:
5312:
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5127:
5122:
5092:
5087:
5067:
5065:
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4977:
4948:Ducks Unlimited
4926:
4885:Clean Water Act
4867:
4845:Classifications
4839:
4808:
4755:
4723:
4687:
4638:Mangrove forest
4284:
4279:
4249:
4244:
4221:
4220:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4190:
4151:Coral bleaching
4137:
4118:Seagrass meadow
4015:Marine habitats
4005:
3979:Coral reef fish
3945:
3931:Marine protists
3907:
3845:
3836:
3807:Ocean turbidity
3782:Marine food web
3731:
3710:
3652:
3591:River ecosystem
3544:Freshwater fish
3517:
3508:
3314:Bioluminescence
3299:Aquatic science
3216:
3202:
3197:
3167:
3162:
3055:
3027:
2989:
2951:
2927:Spent fuel pool
2922:Reflecting pool
2892:Anchialine pool
2880:
2871:
2703:
2694:
2640:. 2nd ed. 81 p.
2626:
2624:Further reading
2621:
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2584:
2580:
2574:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2487:
2474:
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2393:
2387:
2368:10.1.1.371.7116
2356:
2355:
2351:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2223:Wayback Machine
2214:
2210:
2204:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
2000:Forest Research
1994:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1901:Wetland Ecology
1898:
1897:
1890:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1793:
1792:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1453:
1443:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1355:10.1002/aqc.745
1340:
1339:
1335:
1320:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1276:
1264:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1122:
1099:Wetlands portal
1097:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1045:Hampstead Ponds
1028:, United States
1008:
903:denitrification
898:
891:
848:
764:
739:in landscapes.
654:which provides
640:
564:retention ponds
541:treatment ponds
494:
445:elastic rebound
397:
251:
136:prairie pothole
75:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Artificial pond
15:
12:
11:
5:
5660:
5658:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5624:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5556:
5551:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5418:
5416:
5409:
5405:Biogeographic
5401:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5316:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5217:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5144:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5098:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5075:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5023:Drainage basin
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4830:Paludification
4827:
4822:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4782:Sapric or muck
4779:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4760:Soil mechanics
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4746:
4741:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4504:Brackish marsh
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4232:
4218:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3969:Saltwater fish
3966:
3964:Marine reptile
3961:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3936:Marine viruses
3933:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3913:Microorganisms
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3903:Wild fisheries
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3817:Thorson's rule
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3772:Marine biology
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3631:Brackish marsh
3628:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3559:Lake ecosystem
3556:
3551:
3549:Hyporheic zone
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3399:Microbial loop
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3344:Eutrophication
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3324:Cascade effect
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3252:Aquatic animal
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3211:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3140:Water aeration
3137:
3132:
3127:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3067:Aerated lagoon
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3051:Lake ecosystem
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2812:Retention pond
2809:
2804:
2802:Polishing pond
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2772:Immersion pond
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2742:Detention pond
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2722:Balancing lake
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2641:
2634:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2598:(5): 942–962.
2578:
2572:
2543:
2516:(2): 324–335.
2500:
2485:
2464:
2423:
2417:
2391:
2385:
2349:
2316:
2299:
2258:
2227:
2208:
2202:
2176:
2133:
2108:
2081:(2): 181–190.
2065:
2039:
2013:
1987:
1981:
1955:
1949:
1923:
1917:
1888:
1845:
1775:
1750:
1725:
1696:
1679:
1672:
1646:
1597:
1575:
1553:
1506:
1479:The Initiation
1465:
1456:|journal=
1425:
1368:
1349:(6): 693–714.
1333:
1318:
1295:
1262:
1244:
1232:
1174:
1155:(6): 242–243.
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1119:Treatment pond
1116:
1110:
1103:
1102:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1078:Czech Republic
1071:
1061:
1048:
1042:
1029:
1022:Christian Pond
1019:
1012:
1007:
1004:
970:Claude Monet's
919:eutrophication
896:
889:
880:climate change
847:
844:
819:photosynthesis
763:
762:Stratification
760:
652:standing water
639:
636:
526:retention pond
493:
490:
396:
393:
374:surface runoff
250:
249:Classification
247:
164:aquatic plants
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5659:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5402:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5375:Demersal zone
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5309:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5173:
5172:Alpine tundra
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:Polar/montane
5148:
5145:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5119:
5114:
5112:
5107:
5105:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5084:
5076:
5074:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5033:Riparian zone
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:Organizations
4929:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4787:Tropical peat
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4668:Várzea forest
4666:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Polygonal bog
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4271:
4269:
4264:
4262:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4241:
4233:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:Sponge ground
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4088:Marine biomes
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
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4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:Demersal fish
3987:
3985:
3984:Deep-sea fish
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:Marine mammal
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
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3857:
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3848:
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3833:
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3810:
3808:
3805:
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3800:
3798:
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3700:
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3607:
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3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
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3547:
3545:
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3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Trophic level
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:Sediment trap
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:Phytoplankton
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
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3372:
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3355:
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3350:
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3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Aquatic plant
3277:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Anoxic waters
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:Swimming hole
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Body of water
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:Goldfish pond
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:Swimming pool
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Infinity pool
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:Settling pond
2830:
2828:
2827:Sediment pond
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:, pools, and
2698:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2573:0-387-25525-7
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2278:(5): e12447.
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2122:
2121:www.ponds.org
2118:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2053:
2052:Pond Informer
2049:
2043:
2040:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2002:. 29 May 2018
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1697:0-8138-0037-4
1693:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
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1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:Hydrobiologia
1517:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1421:
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1413:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1263:0-7232-3338-1
1259:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1074:RoĹľmberk Pond
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:Kuttam Pokuna
1049:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1036:Massachusetts
1033:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
991:
988:
979:
975:
971:
966:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
892:
885:
881:
877:
873:
865:
861:
857:
852:
845:
843:
841:
836:
832:
829:
824:
820:
810:
806:
804:
800:
796:
787:
786:
781:
780:
775:
774:
768:
761:
759:
755:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
733:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:cyanobacteria
704:
700:
699:phytoplankton
696:
692:
688:
679:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
644:
637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
580:
576:
571:
567:
565:
556:
552:
550:
547:
542:
535:
531:
527:
522:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
491:
489:
486:
484:
483:organic soils
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
446:
442:
433:
428:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
401:
394:
392:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
370:
366:
358:
357:New York City
354:
350:
345:
341:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
314:
310:
306:
303:(80,000
302:
298:
294:
287:
283:
278:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
248:
246:
244:
240:
239:flood control
236:
232:
228:
227:anthropogenic
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:body of water
85:
69:
61:
55:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
5542:Subdivisions
5432:Australasian
5422:Afrotropical
5384:Other biomes
5360:Benthic zone
5355:Pelagic zone
5350:Neritic zone
5340:Kelp forests
5319:
5212:Tropical and
5018:List of bogs
4873:Conservation
4804:Ombrotrophic
4748:
4719:Water-meadow
4643:
4597:
4454:Grass valley
4444:Flood-meadow
4407:Cypress dome
4338:Cataract bog
4313:Beach meadow
4143:Conservation
3994:Pelagic fish
3974:Coastal fish
3878:Marine fungi
3616:Water garden
3573:
3499:Water column
3444:Productivity
3419:Pelagic zone
3379:Macrobenthos
3369:Hydrobiology
3339:Ecohydrology
3151:Water Lilies
3150:
3145:Water garden
3125:(M C Escher)
3122:
3072:Bakki shower
2907:Natural pool
2807:Raceway pond
2737:Cooling pond
2727:Ballast pond
2708:
2696:
2659:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2555:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2476:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2400:
2394:
2358:
2352:
2307:
2302:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2247:(1): 67–83.
2244:
2240:
2230:
2211:
2185:
2179:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2120:
2111:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2051:
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2025:
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
1999:
1990:
1964:
1958:
1932:
1926:
1900:
1867:10.2307/3911
1858:
1854:
1848:
1799:
1795:
1766:. Retrieved
1762:
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1737:
1728:
1687:
1682:
1655:
1649:
1624:10.1650/7584
1614:
1610:
1600:
1583:
1578:
1562:
1556:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1485:(1): 10–16.
1482:
1478:
1468:
1447:cite journal
1428:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1309:
1253:
1247:
1195:(1): 10472.
1192:
1188:
1177:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1128:Water garden
1107:Cypress dome
1064:Rani Pokhari
1055:Anuradhapura
1009:
996:vernal pools
992:
983:
931:
923:algae blooms
868:
837:
833:
815:
791:
783:
777:
771:
756:
744:vernal ponds
741:
713:, and other
684:
674:, and fish.
664:water lilies
649:
621:
586:
583:
561:
538:
495:
487:
479:crocodilians
437:
421:terraforming
419:, and human
406:
382:
377:
361:
349:Central Park
347:The Pond in
321:Crystal Lake
318:
312:
290:
270:
266:
262:
255:Limnologists
252:
224:
220:beaver ponds
216:vernal pools
161:
96:artificially
83:
81:
5452:Neotropical
5442:Indomalayan
5415:Terrestrial
5345:Coral reefs
5214:subtropical
5141:Terrestrial
5043:Telmatology
5038:River delta
4905:Ramsar site
4895:Marsh organ
4794:Hydric soil
4673:Vernal pool
4656:Shrub swamp
4524:Tidal marsh
4353:Plateau bog
4343:Coastal bog
4333:Blanket bog
4128:Sponge reef
4103:Rocky shore
4098:Oyster reef
4068:Kelp forest
3951:Vertebrates
3851:Marine life
3827:Viral shunt
3792:Marine snow
3694:Maharashtra
3601:Stream pool
3504:Zooplankton
3424:Photic zone
3384:Meiobenthos
3237:Algal bloom
3097:Hydric soil
2985:Seep puddle
2947:Vernal pool
2932:Stream pool
2917:Plunge pool
2782:Kettle pond
2762:Garden pond
2126:16 November
2058:16 November
2032:16 November
2006:16 November
1768:16 November
1743:16 November
1738:www.nps.gov
1563:Who Was Who
1113:Garden pond
1032:Walden Pond
1002:, develop.
987:wet meadows
947:Common Carp
941:structure,
803:hypolimnion
799:metalimnion
785:Hypolimnion
779:Metalimnion
728:dragonflies
703:periphytons
695:macrophytes
455:floodplains
325:Walden Pond
153:tidal pools
146:in nature.
142:but may be
132:vernal pool
116:floodplains
76: 1877
54:Netherlands
5626:Categories
5559:Ecoregions
5554:Bioregions
5462:Palearctic
5370:Cold seeps
5330:Intertidal
5003:Bog butter
4699:Bog garden
4692:Artificial
4663:Wet meadow
4529:High marsh
4519:Salt marsh
4422:Fen-meadow
4390:Alder carr
4373:Upland bog
4368:String bog
4363:Raised bog
4108:Salt marsh
4043:Coral reef
3832:Whale fall
3812:Photophore
3689:Everglades
3657:Ecoregions
3596:Stream bed
3569:Macrophyte
3522:Freshwater
3354:Food chain
3267:Water bird
3112:Pond liner
3102:Phytotelma
3033:Ecosystems
3003:Beaver dam
2912:Ocean pool
2897:Brine pool
2862:Waste pond
2837:Solar pond
1965:Everglades
1861:(2): 616.
1617:(2): 457.
1611:The Condor
1526:(1): 1–6.
1135:References
951:Snakeheads
927:fish kills
925:and local
876:mitigation
828:isothermal
795:epilimnion
773:Epilimnion
609:fish ponds
549:reservoirs
546:irrigation
530:Swarzynice
499:amphibians
477:and other
475:alligators
417:ecological
413:geological
409:depression
369:mill ponds
365:stew ponds
307:; 20
212:alligators
188:water bugs
140:freshwater
118:as cutoff
92:depression
5437:Holarctic
5427:Antarctic
5335:Mangroves
5181:Temperate
4825:Hydrosere
4813:Processes
4799:Marsh gas
4644:Myristica
4534:Low marsh
4348:Kermi bog
4323:Bofedales
4303:Backswamp
4133:Tide pool
4038:Cold seep
3822:Upwelling
3586:Rheotaxis
3579:Fish pond
3554:Limnology
3479:Substrate
3464:Siltation
3334:Dead zone
3092:Full pond
3013:Fish pond
3008:Duck pond
2965:Bird bath
2942:Tide pool
2847:Stew pond
2797:Mill pond
2792:Melt pond
2614:1052-7613
2530:0277-5212
2495:181348071
2459:2324-9250
2363:CiteSeerX
2334:cite book
2326:351296306
2163:1007-662X
2095:1083-8155
1875:0021-8790
1840:205232648
1824:0028-0836
1763:nsidc.org
1714:cite book
1633:0010-5422
1540:0018-8158
1501:2091-0088
1420:209565712
1412:0380-1330
1363:1052-7613
1328:801405617
1280:cite book
1169:1471-6941
1068:Kathmandu
1059:Sri Lanka
782:III. The
660:pond life
613:East Asia
601:monastery
575:Bhaktapur
507:waterfowl
450:Orogenies
432:waterfall
395:Formation
353:Manhattan
338:marketing
333:Spot Pond
293:Minnesota
172:Food webs
148:Saltwater
5637:Habitats
5584:See also
5457:Oceanian
5447:Nearctic
5325:Littoral
5298:Mangrove
5288:Riparian
5083:Category
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5008:Bog iron
4998:Bog body
4820:Halosere
4772:Histosol
4767:Acrotelm
4750:Sphagnum
4608:Reed bed
4553:Moorland
4432:Rich fen
4427:Poor fen
4282:Wetlands
4240:Category
4166:HERMIONE
4083:Mangrove
3893:Seagrass
3439:Pleuston
3434:Plankton
3414:Particle
3359:Food web
3023:Koi pond
2852:Tailings
2842:Stepwell
2817:Sag pond
2787:Log pond
2767:Ice pond
2747:Dew pond
2717:Ash pond
2538:29365811
2510:Wetlands
2294:55293639
2219:Archived
2171:42654869
1832:23407539
1706:17842267
1641:85609044
1548:30857970
1272:15197655
1227:35729265
1085:See also
1047:, London
1018:, Canada
1006:Examples
1000:wetlands
959:Duckweed
955:Hydrilla
939:food-web
776:II. The
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715:microbes
711:detritus
691:food web
632:aquifers
597:medieval
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501:, fish,
459:flooding
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301:hectares
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182:, fish,
144:brackish
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5028:Estuary
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4397:Ciénega
4380:Callows
4296:Natural
4093:Mudflat
4053:Estuary
4023:Bay mud
4001:Seabird
3757:f-ratio
3740:General
3621:Wetland
3409:Neuston
3374:Hypoxia
3319:Biomass
3309:Benthos
3225:General
3153:(Monet)
3117:Ponding
3060:Related
2957:Puddles
2701:puddles
2103:3118057
1804:Bibcode
1390:Bibcode
1218:9213426
1197:Bibcode
1070:, Nepal
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864:Germany
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672:turtles
656:habitat
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196:turtles
184:beetles
157:lagoons
124:beavers
108:ecology
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5407:realms
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385:lochan
378:ponded
286:Brazil
208:herons
202:, and
200:otters
180:snails
130:hole,
128:kettle
5642:Ponds
5162:Taiga
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4683:Yaéré
4646:swamp
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2697:Ponds
2534:S2CID
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120:river
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4385:Carr
3574:Pond
3158:Well
2857:Tarn
2732:Beel
2649:ISBN
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