369:'to resign' is pronounced . That is in contrast with the Northern pronunciation, which requires the lenis sounds to be devoiced in that position: . Southern accents (Southern German, Austrian, Swiss) generally realize the lenis sounds as voiceless in most or all positions and do not feature syllable-final fortition: .
348:
are aspirated in the same environments as in
Standard German but more strongly, especially to environments in which the Standard German plosives are aspirated moderately and weakly: in unstressed intervocalic and word-final positions. That can be transcribed in the IPA as . The voiceless affricates
89:
110:
333:
The corresponding standard southern (Southern German, Austrian, Swiss) pronunciations contain lenis consonants in that position: and , respectively.
178:
546:
288:
45:
27:
314:
As in
Standard German, syllable-final obstruents written with the letters used also for syllable-initial lenis sounds (
499:
565:
378:
136:
147:
82:
65:
237:
194:
95:
517:
513:
509:
493:
485:
362:
350:
345:
338:
323:
282:
258:
231:
220:
161:
41:
37:
23:
170:
497:
286:
249:
In contemporary
Standard German, both of these features are found almost exclusively in Switzerland.
235:
212:
192:
184:
176:
168:
489:
298:
186:
542:
102:
409:
326:, which, in position immediately after a fortis, occurs in Bühnendeutsch: see below), but
132:
117:
99:
559:
278:
125:
534:
223:
found in German or
Austrian Standard German corresponds to in Bühnendeutsch so
199:, used extensively in contemporary Standard German, is not allowed. Therefore,
242:
in German or
Austrian Standard German, Bühnendeutsch requires a sequence so
214:
484:
Mangold transcribes the voiced palatal fricative with the symbol ⟨
141:
33:
106:
261:
cannot be elided before a sonorant consonant (making it syllabic) so
167:
Until 1957, only two pronunciations were allowed: an alveolar trill
508::44, 51)). It is also worth noting that among the lenis obstruents
274:
116:. Established in the 19th century, it came to be considered pure
496:
is the lenis fricative counterpart of the fortis fricative
131:
An artificial standard not corresponding directly to any
444:
442:
440:
438:
322:'intention' is pronounced (note the full voicing of
32:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
265:'yarn' is pronounced rather than the standard .
365:are fully voiced after voiceless obstruents so
120:. It was codified in the pronouncing dictionary
46:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
137:Standard German as spoken in Northern Germany
94:, "stage pronunciation") is a unified set of
16:Unified set of pronunciation rules for German
8:
301:' is pronounced rather than the standard .
203:('red') can be pronounced , and but not .
191:was also allowed. A voiced uvular fricative
71:
54:
512:as well as the fortis counterpart of the
353:are unaspirated , as in Standard German.
541:(6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag,
505:
472:
460:
448:
429:
396:
389:
246:'better' is pronounced rather than .
492:. However, he explicitly states that
146:
81:
64:
7:
357:Complete voicing of lenis obstruents
36:. For the distinction between ,
227:'for' is pronounced rather than .
135:, Bühnendeutsch is mostly based on
14:
160:Three acceptable realizations of
318:etc.) are realized as fortis so
128:, and first published in 1898.
124:, edited by the German scholar
28:International Phonetic Alphabet
285:is realized as a short, tense
1:
257:Contrary to Standard German,
183:. After 1957, a uvular trill
83:[ˈbyːnənˌʔaʊsʃpʁaːxə]
269:Fronting of word-final schwa
520:) appear only in loanwords.
488:⟩: as if it were an
139:. For example, the suffix
582:
379:Standard German phonology
122:Deutsche Bühnenaussprache
539:Das Aussprachewörterbuch
310:Syllable-final fortition
410:"Pronunciation: Part 2"
344:The voiceless plosives
330:'bath' is pronounced .
316:⟨b, d, g⟩
66:[ˈbyːnənˌdɔʏtʃ]
24:phonetic transcriptions
230:Whenever the sequence
72:
55:
21:This article contains
463:, pp. 37–40, 63.
363:/b,d,ɡ,d͡ʒ,v,ð,ʝ,z,ʒ/
361:The lenis obstruents
337:Strong aspiration of
175:and an alveolar flap
69:, "stage German") or
96:pronunciation rules
475:, pp. 57, 63.
432:, pp. 53, 63.
273:In loanwords from
548:978-3-411-04066-7
281:, the word-final
103:literary language
573:
566:German phonology
551:
521:
519:
515:
511:
503:
495:
487:
482:
476:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
433:
427:
421:
420:
418:
416:
406:
400:
394:
364:
352:
347:
340:
325:
317:
292:
284:
260:
253:No schwa-elision
241:
234:is vocalized to
233:
222:
218:
198:
190:
182:
174:
163:
150:
93:
92:
91:
85:
80:
75:
73:Bühnenaussprache
68:
63:
58:
43:
39:
581:
580:
576:
575:
574:
572:
571:
570:
556:
555:
554:
549:
533:
529:
524:
483:
479:
471:
467:
459:
455:
447:
436:
428:
424:
414:
412:
408:
407:
403:
395:
391:
387:
375:
359:
342:
315:
312:
307:
271:
255:
219:realization of
209:
165:
157:
88:
87:
86:
78:
61:
51:
50:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
579:
577:
569:
568:
558:
557:
553:
552:
547:
530:
528:
525:
523:
522:
477:
473:Mangold (2005)
465:
461:Mangold (2005)
453:
449:Mangold (2005)
434:
430:Mangold (2005)
422:
401:
397:Mangold (2005)
388:
386:
383:
382:
381:
374:
371:
358:
355:
341:
335:
311:
308:
306:
303:
270:
267:
254:
251:
211:The vocalized
208:
205:
164:
158:
156:
153:
145:is pronounced
44:⟩, see
20:
19:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
578:
567:
564:
563:
561:
550:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:
526:
507:
506:Mangold (2005
501:
491:
481:
478:
474:
469:
466:
462:
457:
454:
451:, p. 63.
450:
445:
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
426:
423:
411:
405:
402:
399:, p. 62.
398:
393:
390:
384:
380:
377:
376:
372:
370:
368:
356:
354:
351:/p͡f,t͡s,t͡ʃ/
336:
334:
331:
329:
321:
309:
304:
302:
300:
296:
290:
280:
279:Ancient Greek
276:
268:
266:
264:
252:
250:
247:
245:
239:
228:
226:
216:
206:
204:
202:
196:
188:
180:
172:
159:
154:
152:
149:
144:
143:
138:
134:
129:
127:
126:Theodor Siebs
123:
119:
115:
114:
108:
104:
101:
97:
90:
84:
76:
74:
67:
59:
57:
56:Bühnendeutsch
47:
35:
31:
29:
25:
538:
535:Mangold, Max
527:Bibliography
480:
468:
456:
425:
413:. Retrieved
404:
392:
366:
360:
343:
332:
327:
319:
313:
294:
272:
262:
256:
248:
243:
229:
224:
210:
200:
166:
148:[ɪç]
140:
130:
121:
112:
105:used in the
70:
53:
52:
40:and ⟨
22:
490:approximant
118:High German
385:References
305:Obstruents
113:Sprachraum
537:(2005) ,
510:/d͡ʒ,ð,ʒ/
207:Rhoticism
155:Sonorants
560:Category
373:See also
367:abdanken
98:for the
38:/ /
34:Help:IPA
346:/p,t,k/
339:/p,t,k/
320:Absicht
133:dialect
111:German
109:of the
107:theatre
62:German:
26:in the
545:
415:May 6,
299:psyche
295:Psyche
244:besser
100:German
42:
291:]
287:[
275:Latin
263:Faden
240:]
236:[
217:]
213:[
197:]
193:[
189:]
185:[
181:]
177:[
173:]
169:[
30:(IPA)
543:ISBN
417:2012
277:and
232:/ər/
79:IPA:
518:/θ/
514:/ð/
494:/j/
328:Bad
324:/z/
293:so
283:/ə/
259:/ə/
225:für
221:/r/
201:rot
162:/r/
142:-ig
562::
437:^
215:ɐ̯
151:.
516:(
504:(
502:/
500:ç
498:/
486:j
419:.
297:'
289:e
238:ɐ
195:ʁ
187:ʀ
179:ɾ
171:r
77:(
60:(
48:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.