588:
874:, the dragon of chaos. In the first book, an account is given of the creation of the world from the primeval deep, and the birth of the gods of light. Then comes the story of the struggle between the gods of light and the powers of darkness, and the final victory of Marduk, who clove Tiamat asunder, forming the heaven from half of her body and the earth from the other. Marduk next arranged the stars in order, along with the sun and moon, and gave them laws they were never to transgress. After this, the plants and animals were created, and finally man. Marduk here takes the place of
932:, who, angered by a message sent to her by the gods of the upper world, ordered Namtar to strike off her head. She, however, declared that she would submit to any conditions imposed on her, and would give Nergal the sovereignty of the earth. Nergal accordingly relented, and Allatu became the queen of the infernal world. Etana conspired with the eagle to fly to the highest heaven. The first gate, that of Anu, was successfully reached; but in ascending still farther to the gate of
1832:
456:
2635:
1954:
606:
A considerable amount of
Babylonian literature was translated from Sumerian originals, and the language of religion and law long continued to be the old agglutinative language of Sumer. Vocabularies, grammars, and interlinear translations were compiled for the use of students, as well as commentaries
948:
The magnitude of omen literature within the
Akkadian corpus is one of the peculiar distinguishing features of this language's legacy. According to Oppenheim, 30% of all documents of this tradition are of this genre. Exemplars of omen text appear during the earliest periods of Akkadian literature but
578:
Many works of
Akkadian literature were commissioned by kings who had scribes and scholars in their service. Some of these works served to celebrate the king or the divine, while others recorded information for religious practices or medicine. Poetry, proverbs, folktales, love lyrics, and accounts of
613:
culture and literature came from
Babylonia, but even here there was a difference between the two countries. There was little in Assyrian literature that was original, and education, general in Babylonia, was mostly restricted to a single class in the northern kingdom. In Babylonia, it was of very
751:
Exemplars of comical texts span the genres of burlesque to satire and include humorous love poems and riddles. “At the cleaners” is a tale of the dispute between an insolent scrubber and his client, a “sophomoric fop” who lectures the cleaner in ridiculous detail on how to launder his clothes,
841:, ‘‘He who saw the deep,’’ contains up to 3,000 lines on eleven tablets and a prose meditation on the fate of man on the twelfth which was virtually a word-for-word translation of the Sumerian “Bilgames and the Netherworld.” It is extant in 73 copies and was credited to a certain
645:, the corpus of cuneiform literature amounted to around 1,500 texts at any one time or place, approximately half of which, at least from the first millennium, is extant in fragmentary form, and the most common genres included (in order of predominance) are omen texts,
1129:. They feature a dialogue or a debate involving two contenders, usually cast as inarticulate beings such as particular objects, plants, animals, and so forth. Extant compositions from this genre date from the early 2nd millennium BC, the earliest example being the
756:
was seen as a saturnalia by Böhl, where master and servant switch roles, and as a burlesque by
Speiser, where a fatuous master mouthes clichés and a servant echoes him. Lambert considered it a musing of a mercurial adolescent with suicidal tendencies.
837:, ‘‘Surpassing all other kings,’’ which incorporated some of the stories from the five earlier Sumerian Gilgamesh tales. A plethora of mid to late second millennium versions give witness to its popularity. The Standard Babylonian version,
1035:
A particularly rich genre of
Akkadian texts was that represented by the moniker of “wisdom literature,” although there are differences in opinion concerning which works qualify for inclusion. One of the earliest exemplars was the
1102:
in this genre. “A Dialogue between Šūpê-amēli and His Father” (Šimâ milka) is a piece of wisdom literature in the manner of a deathbed debate from the
Akkadian hinterland. There are also Akkadian translations of earlier
570:
proverb averred that "he who would excel in the school of the scribes must rise with the dawn." Women as well as men learned to read and write, and in
Semitic times, this involved a knowledge of the extinct
815:, c. 1076 BC, concern aspects of courtly etiquette and the severe penalties (flagellation, mutilation and execution) for flouting them. The Neo-Babylonian Laws number just fifteen, c. 700 BC, probably from
980:, divination through the entrails of animals, was perfected into a science over the millennia by the Babylonians and supporting texts were eventually gathered into a monumental handbook, the
1151:
Besides the purely literary works, there were others of varied nature, including collections of letters, partly official, partly private. Among them the most interesting are the letters of
936:, the strength of the eagle gave way, and Etanna was dashed to the ground. As for the storm-god Anzu, we are told that he stole the tablets of destiny, and therewith the prerogatives of
792:, c. 1750 BC, was the longest of the Mesopotamian legal collections, extending to nearly three hundred individual laws and accompanied by a lengthy prologue and epilogue. The edict of
484:
2415:
901:
in heaven. Ea counselled him not to eat or drink anything there. He followed this advice, and thus refused the food that would have made him and his descendants immortal.
607:
on the older texts and explanations of obscure words and phrases. The characters of the syllabary were all arranged and named, and elaborate lists of them were drawn up.
575:, and a complicated and extensive syllabary. The Babylonians' very advanced systems of writing, science and mathematics contributed greatly to their literary output.
1969:
1310:
633:
was introduced into
Babylon, and fragments of tablets have been found with Sumerian and Assyrian (i.e. Semitic Babylonian) words transcribed into Greek letters.
988:
texts, concerning interpreting portents from incense smoke, being one and Bēl-nadin-šumi's omen text on the flight paths of birds, composed during the reign of
2061:
1873:). These are transcriptions of Shifra's discourses on literature of the Ancient Near East, first broadcast as a "University on the Air" course on the Israeli
3003:
1974:
477:
984:, extending over a hundred tablets and divided into ten chapters. Divination, however, extended into other fields with, for example, the old Babylonian
784:
The earliest
Akkadian laws are the “Old Assyrian Laws” relating to the conduct of the commercial court of a trading colony in Anatolia, c. 1900 BC. The
3059:
2408:
1446:
1125:
The Akkadian disputation poem or Akkadian debate, also known as the Babylonian disputation poem, is a genre of Akkadian literature in the form of a
2620:
897:— explains the origin of death. Adapa, while fishing, had broken the wings of the south wind, and was accordingly summoned before the tribunal of
657:
The Assyrian dialect of Akkadian is particularly rich in royal inscriptions from the end of the 14th century BC onward, for example the epics of
940:. God after god was ordered to pursue him and recover them, but it would seem that it was only by a stratagem that they were finally regained.
2381:
1998:
470:
1734:
2243:
Babylonian Liver Omens: The Chapters Manzazu, Padanu, and Pan Takalti of the Babylonian Extispicy Series Mainly from Assurbanipal's Library
1638:
622:— the language of commerce and diplomacy — was added to the number of subjects that the educated class was required to learn.
587:
2750:
2401:
886:
1598:
853:. The whole story is a composite product, and it is probable that some of the stories are artificially attached to the central figure.
1322:
1038:
2477:
539:
compiled a substantial textual tradition of mythological narrative, legal texts, scientific works, letters and other literary forms.
2225:
2031:
1906:
707:
The chronicle traditional is first attested in the compositions of the early Iron Age which hark back to earlier times, such as the
669:
and the annals which catalogued the campaigns of the neo-Assyrian monarchs. The earliest historical royal epic is, however, that of
1270:
1514:
3141:
1896:
1702:
1442:
740:
764:(“trickster,” a jester, clown or buffoon) text, extant in five fragments from the neo-Assyrian period concerns an individual,
3054:
3038:
1850:
1282:
1274:
2354:
Marianna E. Vogelzang (1991). "Some Questions About the Akkadian Disputes". In aG.J. Reinink and aH.L.J. Vanstiphout (ed.).
3080:
1370:
949:
come to their maturity early in the first millennium with the formation of canonical versions. Notable among these is the
281:
3172:
3090:
2825:
1534:
3182:
3146:
3028:
3023:
2958:
1590:
1402:
1318:
1056:. Included in this group are a number of fables or contest literature, in varying states of preservation, such as the
649:, ritual incantations, cathartic and apotropaic conjurations, historical and mythological epics, fables and proverbs.
67:
1426:
1174:
845:
and arranged upon an astronomical principle. Each division contains the story of a single adventure in the career of
1434:
833:, which first appears in Akkadian during the Old Babylonian period as a circa 1,000 line epic known by its incipit,
752:
driving the exasperated cleaner to suggest that he lose no time in taking it to the river and doing it himself. The
3151:
2760:
2634:
1790:
1230:
599:
444:
439:
420:
415:
399:
394:
389:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
271:
1658:
1554:
2835:
2650:
1454:
1450:
1286:
1108:
681:
331:
192:
1414:
1394:
768:“character assassin,” who made a living entertaining others with parodies, mimicry, and scatological songs. The
2790:
2432:
2047:
Jack M. Sasson (2005). "Comparative Observations on the Near Eastern Epic Traditions". In John M. Foley (ed.).
1794:
1630:
1398:
1278:
1210:
688:. Similar literature of the middle Babylonian period is rather poorly preserved with a fragmentary epic of the
128:
92:
1650:
1298:
1186:
1921:
Silvestro Fiore, Voices from the Clay: The Development of Assyro-Babylonian Literature. U. of Oklahoma Press.
1302:
1234:
3100:
3033:
2927:
2780:
2698:
2693:
1526:
1047:
999:
Incantations form an important part of this literary heritage, covering a range of rituals from the sacred,
429:
379:
133:
1654:
1602:
1086:
and others include several popular sayings, and proverbs (both bilingual and Babylonian) together with the
3131:
2983:
2742:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1586:
1550:
1430:
1362:
1254:
266:
1766:
1582:
1566:
1418:
1214:
1178:
842:
2800:
1810:
1754:
1494:
1490:
1462:
1422:
1334:
1326:
1182:
1120:
753:
736:
728:
33:
1802:
1770:
1718:
1682:
1474:
1346:
788:
were a collection of sixty laws named for the city of its provenance and dating to around 1770 BC. The
3008:
1798:
1606:
1410:
1330:
1135:, to the late 1st millennium BC. These poems occur in verse and follow a type of meter called 2||2 or
3018:
2978:
2457:
1758:
1690:
1542:
1522:
1242:
1218:
1156:
662:
291:
216:
87:
48:
1806:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1710:
3105:
3013:
2795:
2770:
1778:
1666:
1634:
1570:
1374:
1246:
1226:
1202:
1052:
875:
773:
532:
340:
326:
261:
251:
241:
236:
206:
178:
107:
1722:
1662:
1438:
1386:
1266:
3177:
3095:
3064:
2963:
2810:
2727:
2318:
2160:
2152:
2117:
2109:
1845:
1730:
1618:
1562:
1358:
1342:
1314:
1306:
1238:
1190:
1083:
769:
713:
548:
501:
321:
256:
246:
168:
120:
59:
44:
1706:
1622:
1502:
1470:
1170:
966:
878:, who appears as the creator in the older legends, and is said to have fashioned man from clay.
803:
The Middle Assyrian Laws date to the fourteenth century BC, over a hundred laws are extant from
2023:
1782:
1222:
3085:
2942:
2937:
2922:
2857:
2775:
2732:
2452:
2447:
2377:
2295:
2221:
2217:
2027:
1994:
1902:
1837:
1746:
1698:
1670:
1642:
1578:
1390:
1366:
1350:
1294:
1131:
1104:
829:
812:
789:
572:
521:
505:
460:
316:
226:
221:
211:
201:
183:
173:
163:
158:
1510:
2998:
2993:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2877:
2872:
2862:
2678:
2535:
2520:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2472:
2310:
2209:
2144:
2101:
1959:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1626:
1518:
1478:
785:
697:
642:
626:
311:
153:
148:
77:
17:
2195:
The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts, Volume 1
1482:
1382:
1258:
1140:
858:
2932:
2907:
2902:
2882:
2830:
2820:
2815:
2805:
2785:
2755:
2707:
2703:
2673:
1870:
1818:
1538:
1378:
1024:
970:
962:
950:
808:
693:
666:
556:
296:
138:
102:
97:
82:
1714:
954:
1167:
The following gives the better-known extant works, excluding lexical and synonym lists.
2912:
2275:
Nicla De Zorzi (2009). "Bird Divination in Mesopotamia - New Evidence From BM 108874".
2016:
1674:
1594:
1498:
1020:
993:
882:
772:
provides a subversive narrative of the triumph of the underdog over his superior while
630:
591:
112:
1458:
807:. The Middle Assyrian Palace Decrees, known as the “Harem Edicts,” from the reigns of
3166:
2712:
2560:
2467:
2322:
2210:
2164:
2121:
1965:
1960:
1726:
1610:
1466:
1194:
658:
646:
306:
2717:
2530:
2462:
2135:
A. R. George (1993). "Ninurta-Pāqidāt's Dog Bite, and Notes on Other Comic Tales".
2092:
J. S. Cooper (Jul 1975). "Structure, Humor, and Satire in the Poor Man of Nippur".
1338:
1027:, “to seize the ‘locust tooth’,” a compendium of incantations against field pests.
1546:
1486:
1262:
1250:
1198:
1016:
981:
3136:
3126:
2917:
2849:
2722:
2610:
2424:
1862:
1290:
1126:
985:
793:
719:
685:
509:
1019:, or “bath house,” the purification and substitution ceremony, to the mundane,
2668:
2663:
2314:
1874:
1827:
1814:
1742:
1646:
1506:
1354:
1206:
958:
921:
909:
732:
286:
2973:
2658:
2545:
2482:
1152:
977:
890:
863:
846:
797:
536:
517:
276:
2296:"The Dogs of Ninkilim, part two: Babylonian rituals to counter field pests"
1978:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–112.
3110:
2765:
2688:
2683:
2590:
2575:
2570:
2525:
1738:
1574:
1558:
1530:
1008:
1004:
1000:
989:
917:
689:
670:
525:
231:
2371:
2867:
2595:
2585:
2550:
2540:
2277:
KASKAL: Rivista di storia, ambienti e culture del Vicino Oriente Antico
2156:
2113:
1042:
from the late Old Babylonian period. Perhaps the most notable were the
619:
615:
610:
560:
513:
143:
2393:
1139:, which is the same meter found in some other Akkadian texts like the
2615:
2565:
2487:
1614:
1012:
933:
929:
925:
905:
894:
871:
867:
816:
739:(243–223 BC) and were derived from the political events described in
701:
301:
2148:
2105:
2180:
Tight Fists Or Open Hands?: Wealth and Poverty in Old Testament Law
2968:
2605:
2600:
2580:
2356:
Dispute poems and dialogues in the ancient and mediaeval Near East
1406:
937:
913:
804:
586:
567:
2212:
The world's oldest literature: studies in Sumerian belles-lettres
2555:
1869:. Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, The Israeli Ministry of Defence Press (in
850:
2397:
904:
Among the other legends of Babylonia may be mentioned those of
898:
2073:
Benjamin R. Foster (1974). "Humor and Cuneiform Literature".
1991:
An Introduction to Akkadian Literature: Contexts and Content
881:
The legend of Adapa, the first man — a portion of which was
2339:
Victor Avigdor Hurowitz (2007). Richard J. Clifford (ed.).
547:
Most of what we have from the Babylonians was inscribed in
579:
disputes were all incorporated into Akkadian literature.
1111:
which are often considered belonging to this tradition.
566:
There were libraries in most towns and temples; an old
563:
seems to have been also employed, but it has perished.
969:(dream omens). It is among this genre, also, that the
731:
have been recovered which narrate the period spanning
614:
old standing. Under the second Assyrian empire, when
1015:(actually bilingual), to exorcise “Evil Demons,” and
2018:
Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization
3119:
3073:
3047:
2951:
2848:
2741:
2649:
2642:
2513:
2440:
2431:
2256:I. L. Finkel (1983). "A New Piece of Libanomancy".
2015:
1072:(Inum Ištar šurbutum, “When exalted Ishtar”), the
1023:, “the rising of the heart,” potency spells, and
2197:. Oxford University Press. pp. 22–33, 379.
551:with a metal stylus on tablets of clay, called
594:(Wales). Castle apartments: Library (1870s) -
2409:
478:
8:
1515:Lament of a Sufferer with a Prayer to Marduk
1088:Lament of a Sufferer with a Prayer to Marduk
796:, c. 1646 BC, was the last issued by one of
3004:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
2341:Wisdom Literature in Mesopotamia and Israel
2334:
2332:
2646:
2437:
2416:
2402:
2394:
1989:Lenzi, Alan (2020-01-10). "Introduction".
485:
471:
29:
27:Mesopotamian writings, 23rd–6th century BC
2294:A. R. George and Junko Taniguchi (2010).
1947:
2022:. University Of Chicago Press. pp.
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1311:Crimes and Sacrileges of Nabu-šuma-iškun
856:Another epic was that of the "Creation"
827:One of the most famous of these was the
776:is a school text of a slapstick nature.
528:(roughly the 23rd to 6th centuries BC).
1887:
944:Omens, divination and incantation texts
653:Annals, chronicles and historical epics
428:
407:
378:
339:
191:
43:
32:
508:(Assyrian and Babylonian dialects) in
1867:Words as Magic and the Magic in Words
583:Relation to other ancient literatures
7:
1371:Elegies Mourning the Death of Tammuz
1007:, “incineration” to counter curses,
618:had become a great centre of trade,
1003:, "burning" to counter witchcraft,
1898:Babylonian and Assyrian Literature
1895:Wilson, Epiphanius (1 June 2006).
1769:(Šumma amēlu muḫḫašu umma ukāl) •
1323:Dialogue between a Man and His God
1039:Dialogue between a Man and His God
727:. A series of fifteen neo to late
25:
1639:Royal inscription of Simbar-Šipak
1011:, to preempt inauspicious omens,
520:) during the period spanning the
3142:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
2633:
2373:The Babylonian Disputation Poems
2182:. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 4–6.
1952:
1830:
1591:New year ritual-Akitu procession
454:
2343:. SBL. pp. xi–xiii, 37–51.
2245:. Museum Tusculanum. p. 9.
2051:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 221.
1703:Story of the Poor, Forlorn Wren
973:“Diagnostic Handbook” belongs.
870:by describing his contest with
741:Babylonian astronomical diaries
596:Allegory of Assyrian literature
2699:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
2694:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
1851:Ancient near eastern cosmology
1535:Marduk's Address to the Demons
1435:Great Revolt Against Naram-Sin
1283:Chronicle of the Market Prices
1275:Catalogue of Texts and Authors
1044:Poem of the Righteous Sufferer
1031:Wisdom and didactic literature
862:, whose object was to glorify
543:Literature in Akkadian society
1:
3081:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
2478:Tigris–Euphrates river system
2241:Ulla Koch-Westenholz (2000).
674:
531:Drawing on the traditions of
2094:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
1735:Šumma sinništu qaqqada rabât
1659:A Syncretistic Hymn to Ištar
1443:Hemerology for Nazi-Maruttaš
1271:Bullussa-rabi’s Hymn to Gula
1155:, which have been edited by
18:Assyro-Babylonian literature
3147:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
3029:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
3024:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
1455:Hymn to the Queen of Nippur
1403:Epic of the plague-god Erra
1319:Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin
1287:Chronicle of reign of Šulgi
1227:Autobiography of Adad-guppī
3199:
3152:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
2258:Archiv für Orientforschung
1791:Verse Account of Nabonidus
1599:Ninurta-Pāqidāt's Dog Bite
1415:Fable of the Riding-donkey
1395:Epic of the Kassite period
1231:Autobiography of Kurigalzu
1118:
1078:Fable of the Riding-donkey
996:, being another exemplar.
965:(physiognomic omens), and
774:Ninurta-Pāqidāt's Dog Bite
2631:
2370:Jiménez, Enrique (2017).
2315:10.1017/S0021088900000607
2049:Companion to Ancient Epic
2014:A. Leo Oppenheim (1977).
1911:– via Google Books.
1795:Vision of the Netherworld
1765:• The therapeutic series
1631:Recipes against Antašubba
1451:Hymn to Ninurta as Savior
1447:Hymn to Ištar (“Ištar 2”)
1399:Epic of Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur
1109:Instructions of Shuruppak
1651:Salmānu-ašarēdu III Epic
1299:Consecration of a priest
1279:Chronicle of Early Kings
1187:Adapa and the South Wind
709:Chronicle of Early Kings
1975:Encyclopædia Britannica
1303:Counsels of a Pessimist
1235:Autobiography of Marduk
1096:Counsels of a Pessimist
908:, the plague-demon; of
2984:Babylonian mathematics
2358:. Peeters. p. 47.
1687:Series of Ox and Horse
1679:Series of Ox and Horse
1255:Birth legend of Sargon
953:(astrological omens),
928:, had been entered by
920:. Hades, the abode of
603:
2193:A. R. George (2003).
1970:Babylonia and Assyria
1655:Synchronistic History
1603:Nissaba and the Wheat
1427:Great Prayer to Šamaš
1327:Dialogue of Pessimism
1121:Akkadian disputations
1058:Tamarisk and the Palm
957:(terrestrial omens),
912:, the pestilence; of
889:of the Egyptian king
813:Tukultī-apil-Ešarra I
754:Dialogue of Pessimism
737:Seleucus III Ceraunus
729:Babylonian Chronicles
725:Synchronistic History
590:
461:Literature portal
34:History of literature
2979:Babylonian astronomy
2458:Mesopotamian Marshes
2178:D. L. Baker (2009).
1993:. Penn State Press.
1759:Tukulti-Ninurta Epic
1695:Series of the Spider
1691:Series of the Poplar
1587:Nergal and Ereškigal
1551:Moon god and the cow
1543:Middle Assyrian Laws
1431:Great Prayer to Nabû
1363:Edict of Ammi-Saduqa
1243:Babylonian King List
1157:Leonard William King
961:(anomalous births),
3173:Akkadian literature
3060:Destruction by ISIL
3014:Sumerian literature
2989:Akkadian literature
2425:Ancient Mesopotamia
1635:Religious Chronicle
1583:Neo-Babylonian Laws
1571:Nabonidus Chronicle
1419:Fable of the Willow
1247:Babylonian Theodicy
1179:Adad-šuma-uṣur Epic
1062:Fable of the Willow
1053:Babylonian Theodicy
766:dābibu, ākil karṣi,
747:Humorous literature
698:Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur I
667:Šulmānu-ašarēdu III
553:laterculae coctiles
533:Sumerian literature
498:Akkadian literature
262:Old Church Slavonic
252:Maharashtri Prakrit
3183:History of Assyria
3096:Mesopotamian myths
1846:Ancient literature
1817:(Sag-ba Sag-ba) •
1811:Zi-pà incantations
1755:Tašritu hemerology
1645:(Muruṣ qaqqadi) •
1619:Poor Man of Nippur
1495:Kettledrum rituals
1491:Kedor-laomer texts
1423:Girra and Elamatum
1405:(Erra and Išum) •
1359:Eclectic Chronicle
1343:Dynastic Chronicle
1339:Dream of Kurigalzu
1335:Donkey Disputation
1307:Counsels of Wisdom
1239:Babylonian Almanac
1191:Advice to a Prince
1183:Adapa and Enmerkar
1175:Adad-nārārī I Epic
1107:works such as the
1100:Advice to a Prince
1092:Counsels of Wisdom
790:Code of Ḫammu-rapi
770:Poor Man of Nippur
714:Dynastic Chronicle
604:
502:ancient literature
257:Pre-Proto-Mongolic
3160:
3159:
3111:Ziggurat (Temple)
3086:Sumerian religion
2844:
2843:
2791:Middle Babylonian
2733:Kish civilization
2629:
2628:
2453:Lower Mesopotamia
2448:Upper Mesopotamia
2383:978-90-04-33625-4
2216:. Brill. p.
2208:W. Hallo (2009).
2000:978-1-64602-030-0
1838:Literature portal
1803:Weidner Chronicle
1771:Uruhulake of Gula
1747:Tamarisk and Palm
1719:Šumma amēlu kašip
1683:Series of the Fox
1555:Mukīl rēš lemutti
1527:Ludlul bēl nēmeqi
1475:Ištar’s hell ride
1351:Dynasty of Dunnum
1347:Dynastic Prophecy
1295:Code of Hammurabi
1132:Tamarisk and Palm
1115:Disputation poems
1048:Ludlul bēl nēmeqi
887:the record-office
830:Epic of Gilgamesh
811:, c. 1360 BC, to
723:and the Assyrian
573:Sumerian language
522:Middle Bronze Age
506:Akkadian language
495:
494:
408:Modern by century
149:Classical Chinese
16:(Redirected from
3190:
3009:Sumerian cuisine
2999:Warfare in Sumer
2994:Economy of Sumer
2647:
2637:
2521:Fertile Crescent
2505:Sinjar Mountains
2500:Hamrin Mountains
2495:Zagros Mountains
2473:Taurus Mountains
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1901:. Echo Library.
1892:
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1833:
1799:Walker Chronicle
1745:ritual texts •
1607:Ox and the Horse
1519:Laws of Eshnunna
1501:(šar tamḫāri) •
1411:Fable of the Fox
1391:Epic of Gilgameš
1331:Dingir.šà.dib.ba
1217:(or Handbook) •
1074:Fable of the Fox
1070:Ox and the Horse
1066:Nisaba and Wheat
976:The practice of
971:Sakikkū (SA.GIG)
843:Sîn-lēqi-unninni
786:Laws of Eshnunna
735:(747–734 BC) to
692:period, that of
679:
676:
643:A. Leo Oppenheim
487:
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227:Gandhari Prakrit
68:Ancient Egyptian
39:
30:
21:
3198:
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2836:Muslim conquest
2806:Fall of Babylon
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1968:, ed. (1911). "
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1857:Further reading
1836:
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1819:Zu-buru-dabbeda
1567:Na'id-Šihu Epic
1539:Marduk Prophecy
1523:Lipšur litanies
1379:Enuma Anu Enlil
1219:At the cleaners
1215:Ašipus' Almanac
1165:
1149:
1123:
1117:
1033:
1025:Zu-buru-dabbeda
951:Enuma Anu Enlil
946:
835:šūtur eli šarrī
825:
809:Aššur-uballiṭ I
800:’s successors.
782:
749:
677:
663:Tukulti-Ninurta
655:
639:
600:Thomas Nicholls
585:
557:Pliny the Elder
545:
504:written in the
491:
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217:Byzantine Greek
154:Classical Latin
139:Ancient Prakrit
37:
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28:
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3132:Assyriologists
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3039:List of rulers
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1966:Chisholm, Hugh
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1787:Utukkū Lemnūtu
1775:Uruk King List
1763:Tu-ra kìlib-ba
1751:Tamītu Oracles
1711:Šulgi Prophecy
1643:Sag-gig-ga-meš
1579:Namerimburrudû
1499:King of Battle
1463:Inana's Ascent
1315:Curse of Akkad
1211:Asakkū marṣūtu
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1119:Main article:
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1113:
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1013:Utukkū Lemnūtu
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942:
895:Tell-el-Amarna
839:ša naqba īmeru
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2033:9780226631868
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2020:
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1961:public domain
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1779:Uruk Prophecy
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1200:
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1195:Agushaya Hymn
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1163:List of works
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687:
683:
672:
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664:
660:
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648:
647:lexical lists
644:
641:According to
637:Notable works
636:
634:
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628:
623:
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165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
129:Ancient Greek
127:
126:
123:
122:
118:
117:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
65:
62:
61:
57:
56:
55:
54:
50:
46:
42:
35:
31:
19:
3034:Royal titles
2988:
2959:Architecture
2796:Neo-Assyrian
2643:(Pre)history
2463:Persian Gulf
2372:
2364:
2355:
2349:
2340:
2306:
2302:
2289:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2242:
2236:
2211:
2203:
2194:
2188:
2179:
2173:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2062:UET 6/2, 414
2057:
2048:
2042:
2017:
2009:
1990:
1984:
1973:
1917:
1897:
1890:
1866:
1723:Šumma immeru
1663:Șēru šikinšu
1481:catalogue •
1471:Iškar Zaqīqu
1439:Harem Edicts
1387:Epic of Anzu
1267:Bīt salā’ mê
1171:Abnu šikinšu
1169:
1166:
1150:
1147:Other genres
1136:
1130:
1124:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1043:
1037:
1034:
998:
975:
967:Iškar Zaqīqu
947:
903:
880:
857:
855:
838:
834:
828:
826:
802:
783:
765:
761:
759:
750:
724:
718:
712:
708:
706:
656:
640:
624:
609:
605:
595:
577:
565:
552:
546:
530:
497:
496:
430:Contemporary
380:Early modern
119:
72:
58:
3137:Hittitology
3127:Assyriology
3048:Archaeology
2918:Old Persian
2728:Jemdet Nasr
1863:Shin Shifra
1731:Šumma liptu
1699:Šēp lemutti
1595:Nigdimdimmû
1291:Chronicle P
1141:Enuma Elish
1127:disputation
986:libanomancy
794:Ammi-Saduqa
720:Chronicle P
678: 1710
659:Adad-nārārī
598:(relief by
537:Babylonians
510:Mesopotamia
267:Old English
169:Old Persian
3167:Categories
3101:Divination
2811:Achaemenid
2776:Isin-Larsa
2669:Trialetian
2664:Mousterian
2651:Prehistory
2309:: 79–148.
1882:References
1875:Army Radio
1727:Šumma Izbu
1623:Prophecy A
1507:Labbu myth
1467:Iqqur Ipuš
1383:Enûma Eliš
1369:spells •
1355:Harab Myth
1259:Bīt mēseri
1223:Atra-ḫasīs
1207:Ardat-lili
1076:, and the
1050:) and the
994:Meli-Šipak
959:Šumma izbu
922:Ereshkigal
859:Enûma Eliš
849:, king of
798:Ḫammu-rapi
733:Nabû-nasir
625:Under the
432:by century
382:by century
343:by century
287:Old Turkic
272:Old German
60:Bronze Age
3178:Babylonia
2974:Cuneiform
2850:Languages
2659:Acheulean
2546:Babylonia
2483:Euphrates
2433:Geography
2376:. Brill.
2323:190713244
2165:192947135
2143:: 63–75.
2122:163822119
1783:Ušburruda
1715:Šumma ālu
1487:Kataduggû
1459:Ḫulbazizi
1263:Bīt rimki
1199:Alamdimmû
1153:Hammurabi
1137:Vierheber
1017:Bīt rimki
978:extispicy
963:Alamdimmû
955:Šumma ālu
891:Akhenaton
847:Gilgamesh
823:Mythology
680:–1698 BC
671:Zimri-Lim
627:Seleucids
549:cuneiform
518:Babylonia
327:Tocharian
282:Old Malay
277:Old Khmer
174:Old Tamil
121:Classical
3120:Academia
3074:Religion
2943:Urartian
2938:Sumerian
2923:Parthian
2858:Akkadian
2831:Sasanian
2821:Parthian
2816:Seleucid
2766:Simurrum
2756:Akkadian
2689:Khiamian
2679:Natufian
2591:Simurrum
2576:Kassites
2571:Hittites
2526:Adiabene
2283:: 91–94.
2264:: 50–57.
1865:(2008).
1824:See also
1675:Šà.zi.ga
1671:Šar Pūḫî
1575:Namburbi
1559:MUL.APIN
1367:Egalkura
1105:Sumerian
1021:Šà.zi.ga
1009:Namburbi
762:Aluzinnu
611:Assyrian
568:Sumerian
526:Iron Age
341:Medieval
242:Japanese
237:Georgian
212:Bactrian
207:Armenian
179:Sanskrit
164:Phrygian
159:Parthian
108:Sumerian
73:Akkadian
3106:Prayers
3091:Deities
3055:Looting
2898:Kassite
2893:Hurrian
2888:Hittite
2878:Elamite
2873:Eblaite
2868:Aramaic
2863:Amorite
2786:Kassite
2761:Gutians
2743:History
2708:Samarra
2704:Hassuna
2674:Zarzian
2596:Subartu
2586:Mitanni
2551:Chaldea
2541:Assyria
2514:Ancient
2157:4200367
2114:1359242
1963::
1815:Zisurrû
1743:Tākultu
1647:Sakikkū
1563:Muššu'u
1511:Lamaštu
990:Kassite
916:and of
696:and of
690:Kassite
620:Aramaic
616:Nineveh
561:papyrus
524:to the
514:Assyria
500:is the
322:Tibetan
312:Sogdian
247:Kannada
144:Aramaic
88:Hittite
78:Elamite
49:corpora
45:Ancient
2933:Sutean
2908:Median
2903:Luwian
2883:Gutian
2771:Ur III
2684:Nemrik
2621:Cities
2616:Urartu
2566:Hamazi
2561:Gutium
2536:Armani
2488:Tigris
2441:Modern
2380:
2321:
2224:
2163:
2155:
2120:
2112:
2030:
1997:
1957:
1905:
1871:Hebrew
1707:Šu'ila
1627:Qutāru
1615:Pazuzu
1547:Mîs-pî
1503:Ki'utu
1479:Kalûtu
1251:Bārûtu
1098:, and
1060:, the
982:Bārûtu
934:Ishtar
930:Nergal
926:Allatu
906:Namtar
872:Tiamat
868:Marduk
817:Sippar
711:, the
702:Marduk
665:, and
535:, the
317:Telugu
302:Sabaic
222:Coptic
202:Arabic
184:Syriac
113:Ugarit
103:Lydian
98:Luwian
83:Hattic
38:by era
3019:Music
2969:Akitu
2826:Roman
2718:Ubaid
2713:Halaf
2611:Tukri
2606:Sumer
2601:Suhum
2581:Media
2531:Akkad
2319:S2CID
2307:LXXII
2299:(PDF)
2161:S2CID
2153:JSTOR
2118:S2CID
2110:JSTOR
2081:: 82.
2075:JANES
2024:16–17
1739:Šurpu
1531:Maqlû
1483:KAR 6
1407:Etana
1005:Šurpu
1001:Maqlû
992:king
938:Enlil
914:Etana
883:found
805:Assur
684:) of
682:short
631:Greek
332:Welsh
292:Norse
232:Geʽez
3065:Tell
2723:Uruk
2556:Elam
2378:ISBN
2303:Iraq
2222:ISBN
2137:Iraq
2028:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1903:ISBN
1357:) •
918:Anzu
910:Erra
851:Uruk
780:Laws
760:The
700:and
686:Mari
516:and
445:21st
440:20th
421:19th
416:18th
400:17th
395:16th
390:15th
371:14th
366:13th
361:12th
356:11th
351:10th
307:Saka
297:Pali
2964:Art
2311:doi
2145:doi
2102:doi
1972:".
1767:UGU
1337:•
924:or
899:Anu
893:at
885:in
864:Bel
559:;
555:by
3169::
2368:*
2331:^
2317:.
2305:.
2301:.
2279:.
2262:29
2260:.
2220:.
2159:.
2151:.
2141:55
2139:.
2116:.
2108:.
2098:27
2096:.
2077:.
2026:.
1926:^
1813:•
1809:•
1805:•
1801:•
1797:•
1793:•
1789:•
1785:•
1781:•
1777:•
1773:•
1761:•
1757:•
1753:•
1749:•
1741:•
1737:•
1733:•
1729:•
1725:•
1721:•
1717:•
1713:•
1709:•
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1197:•
1193:•
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1185:•
1181:•
1177:•
1173:•
1159:.
1143:.
1094:,
1090:,
1080:.
1064:,
876:Ea
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717:,
704:.
675:c.
661:,
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2706:/
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2230:.
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2147::
2124:.
2104::
2079:6
2036:.
2003:.
1877:.
1353:(
1046:(
866:-
673:(
512:(
486:e
479:t
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51:)
47:(
20:)
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