88:
402:(English: "Calsow's Assault Detachment"). At this time, German forces were increasingly frustrated by their lack of material gain, with much of German High Command growing to believe that a breakthrough was impossible. Consequently, commanders were becoming increasingly desperate for something that could reignite operational success on the Western Front and alleviate the stalemate of trench warfare. The detachment's initial deployment was on the French front line as emergency reinforcements, resulting in a resounding failure. Major Calsow was relieved from command as a result, replaced in September by
714:
112:
475:, which had been lost on December 21, 1915. The Detachment initially encountered heavy resistance, but eventually broke through and captured the position after two days of assaults. Afterwards, the Assault Detachment spent the next two months training other units in Army Detachment B in the hopes of creating a force that could eventually break the stalemate of the Western Front. In February 1916, the unit was reassigned to the
520:
25:
496:
infantry had little knowledge of the French trench layouts, but the operation was regardless deemed a success. However, due to poor training, the unit suffered high casualties in the following days, and they were withdrawn from the front after a short time. Captain Rohr attributed the unit's casualties to their lack of experience with
356:, which failed disastrously and resulted in an unexpectedly rapid German advance. Despite early successes, however, the German front eventually outran its own supply line, and the German's war plans had grossly underestimated the speed at which the Franco-British forces were able to regroup. The resulting French offensive at the
729:
for infantry on all sides of the war. However, when fighting in trenches, the narrow, claustrophobic passages made full-length infantry rifles next to impossible to use, and the large amount of ammunition and supplies in standard infantry kit weighed soldiers down and made it difficult to navigate in
495:
of the first German push into the trenches of Verdun, the first major deployment of the new force. The German forces began their attack shortly after the artillery barrage had ended, successfully clearing French forces from the first trench line. The push into the second line was more costly, as the
566:
battalions were converted into stormtrooper battalions. When not training other soldiers, the
Assault Battalion was sent to hotspots on the German front, which came to be the dominant way of deploying assault units in the German Army during World War I. After a successful attack on French positions
301:
On the battlefield, Assault
Battalion No. 5 participated in most major German operations of the Western Front of World War I, in addition to spending a significant amount of time training other units for assault roles. The unit's successes and contributions to German military tactics led to its
451:
Rohr's most significant change was in tactics and leadership, which were reworked to allow for more versatility in the complex environment of close-quarters trench fighting. Of the utmost importance was communication and leadership; both allowed his soldiers to operate as independent subunits
344:. The success of the plan hinged on the ability to transport enough troops and equipment to the front quickly enough so as to end the war immediately with a single massive, decisive operation, consistent with German military theory at the time. The war began with the
575:: "Ravin de Fontaine") on September 3, 1916, Rohr sent a report to Kaiser Wilhelm detailing the assault, about which the Kaiser was significantly pleased. Having visited their training grounds in August, he awarded the unit a commendation renamed it
500:
and grenades, as well as poor coordination between supporting weapons and the infantry. He broached this information to the High
Command of the 5th Army, and was ordered to re-train the unit in close-combat tactics. Following an inspection by
562:, where the Assault Battalion trained officers and other infantry units in the use of hand grenades, light cannons, machine guns and other new doctrinal elements. In addition to various standard infantry units, several
872:, reflects its roots in the culture of German militarism, sharing its title with the temporary designation afforded to early trench-raiding experiments in the Imperial German Army like the 5th Assault Battalion.
1318:
216:
693:, were implemented by the Assault Battalions during World War I. The efficacy of the 5th Assault Battalions' tactics would later go on to inform German infantry doctrine during
764:
In
December 1915, Rohr's unit implemented uniform changes to better address their unique battlefield challenges. The primary change was the replacement of standard-issue army
730:
combat. Considering that Rohr's unit deliberately sought to fight in those environments, many changes were made to the unit's equipment to better accommodate their tactics.
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1191:
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were emptied and converted into canvas bags to hold greandes, allowing a single soldier to carry several on his person without sacrificing room on his equipment belt.
422:
As commander of the
Assault Detachment, Rohr used his previous experience, along with other similar experiments, to refit and retrain the unit for the purpose of
892:
can mean both "storm" and "assault," the latter of which is implied in a military context. English-language publications, however, often erroneously translate
1323:
309:
Despite being the first incorporated German assault battalion, it received the ordinal designation of "5" due to the fact it originated from the 5th Army.
613:
In
October 1918, the 5th Assault Battalion was sent under secret orders to guard Kaiser Wilhelm, who had fled from Berlin due to political unrest to the
433:, as well as requested the development of a lighter type of field gun that was more practical for offensive maneuvers. These guns were based on captured
1247:; Berlin 1931, pp. 561/62, "It is not impossible that this unique case of failure of discipline in Battalion Major Rohr was due to a personal matter."
858:, who catered to the worries of German veterans. Aspects of the extreme militaristic culture of German stormtroopers during World War I (such as the "
705:) and were rolled into standard infantry units, with standard German squads consisting of a mix of short-range, long-range and fire-support weaponry.
753:
or auxiliary troops. Furthermore, towards the end of the war, the stormtroopers of Rohr's battalion were some of the first to be issued the
Bergmann
270:. The battalion began as a combat engineer detachment of the 8th Army Corps, part of a larger effort among German commanders to try and gain the
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854:
332:
Following the outbreak of hostilities in World War I, the German Army's primary military strategy was what is commonly referred to as the
467:
Although Rohr developed his tactics for the
Assault Detachment, they were first tested in combat by the 187th Infantry Regiment at the
360:
caught the German Army off-guard and completely halted their advance, resulting in the collapse of the
Schileffen Plan. The subsequent
952:
630:
685:. Elements that would later become critical to the development of infantry warfare during and after World War II, such as the use of
681:
The tactics developed by the 5th
Assault Battalion, Rohr and other experimenters in the German Army bore many similarities to modern
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1175:
1068:
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437:, which were lightened and modified to be used as a stop-gap until the new cannons could be produced. Rohr's refit also included a
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very quickly, utilizing hand grenades, pistols and flamethrowers to overwhelm enemy forces and secure a foothold in the trenches.
915:
665:. Former stormtroopers found themselves with no military position, including Major Rohr, who was forced to take supply jobs as a
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87:
661:, most units of the German Army, including the assault battalions, were dissolved to comply with the 100,000 man limit on the
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who had close communication with supporting weapons, like machine guns and field guns. The soldiers would charge through
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127:
649:. The remaining units in the Supreme Army Headquarters fled the following day to avoid being imprisoned by advancing
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tactics among the German Army. A training ground was constructed in the Doncourt forest near the French village of
434:
387:
303:
713:
862:") created conditions for extensive right-wing violence, which was in large part responsible for the rise of the
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were removed from senior military positions, outlawed and partially replaced with what would become known as the
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523:
Kaiser Wilhelm II visits the Assault Battalion at their training grounds in the Doncourt forest (August 14, 1916)
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and were frequently used by the German government to put down rebellions and strikes. However, after the failed
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could vote to end the war. Hindenburg eventually convinced Wilhelm to do so, and on November 10 he fled to the
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After being impressed by an honor guard of Rohr's stormtroopers stationed at the Crown Prince's headquarters,
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852:. Consequently, many unemployed soldiers also began to align themselves with right-wing militant groups like
1328:
412:
345:
327:
180:
176:
814:, interwar paramilitary units raised and organized by German veterans, ostensibly to defend Germany from
452:
whenever necessary to adapt to the situation. To facilitate this, the unit was broken up into very small
859:
737:
equipped with drum magazines, were particularly useful in trenches, as well as any manner of improvised
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145:
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On March 19, 1918, Captain Rohr went with the 5th Assault Battalion to the 18th Army Headquarters in
54:
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during the Weimar era. Large numbers of former soldiers rejoined military service as members of the
697:, where many elements of "stormtrooper tactics" (such as the extensive use of both light and heavy
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298:: "stormtrooper tactics"), a body of field tactics taught to every subsequent German assault unit.
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Germany's Western Front, 1915: Translations from the German Official History of the Great War
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745:. Bolt-action rifles, when they were used, were typically replaced with their much shorter "
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with little to no serious material gain for either side until nearing the end of the war.
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220:
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During World War I, assault troops of the Imperial German Army were referred to as both
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Prevailing tactics in World War I championed personal marksmanship with the full-length
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German stormtroopers haul a cut-down Russian 76.2mm M1902 field gun across no man's land
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and close combat. To save on weight, he quickly abandoned the use of gun shields and
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340:, whom they anticipated would be prepared for an invasion, by invading through the
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ordered all field armies to form their own stormtrooper units on October 2, 1916.
780:) to improve mobility when moving across rough battlefield terrain. In addition,
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was downsized, a large number sought some form of employment within various
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Since the German stormtroopers of World War I lost their positions when the
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to prepare for one of Germany's final assaults during the First World War,
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Imperial German Army 1914-18: Organisation, Structure, Orders of Battle
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literally to "storm," so the terms are sometimes used interchangeably.
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of World War I. The unit pioneered what would later be referred to as
1041:
Geschichte des Infanterie-Regiments Lübeck (3. Hanseatisches) Nr. 162
840:
units and other right-wing paramilitaries attempted to overthrow the
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468:
471:. The Assault Detachment themselves first utilized these tactics at
552:
As a battalion, the unit became a driving force in the adoption of
754:
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453:
92:
Headquarters identification flag of Assault Battalion No. 5 (Rohr)
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Die deutschen Sturmbataillone im Weltkrieg, Aufbau und Verwendung
1138:
Die deutschen Sturmbataillone im Weltkrieg, Aufbau und Verwendung
761:
which greatly improved close-quarters firepower in trench raids.
386:
The 5th Assault Battalion began in 1915 as an experiment of the
16:
Experimental infantry unit of the German Army during World War I
18:
1083:
Richter, Karsten. "Die Sturmbataillone im Ersten Weltkrieg",
601:. During preparations in April, Captain Rohr was promoted to
1061:
Stormtroop Tactics: Innovation in the German Army, 1914-1918
866:. The name of the Nazis' Weimar-era paramilitary force, the
673:
and other paramilitary organizations during the Weimar era.
336:, which sought to outflank Germany's shared border with the
828:. These groups at times fought under direct command of the
657:. Following the end of World War I and the drafting of the
505:, the unit was expanded to battalion size and renamed the
1001:
Geschichte des Deutschen Heeres im Weltkriege, 1914-1918
579:
at the behest of the Crown Prince on February 7, 1917.
49:
39:
844:
and install an autocratic military dictatorship, the
973:
World War I Battlefield Artillery Tactics, 1914-1918
1319:
Army units and formations of Germany in World War I
191:
186:
168:
160:
152:
141:
133:
123:
105:
97:
75:
733:Weapons which were short and fast-firing, such as
225:Sturm-Bataillon Nr. 5 or 5. Sturm-Bataillon (Rohr)
1153:Königlich preußisches Sturm-Bataillon Nr 5 (Rohr)
1101:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 356.
653:. The 5th Assault Battalion was demobilized near
945:French Soldier vs. German Soldier: Verdun 1916
1054:
1052:
1050:
913:("shock trooper," lit. "shove trooper"). See
456:of just a few men each, each led by a junior
8:
1190:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1121:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
637:, demanded that the Kaiser abdicate so the
86:
1166:Rogers, Duncan F.; Cron, Hermann (2002).
994:
992:
947:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 21–23.
938:
936:
260:, it became known for its innovations in
1314:Infantry units and formations of Germany
966:
964:
932:
881:
1183:
1114:
233:[ʃtʊrmbatali̯oːnnʊmɐfʏnfʁoːɐ̯]
72:
1170:. Helion & Company. p. 119.
975:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 22–28.
390:, originating as a detachment of two
231:
7:
1245:Das Ehrenbuch der deutschen Pioniere
1151:Eberhard von Schwerin, Graf (1939).
1026:Das Ehrenbuch der deutschen Pioniere
448:to provide support to the infantry.
1324:Special forces units and formations
1097:Humphries, M. O.; Maker, J (2010).
749:" variants originally intended for
264:that would give rise to the German
491:The Assault Detachment formed the
479:to begin the German attack at the
14:
1286:. Osprey Publishing. p. 12.
621:, Belgium. Chancellor of Germany
251:. Under command of its namesake,
76:Assault Battalion Number 5 (Rohr)
1261:. Osprey Publishing. p. 3.
1224:. Osprey Publishing. p. 5.
916:Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)
110:
23:
1284:German Stormtrooper 1914 - 1918
1259:German Stormtrooper 1914 - 1918
1222:German Stormtrooper 1914 - 1918
1003:. K. Siegismund. p. 126.
909:("assault/storm trooper") and
741:, colloquially referred to as
689:, inter-unit coordination and
364:inaugurated the period of the
212:Assault Battalion No. 5 (Rohr)
1:
1059:Gudmundsson, Bruce I (1995).
586:of the Imperial German Army
577:Sturm-Bataillon Nr. 5 (Rohr)
348:, the implementation of the
81:Sturm-Bataillon Nr. 5 (Rohr)
1350:
1043:. Gerhard Stalling Verlag.
791:
435:76mm Russian fortress guns
321:
772:ankle boots and leg-wrap
691:non-commissioned officers
615:Supreme Army Headquarters
372:, a brutal stalemate and
358:First Battle of the Marne
274:upper hand following the
85:
80:
1334:Types of military forces
1205:Gruss, Hellmuth (1939).
1136:Gruss, Hellmuth (1939).
943:Campbell, David (2020).
539:Adolf Wild von Hohenborn
458:non-commissioned officer
571:at the Souville Gorge (
487:At the Battle of Verdun
413:Guards Rifles Battalion
398:) companies designated
346:Battle of the Frontiers
328:Battle of the Frontiers
181:Meuse-Argonne Offensive
38:, as no other articles
1140:. pp. 26–27, 149.
1039:Dziobek, Otto (1922).
1024:Henrici, Paul (1932).
999:Cron, Hermann (1937).
718:
635:revolutionary movement
549:
236:) was an experimental
224:
1087:, iss. 01/2002. p. 87
1063:. Praeger Paperback.
860:stab-in-the-back myth
725:, the standard issue
716:
584:Quartermaster General
560:Doncourt-lès-Longuyon
522:
415:'s 3rd Company under
400:Sturmabteilung Calsow
381:Sturmabteilung Calsow
229:German pronunciation:
146:Close-quarters combat
137:Battalion (at height)
1155:. Sporn, Zeulenroda.
971:Clark, Dale (2014).
836:, where a number of
757:, a fully-automatic
659:Treaty of Versailles
629:, threatened by the
623:Prince Max von Baden
543:Crown Prince Wilhelm
525:From left to right:
503:Crown Prince Wilhelm
245:Imperial German Army
128:Imperial German Army
1282:Drury, Ian (1995).
1257:Drury, Ian (1995).
1220:Drury, Ian (1995).
1028:. Verlag Tradition.
818:groups such as the
806:paramilitary groups
627:Paul von Hindenburg
498:hand-to-hand combat
473:Hartmannswillerkopf
156:628 (at foundation)
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667:lieutenant colonel
625:and Field Marshal
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57:for suggestions.
47:to this page from
1108:978-1-55458-259-4
723:bolt-action rifle
599:Operation Michael
567:near the town of
535:Oskar von Chelius
531:Kaiser Wilhelm II
417:Army Detachment B
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481:Battle of Verdun
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350:French Army
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267:Stoßtruppen
249:World War I
169:Engagements
164:"Güt Sturm"
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101:1915–1918
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