1787:
1638:
1395:
1092:
717:
434:
36:
1655:
677:
have aspiration that lasts about as long as
English aspirated stops, in addition to unaspirated stops. Korean has lightly aspirated stops that fall between the Armenian and Cantonese unaspirated and aspirated stops as well as strongly-aspirated stops whose aspiration lasts longer than that of
1807:
828:, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.
1246:
speakers, may make them get confused with the corresponding voiced stop by other
English-speakers. Conversely, this confusion does not happen with the native speakers of languages which have aspirated and unaspirated but not voiced stops, such as
1647:
1909:
1855:
1656:
367:
374:⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨
1799:
1808:
499:
454:
789:
740:
583:
544:
1004:, and has been described for Spanish, though these are allophones of other phonemes. Similarly, aspirated fricatives and even aspirated nasals, approximants, and trills occur in a few
1910:
1856:
1901:
1847:
1113:
500:
455:
647:, aspiration of stops tends to be phonetically realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication.
2525:
1565:, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus
1178:
790:
741:
584:
545:
636:). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal folds remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's
670:
The degree of aspiration varies: the voice onset time of aspirated stops is longer or shorter depending on the language or the place of articulation.
2183:⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured consonant, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨
1112:
491:
446:
1254:
S+consonant clusters may vary between aspirated and nonaspirated depending upon if the cluster crosses a morpheme boundary or not. For instance,
2120:
is notable for aspirating its inherited (and developed across word-boundaries) voiceless geminate stops, yielding the series /pʰː tʰː cʰː kʰː/.
1177:
53:
2396:
1518:
1104:
408:
778:
729:
575:
536:
2518:
2440:
119:
1517:
100:
3187:
2775:
2457:
1485:
1452:
1419:
632:
open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (
72:
2549:
1484:
1451:
1418:
1169:
274:
205:
187:
2748:
57:
2743:
358:
There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨
1076:
Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an
79:
2755:
2738:
2730:
2511:
2770:
2765:
2150:
1616:
294:
282:
2760:
86:
3035:
246:
389:
Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: ⟨
46:
2682:
2627:
1077:
290:
68:
2793:
2612:
2545:
2200:
262:
2089:, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of
2047:
2041:
2035:
2996:
2991:
2902:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2255:
2013:
1690:
1005:
697:
have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for
250:
3013:
2823:
2622:
2597:
2541:
2227:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2105:
2097:
2090:
2067:
2059:
2030:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1757:
1745:
1600:
1592:
1578:
1570:
1558:
1554:
1057:
1009:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
810:
765:
702:
698:
694:
690:
419:
415:
404:
390:
386:⟩, but they are usually transcribed and , with the details of voice onset time given numerically.
383:
379:
375:
371:
363:
359:
328:
324:
310:
302:
298:
286:
201:
197:
183:
141:
2602:
2579:
2557:
797:
748:
686:
591:
552:
1037:
1033:
3040:
3003:
2715:
2188:
1721:
1711:
258:
2981:
2958:
2707:
2660:
2632:
2250:
2086:
1729:
1715:
1351:
1305:
1029:
993:
848:
847:, and some scholars interpret them as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops
1744:
have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and voiced aspirated, such as
3182:
2976:
2809:
2617:
2574:
1963:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1753:
1061:
836:
254:
93:
2432:
1681:
1669:
1506:
1304:. Unaspirated consonants like and aspirated consonants like are separate phonemes, and words
650:
Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in
3098:
3055:
2932:
2897:
2720:
2687:
2655:
2589:
2436:
2388:
2070:, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.
1957:
1946:
1892:
1741:
1530:
1497:
1464:
1431:
1320:
1239:
1223:
1013:
814:
769:
655:
605:
566:
527:
482:
320:
316:
3123:
3116:
2971:
2927:
2922:
2785:
2697:
2674:
2650:
2607:
2566:
2358:
2286:
2280:
2275:
1977:
1967:
1749:
1737:
1733:
1550:
1473:
1440:
1407:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1316:
1248:
1229:
1065:
1021:
840:
679:
651:
644:
637:
400:
2226:, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨
1226:, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.
3088:
2986:
2966:
2907:
2875:
2692:
2311:
2307:
2270:
2223:
2138:
2063:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1764:
1367:
1331:
997:
919:
513:
507:
468:
462:
2409:, 2006, "The Origin of the Kelabit Voiced Aspirates: A Historical Hypothesis Revisited",
693:
have voice onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, and
English aspirated
3060:
2425:
2109:
2058:
There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar
1375:
1343:
1335:
1297:
1243:
1235:
1041:
957:
659:
332:
230:
992:
Although most aspirated obstruents in the world's languages are stops and affricates,
3176:
3146:
3106:
3083:
3050:
3023:
2265:
2245:
2168:
2162:
2117:
2018:
1608:
961:
844:
625:
306:
278:
226:
2472:
2195:⟩, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter ⟨
3156:
3075:
3065:
3045:
2406:
2362:
2146:
2113:
2096:
Later, during the Koine and
Medieval Greek periods, the aspirated and voiced stops
2082:
1588:
1025:
1017:
2349:
Lisker and
Abramson (1964). "A cross-language Study of Voicing in Initial Stops".
1908:
1854:
1806:
1654:
1516:
1483:
1450:
1417:
1319:
have unaspirated as well as aspirated ; the latter series are usually viewed as
1176:
1111:
788:
739:
654:, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in
582:
543:
498:
453:
3161:
3151:
3141:
3028:
2885:
2240:
2176:
2167:
So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with
2078:
2074:
2026:
2022:
1604:
1001:
640:, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal folds close.
633:
629:
411:
35:
17:
2391:
2011. A panchronic study of aspirated fricatives, with new evidence from Pumi,
1970:
have a three-way distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced, such as
1553:(Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance,
249:
with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most
2944:
1775:, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated.
1702:
1584:
1542:
1214:
825:
617:
418:⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨
1937:
1883:
1835:
1238:
are aspirated for most native speakers when they are word-initial or begin a
802:
753:
598:
559:
520:
475:
3133:
2939:
2890:
2850:
2845:
2832:
2260:
2172:
1768:
1756:, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced:
1595:. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of
1339:
1232:
674:
242:
238:
234:
222:
214:
2498:
Fieldwork
Studies of Targeted Languages V: UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics
2055:) "smooth, rough, intermediate", respectively, by Koine Greek grammarians.
1524:
1491:
1458:
1425:
2431:(3rd ed.). Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp.
403:
are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨
2867:
2855:
2215:
2142:
2101:
1725:
1612:
1242:. Pronouncing them as unaspirated in these positions, as is done by many
1053:
344:
193:
2840:
1772:
1301:
340:
2029:
dialects, had a three-way distinction in stops like
Eastern Armenian:
2496:
Cho, T., & Ladefoged, P., "Variations and universals in VOT". In
2191:. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as ⟨
1562:
1285:
2473:"Phonetics and Phonology of Cypriot Geminates in Spontaneous Speech"
984:
are pronounced preaspirated (, , , ) in medial or final position.
2880:
2219:
1044:, have as many as four contrastive aspirated fricatives , and .
760:
662:, consonants are aspirated only when they are in final position.
1258:
has unaspirated since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but
2507:
2503:
2310:; Barbara Blankenship; Russell G. Schuh, eds. (21 April 2009).
1795:
Voicing and aspiration in
Eastern Armenian stops and affricates
1378:
are languages that do not have phonetic aspirated consonants.
1288:
are slightly aspirated prevocalically in a stressed syllable.
277:(IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for
29:
1785:
1636:
1393:
1090:
715:
442:
Aspiration of final stops and affricates in
Eastern Armenian
432:
1960:
have aspirated stops, and some have breathy-voiced stops.
1752:
has lost voiced aspirated consonants, which resulted in a
2461:, Walter de Gruyter 2014. 3110261332, 9783110261332, p.66
2210:
Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨
1980:
has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced:
1222:
In some languages, stops are distinguished primarily by
2230:⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents.
1611:: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as
1170:
Aspiration alternation in single-stem and compound word
225:
that accompanies either the release or, in the case of
725:
Gemination of aspirated consonants in
Eastern Armenian
1591:
has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates:
940:
1615:
cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or
1281:
Word-final voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated.
393:⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop.
192:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3132:
3097:
3074:
3012:
2957:
2866:
2831:
2822:
2802:
2784:
2729:
2706:
2673:
2643:
2588:
2565:
2556:
2199:⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the
1262:has an aspirated middle because it is analyzed as
1100:
Aspiration and voicing of stops in American English
1064:, are extremely rare. They have been documented in
166:
153:
148:
139:
134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2424:
1848:Final voiced, voiceless, and aspirated velar stops
1403:Aspirated stops and affricates in Mandarin Chinese
492:Final voiceless and aspirated alveolar affricates
313:⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop.
1052:True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to
206:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
2066:, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop
902:
886:
869:
331:⟩, typically represent consonants with
2519:
2104:to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding
8:
2375:Schwegler, Kempff & Ameal-Guerra (2010)
1674:
1662:
1048:Voiced consonants with voiceless aspiration
964:, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes
849:contrast with double stops and single stops
351:, and breathy-voiced consonants are called
336:
319:are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for
27:Consonant followed by a strong burst of air
2828:
2640:
2562:
2526:
2512:
2504:
1988:corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated
824:When aspirated consonants are doubled or
447:Final aspirated and voiceless velar stops
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2137:sometimes refers to the sound change of
996:such as , and have been documented in
924:
853:
2299:
1308:by whether they have one or the other.
1056:(breathy-voice) consonants such as the
1700:
1688:"postpone, wood shop, branch, shield"
1540:
1529:
1496:
1463:
1430:
1300:, tenuis and aspirated consonants are
1212:
956:Preaspirated stops also occur in most
615:
537:Final aspirated affricate–stop cluster
131:
2427:The sounds of French: an introduction
1945:
1891:
1689:
813:
768:
604:
565:
526:
481:
7:
1716:Dravidian languages § Phonology
196:. For the distinction between ,
58:adding citations to reliable sources
918:Preaspiration is also a feature of
2073:The other Ancient Greek dialects,
1712:Indo-Aryan languages § Charts
1541:Problems playing these files? See
1213:Problems playing these files? See
616:Problems playing these files? See
347:, aspirated consonants are called
305:⟩ represents the voiceless
25:
2455:Frans Hinskens, Johan Taeldeman,
2000:corresponds to Eastern voiceless
576:Final aspirated stop–stop cluster
370:for light aspiration was ⟨
2062:. Earlier Greek, represented by
1906:
1852:
1804:
1701:Problems playing this file? See
1652:
1514:
1481:
1448:
1415:
1174:
1109:
786:
737:
580:
541:
496:
451:
301:⟩. For instance, ⟨
34:
2550:International Phonetic Alphabet
2377:Fonética y fonología españolas.
362:⟩ and aspirated ⟨
275:International Phonetic Alphabet
188:International Phonetic Alphabet
45:needs additional citations for
2363:10.1080/00437956.1964.11659830
2179:. The modifier letter ⟨
689:. The Spanish voiceless stops
1:
1984:. Western Armenian aspirated
2471:Loukina, Anastassia (2005).
1934:"left-hand, sale, brushwood"
1603:. These are pronounced with
678:Armenian or Cantonese. (See
2033:. These series were called
1938:
1884:
1836:
1525:
1492:
1459:
1426:
1296:In many languages, such as
803:
754:
643:In some languages, such as
599:
560:
521:
476:
295:voiceless glottal fricative
3204:
2160:
2141:, in which a consonant is
2046:
2040:
2034:
2011:
1709:
1060:that are common among the
1040:. Some languages, such as
327:⟩, such as ⟨
283:aspiration modifier letter
247:complementary distribution
2918:
2539:
2458:Language and space: Dutch
2093:in the Classical period.
1928:
1922:
1916:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1317:Alemannic German dialects
1274:has an aspirated initial
796:
747:
590:
551:
512:
506:
467:
461:
2423:Tranel, Bernard (1987).
2201:voiced glottal fricative
1763:Other languages such as
1691:[ʈalʈʰalɖalɖʱal]
1648:Retroflex stops in Hindi
988:Fricatives and sonorants
701:and 90, 95, and 125 for
237:. In English, aspirated
3188:Consonants by airstream
2283:(Unaspirated consonant)
2256:List of phonetic topics
2145:(weakened) to become a
2014:Ancient Greek phonology
1947:[dzɑχtsɑχtsʰɑχ]
1893:[tʰɑgtʰɑktʰɑkʰ]
1006:Tibeto-Burman languages
685:Aspiration varies with
221:is the strong burst of
184:phonetic transcriptions
2542:Articulatory phonetics
2316:UCLA Phonetics Archive
2157:Breathy-voiced release
1832:"chisel, give!, sword"
1790:
1724:have aspirated stops.
1641:
1398:
1158:with partially voiced
1140:with partially voiced
1095:
1010:Oto-Manguean languages
941:
903:
887:
870:
720:
628:are produced with the
437:
293:of the symbol for the
181:This article contains
2716:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
2214:⟩ to murmured
1996:, and Western voiced
1880:"crown, mallet, only"
1789:
1640:
1397:
1094:
843:have consonants with
719:
687:place of articulation
567:[ɡəˈnɑt͡sʰkʰ]
528:[ɑjt͡sɑjt͡sʰ]
436:
382:⟩ and ⟨
341:grammatical tradition
251:South Asian languages
69:"Aspirated consonant"
3041:Labio-palatalization
2189:Indo-Aryan languages
2175:or vibration of the
1722:Indo-Aryan languages
994:aspirated fricatives
626:Voiceless consonants
378:⟩ or ⟨
323:followed by ⟨
279:voiceless consonants
261:, the difference is
259:East Asian languages
54:improve this article
2731:Double articulation
2411:Oceanic Linguistics
2379:John Wiley, 4th ed.
2251:Implosive consonant
1284:Voiceless stops in
1080:consonant cluster.
815:[kʲeˈtːsʰe]
349:voiceless aspirated
2053:psilá, daséa, mésa
1791:
1642:
1399:
1321:consonant clusters
1096:
1062:languages of India
960:. For example, in
721:
656:consonant clusters
606:[ɑˈʁɔtʰkʰ]
438:
3170:
3169:
3056:Pharyngealization
2953:
2952:
2818:
2817:
2776:Uvular–epiglottal
2669:
2668:
2389:Guillaume Jacques
1956:Most dialects of
1911:
1902:Dental affricates
1857:
1809:
1686:ṭāl ṭhāl ḍāl ḍhāl
1657:
1519:
1486:
1453:
1420:
1312:Consonant cluster
1306:are distinguished
1240:stressed syllable
1200:) with aspirated
1187:with unaspirated
1179:
1149:with unaspirated
1131:with unaspirated
1114:
954:
953:
916:
915:
791:
779:Double aspirated
770:[ˈmekːʰa]
742:
730:Double aspirated
585:
546:
501:
483:[tɑkʰtɑk]
456:
401:tenuis consonants
321:voiced consonants
317:Voiced consonants
177:
176:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3195:
3124:Voice onset time
2829:
2749:Labial–retroflex
2641:
2563:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2505:
2484:
2483:
2477:
2468:
2462:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2430:
2420:
2414:
2404:
2398:
2395:121.9:1518–1538
2386:
2380:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2346:
2340:
2327:word lists from
2326:
2324:
2322:
2308:Ladefoged, Peter
2304:
2287:Voice onset time
2281:Tenuis consonant
2276:Smooth breathing
2229:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2187:⟩ in the
2186:
2182:
2107:
2099:
2092:
2069:
2061:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2021:, including the
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:Western Armenian
1973:
1968:Eastern Armenian
1949:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1895:
1887:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1859:
1858:
1839:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1811:
1810:
1788:
1759:
1747:
1693:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1639:
1630:Indian languages
1602:
1597:muddy consonants
1594:
1580:
1572:
1560:
1556:
1551:Standard Chinese
1533:
1531:[tsʰɑʊ̀]
1528:
1521:
1520:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1487:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1454:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1421:
1396:
1249:Mandarin Chinese
1181:
1180:
1116:
1115:
1093:
1059:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
944:
925:
906:
890:
873:
854:
817:
812:
806:
800:
793:
792:
772:
767:
757:
751:
744:
743:
718:
704:
700:
696:
692:
680:voice onset time
652:Eastern Armenian
638:voice onset time
608:
602:
594:
587:
586:
569:
563:
555:
548:
547:
530:
524:
516:
510:
503:
502:
485:
479:
471:
465:
458:
457:
435:
421:
417:
406:
392:
385:
381:
377:
373:
365:
361:
353:voiced aspirated
330:
326:
312:
304:
300:
291:superscript form
288:
281:followed by the
203:
199:
170:
162:
157:
144:
143:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
18:Aspirated voiced
3203:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3128:
3093:
3070:
3015:
3008:
2949:
2914:
2862:
2814:
2798:
2780:
2744:Labial–alveolar
2725:
2702:
2683:Alveolo-palatal
2665:
2639:
2628:Palato-alveolar
2584:
2552:
2546:Co-articulation
2535:
2532:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2405:
2401:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2370:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2320:
2318:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2271:Rough breathing
2236:
2165:
2159:
2139:debuccalization
2131:
2129:Debuccalization
2126:
2100:of Attic Greek
2064:Mycenaean Greek
2023:Classical Attic
2016:
2010:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1885:t’ag t’ak t’ak’
1881:
1879:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1831:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1781:
1718:
1710:Main articles:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1632:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:[tsɑʊ̀]
1489:
1482:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1329:
1314:
1294:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1192:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1122:with aspirated
1117:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1074:
1050:
990:
920:Scottish Gaelic
834:
822:
821:
820:
819:
818:
809:
794:
787:
784:
775:
774:
773:
764:
745:
738:
735:
726:
722:
716:
711:
668:
623:
622:
614:
612:
611:
610:
609:
596:
588:
581:
578:
572:
571:
570:
557:
549:
542:
539:
533:
532:
531:
518:
504:
497:
494:
488:
487:
486:
473:
459:
452:
449:
443:
439:
433:
428:
333:murmured voiced
271:
211:
210:
209:
168:
160:
155:
140:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3201:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3061:Glottalization
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3036:Palatalization
3033:
3032:
3031:
3020:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2794:Velopharyngeal
2790:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:Labial–palatal
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2739:Labial–coronal
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2620:
2615:
2613:Denti-alveolar
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2500:vol. 95. 1997.
2492:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2463:
2448:
2441:
2415:
2399:
2381:
2368:
2341:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2161:Main article:
2158:
2155:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2012:Main article:
2009:
2006:
1915:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1861:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1837:dur, tur, t’ur
1813:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1698:
1661:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1538:
1523:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1490:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1465:[tʰân]
1457:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1424:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1336:Standard Dutch
1328:
1325:
1313:
1310:
1293:
1290:
1244:Indian English
1210:
1183:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1118:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1073:
1070:
1049:
1046:
989:
986:
958:Sami languages
952:
951:
948:
946:
936:
935:
932:
929:
914:
913:
910:
908:
898:
897:
894:
892:
882:
881:
878:
875:
865:
864:
861:
858:
833:
830:
795:
785:
777:
776:
746:
736:
728:
727:
724:
723:
714:
713:
712:
710:
707:
667:
664:
613:
589:
579:
574:
573:
550:
540:
535:
534:
505:
495:
490:
489:
460:
450:
445:
444:
441:
440:
431:
430:
429:
427:
424:
309:, and ⟨
270:
267:
204:⟩, see
180:
179:
178:
175:
174:
171:
164:
163:
158:
151:
150:
146:
145:
137:
136:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3200:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:Uvularization
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:Labialization
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Coronal–velar
2769:
2767:
2766:Labial–uvular
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2442:0-521-31510-7
2438:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2266:Preaspiration
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:Breathy voice
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:breathy voice
2164:
2163:Breathy voice
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2118:Cypriot Greek
2115:
2111:
2103:
2094:
2088:
2087:Arcadocypriot
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:Ancient Greek
2015:
2007:
2005:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1903:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1849:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1801:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1671:
1649:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1609:breathy voice
1606:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1532:
1527:
1511:
1510:
1499:
1494:
1478:
1477:
1466:
1461:
1445:
1444:
1433:
1432:[tân]
1428:
1412:
1411:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1270:and the word
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1171:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1106:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1042:Choni Tibetan
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
987:
985:
963:
962:Northern Sami
959:
949:
947:
945:
943:
938:
937:
933:
930:
927:
926:
923:
921:
911:
909:
907:
905:
900:
899:
895:
893:
891:
889:
884:
883:
879:
876:
874:
872:
867:
866:
862:
859:
856:
855:
852:
850:
846:
845:preaspiration
842:
838:
832:Preaspiration
831:
829:
827:
816:
811:/kʲetsʰˈtsʰe/
808:"long live!":
807:
805:
799:
783:
782:
771:
762:
758:
756:
750:
734:
733:
708:
706:
688:
683:
681:
676:
673:Armenian and
671:
665:
663:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
621:
619:
607:
603:
601:
593:
577:
568:
564:
562:
554:
538:
529:
525:
523:
517:"goat, visit"
515:
509:
493:
484:
480:
478:
470:
464:
448:
425:
423:
413:
410:
402:
398:
394:
387:
369:
368:An old symbol
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:release (see
334:
322:
318:
314:
308:
307:bilabial stop
296:
292:
284:
280:
276:
269:Transcription
268:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:preaspiration
224:
220:
216:
207:
195:
191:
189:
185:
172:
165:
159:
152:
147:
138:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3111:
3076:Tongue shape
3066:Nasalization
3046:Velarization
3016:articulation
2786:Pathological
2761:Labial–velar
2644:Active place
2623:Postalveolar
2598:Linguolabial
2534:Articulation
2497:
2479:
2466:
2456:
2451:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2407:Robert Blust
2402:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2371:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2319:. Retrieved
2315:
2302:
2209:
2171:, a type of
2166:
2147:glottal stop
2134:
2132:
2114:Modern Greek
2095:
2072:
2057:
2052:
2017:
1976:
1962:
1955:
1939:jax çax c’ax
1936:
1882:
1834:
1800:Dental stops
1762:
1719:
1685:
1621:
1617:
1596:
1589:Southern Min
1583:
1574:
1566:
1549:
1508:
1475:
1474:Unaspirated
1442:
1409:
1408:Unaspirated
1376:Modern Greek
1330:
1315:
1295:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1228:
1221:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1105:Labial stops
1075:
1051:
991:
955:
939:
917:
901:
885:
868:
835:
823:
801:
780:
752:
731:
684:
672:
669:
649:
642:
624:
597:
558:
519:
474:
472:"hot, under"
407:⟩, a
396:
395:
388:
357:
352:
348:
315:
289:⟩, a
272:
218:
212:
200:and ⟨
182:
116:
110:January 2009
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2886:Approximant
2603:Interdental
2580:Labiodental
2357:: 384–422.
2321:20 February
2241:Aspirated h
2177:vocal folds
2027:Koine Greek
1992:and voiced
1754:tone system
1577:represents
1569:represents
1002:Xuanzhou Wu
634:modal voice
630:vocal folds
412:equals sign
409:superscript
397:Unaspirated
263:contrastive
255:Indian ones
253:(including
3177:Categories
3014:Secondary
3004:Percussive
2972:Ingressive
2945:Continuant
2491:References
2482:: 263–270.
2218:, such as
2207:⟩.
2135:aspiration
2124:Other uses
1730:Hindustani
1703:media help
1585:Wu Chinese
1543:media help
1507:Aspirated
1441:Aspirated
1352:Portuguese
1215:media help
1084:Allophonic
1078:underlying
1032:languages
1028:, and the
766:/ˈmekʰkʰa/
618:media help
422:⟩.
414:: ⟨
366:⟩.
339:). In the
243:allophones
239:consonants
235:obstruents
219:aspiration
161:ʰ
80:newspapers
3183:Phonetics
3134:Phonation
3112:Aspirated
3107:Voiceless
2982:Implosive
2967:Egressive
2959:Airstream
2940:Occlusive
2891:Semivowel
2851:Fricative
2846:Affricate
2833:Obstruent
2708:Laryngeal
2661:Subapical
2633:Retroflex
2261:Phonation
2216:sonorants
2173:phonation
2151:fricative
2133:The term
1964:Classical
1769:Malayalam
1559:/t͡st͡sʰ/
1340:Afrikaans
1233:voiceless
1198:dis-taste
1072:Phonology
1038:Ventureño
1034:Barbareño
1030:Chumashan
1024:language
1016:language
837:Icelandic
826:geminated
804:kets’ts’e
675:Cantonese
426:Phonetics
215:phonetics
156:(decimal)
135:Aspirated
3029:Rounding
2997:Ejective
2992:Pulmonic
2977:Ejective
2903:Tap/flap
2868:Sonorant
2856:Sibilant
2810:Bidental
2618:Alveolar
2575:Bilabial
2312:"Korean"
2234:See also
2203:⟨
2110:Medieval
2060:/pʰtʰkʰ/
1958:Armenian
1779:Armenian
1746:/ppʰbbʱ/
1742:Gujarati
1726:Sanskrit
1382:Examples
1302:phonemic
1292:Phonemic
1260:distaste
1194:distaste
1054:murmured
934:Meaning
912:opening
863:Meaning
709:Doubling
703:/pʰtʰkʰ/
595:"prayer"
522:ayc ayc’
477:tak’ tak
345:Sanskrit
297:⟨
285:⟨
233:of some
198:/ /
194:Help:IPA
167:Unicode
149:Encoding
3147:Breathy
2933:Lateral
2898:Vibrant
2841:Plosive
2721:Glottal
2688:Palatal
2656:Laminal
2590:Coronal
2480:CamLing
2143:lenited
2102:lenited
1773:Kannada
1750:Punjabi
1738:Marathi
1734:Bengali
1613:initial
1599:, like
1387:Chinese
1372:Latvian
1364:Russian
1360:Spanish
1356:Italian
1348:Finnish
1327:Absence
1256:distend
1230:English
1224:voicing
1185:distend
1066:Kelabit
1014:Hmongic
1008:, some
841:Faroese
755:Mek’k’a
600:aġot’k’
561:gnac’k’
556:"train"
273:In the
231:closure
186:in the
154:Entity
94:scholar
3157:Creaky
3117:Tenuis
3084:Sulcal
2928:Rhotic
2923:Liquid
2824:Manner
2698:Uvular
2675:Dorsal
2651:Apical
2608:Dental
2567:Labial
2439:
2435:–130.
2413:45:311
2393:Lingua
2224:nasals
2220:vowels
2085:, and
2083:Aeolic
2031:/ttʰd/
1972:/ttʰd/
1771:, and
1765:Telugu
1758:/ppʰb/
1740:, and
1714:, and
1624:) tone
1593:/ppʰb/
1573:, and
1563:pinyin
1368:Polish
1332:French
1286:Pashto
1022:Siouan
1020:, the
1012:, the
998:Korean
666:Degree
645:Navajo
376:kʰ kʰʰ
257:) and
229:, the
223:breath
202:
173:U+02B0
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3162:Stiff
3152:Slack
3142:Modal
3099:Voice
3089:Domed
2987:Click
2908:Trill
2881:Vowel
2876:Nasal
2803:Other
2693:Velar
2558:Place
2476:(PDF)
2294:Notes
2098:/tʰd/
2079:Doric
2075:Ionic
2068:/kʷʰ/
2042:δασέα
2008:Greek
1982:/tʰd/
1720:Many
1618:light
1605:slack
1561:. In
1555:/ttʰ/
1344:Tamil
1298:Hindi
1272:taste
1268:taste
1236:stops
928:Word
896:hoax
880:zeal
857:Word
798:կեցցե
761:Mecca
749:Մեքքա
699:/ptk/
695:/ptk/
691:/ptk/
660:Wahgi
658:. In
592:աղոթք
553:գնացք
337:below
190:(IPA)
169:(hex)
101:JSTOR
87:books
2437:ISBN
2351:Word
2337:1975
2333:1966
2329:1977
2323:2015
2222:and
2112:and
2106:/θð/
2091:/tʰ/
2048:μέσα
2036:ψιλά
2025:and
1990:/tʰ/
1986:/tʰ/
1966:and
1828:թուր
1822:տուր
1816:դուր
1622:yáng
1587:and
1579:/tʰ/
1374:and
1264:dis-
1129:spin
1036:and
1000:and
978:/tʃ/
974:/ts/
950:cat
931:IPA
888:gabb
877:or
871:kapp
860:IPA
839:and
781:c’c’
732:k’k’
241:are
73:news
2433:129
2359:doi
2149:or
2108:in
2002:/t/
1998:/d/
1994:/d/
1930:ցախ
1924:ծախ
1918:ձախ
1876:թաք
1870:թակ
1864:թագ
1682:ढाल
1676:डाल
1670:ठाल
1664:टाल
1620:(陽
1607:or
1601:/b/
1571:/t/
1526:cǎo
1493:zǎo
1460:tàn
1427:dàn
1156:nib
1147:nip
1138:bin
1120:pin
1026:Ofo
1018:Hmu
982:/k/
970:/t/
966:/p/
942:cat
904:gap
682:.)
514:այց
508:այծ
469:տակ
463:տաք
399:or
343:of
245:in
213:In
56:by
3179::
2548:–
2544:–
2478:.
2355:20
2353:.
2335:,
2331:,
2314:.
2228:◌ʱ
2212:◌̤
2197:bʱ
2193:b̤
2185:bʰ
2181:◌ʰ
2153:.
2116:.
2081:,
2077:,
2045:,
2039:,
2004:.
1974:.
1927:,
1921:,
1873:,
1867:,
1825:,
1819:,
1767:,
1760:.
1748:.
1736:,
1732:,
1728:,
1679:,
1673:,
1667:,
1626:.
1581:.
1557:,
1509:ts
1476:ts
1370:,
1366:,
1362:,
1358:,
1354:,
1350:,
1346:,
1342:,
1338:,
1334:,
1323:.
1278:.
1266:+
1251:.
1068:.
1058:,,
980:,
976:,
972:,
968:,
922::
851::
763:":
705:.
511:,
466:,
416:t˭
405:◌˭
391:ʰp
384:kʰ
380:kʻ
364:kʰ
355:.
329:bʰ
325:◌ʰ
311:pʰ
287:◌ʰ
265:.
217:,
142:◌ʰ
2527:e
2520:t
2513:v
2445:.
2365:.
2361::
2339:.
2325:.
2205:ɦ
2051:(
1943::
1889::
1705:.
1575:t
1567:d
1545:.
1443:t
1410:t
1276:t
1217:.
1204::
1202:t
1196:(
1191:,
1189:t
1162::
1160:b
1153:,
1151:p
1144:,
1142:b
1135:,
1133:p
1126:,
1124:p
759:"
620:.
420:t
372:ʻ
360:k
303:p
299:h
208:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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