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361:) and occasionally dispatch police vehicles to trail the groups of bikes for the reason of preventing possible incidents, which may include: riding very slowly through suburbs at speeds of 10–15 km/h (6.2–9.3 mph), creating a loud disturbance while waving imperial Japanese flags, and starting fights that may include weapons (such as wooden swords, metal pipes, baseball bats, and Molotov cocktails).
370:
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as highly organized groups, affiliated under several national federations. They generally have clear cut rules, uniforms, symbols, and other marks of organization. Some groups have membership fees and set punishments. These groups also make up a large proportion of
Japanese criminal activity, being
342:
groups sometimes ride without motorcycle helmets (which in Japan is illegal), also engage in dangerous or reckless driving, such as weaving in traffic, and running red lights. Another activity is speeding in city streets, not usually for street racing but more for thrills. With many bikes involved,
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were often embroidered with various slogans and large, intricate designs. They were seen as a status symbol to many, symbolizing both their pride in themselves and their strength. They were often worn open in the front, with bandage wrappings around their waist. They would also often be accompanied
194:
veterans. The disobedient subculture originated in the 1950s when the young pilots came back from World War II. Many veterans faced difficulty readjusting to society after the war, and some turned to custom car making and gang-like activities on city streets to gain an adrenaline fix. These early
239:
would often embark on massed rides, in which up to 100 bikers would cruise together slowly en masse down an expressway or major highway. The motorcyclists would run toll booths without stopping and would ignore police attempts to detain them. New Year's Eve was a popular occasion for the massed
211:
became known for its many similarities to old
American biker culture. Many younger individuals began to see this style of life as very appealing, especially marginalized individuals looking for change. Eventually, these youngsters took over the identity, becoming the foundation for the modern
491:
In
America, the term "Bosozoku" is also applied to cars that have undergone extreme modification. The term generally only applies to Japanese manufactured vehicles, and is somewhat interchangeable with the term "Kaido Racer". Broadly, "Bosozoku" refers to the concept of Japanese vehicle
268:
was to ride together in much smaller groups and to ride scooters instead of heavily modified motorcycles. Aichi prefecture was reported to have the highest number of riders, followed by Tokyo, Osaka, Ibaraki and
Fukuoka. By 2015, there were only a reported 6,771 active
240:
rides. The bikers would sometimes smash the cars and threaten or beat up any motorists or bystanders who got in the way or expressed disapproval of the bikers' behavior. Participation in the gangs peaked at 42,510 members in 1982. This made
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sprinkled throughout the country. In 2004, the
Japanese government passed a revised road traffic law which gave the police more power to arrest bikers riding recklessly in groups. With increased arrests and prosecutions,
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79:
was in the 1950s. Popularity climbed throughout the 1980s, peaking at an estimated 42,510 members in 1982. Their numbers dropped dramatically in the 2000s, with fewer than 7,297 members in 2012. Later, in 2020, a
492:
modification, whereas "Kaido Racer" refers specifically to car modification. This reference is used incorrectly and should only be used to define the group of people that would build the motorcycles.
336:
is also applied to motorcycle subculture with an interest in motorcycle customizing, often illegal, and making noise by removing the mufflers on their vehicles so that more noise is produced. These
306:
are usually between the ages of 16 and 20 years old. They are known for their style that heavily mimics greaser culture within the United States. This includes a pompadour style haircut,
488:
are known to modify their motorcycles in an extensively colorful, flashy way. They will often have three or four oversized fairings in a tower-like way in and an abundance of lights.
530:. However, as these groups become less common, their ties to the yakuza become less apparent, as they begin recruiting from other marginalized groups, such as the Japanese
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rally that used to attract thousands of members only had 53 members, with police stating that it was a long time since they had to round up that many people.
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uniforms, which were often modified and embroidered jumpsuits, inspired by those worn by manual laborers during the WWII era, baggy pants and military boots.
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first truly began to emerge. This was a period of time characterized by actual riots between police and many of these youth groups. The term
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was not actually created by these biker groups, but was eventually widely adopted and used by these various groups. In the 1980s and 1990s,
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the leading one is driven by the leader, who is responsible for the event and is not allowed to be overtaken. Japanese police call them
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similar to those of manual laborers or leather military jackets with baggy pants, and tall boots. This uniform became known as the
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476:" designs are also quite common. The bikes will often be adorned with stickers and/or flags depicting the gang's symbol or logo.
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Numbers slowly began to decline following the 1980s peak. It is reported that, by the 1990s there were around 28,000
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organizations. In fact, some numbers predict that as many as one-third of yakuza recruits come from one of a few
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Their lives of crime generally do not end after they turn twenty though. It is estimated that around 25% of
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usually fit them much higher on the bike than their original position, and angled upwards at the front).
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Loud paint schemes on the fenders or the gas tanks with motifs such as flames or kamikaze-style "
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participation rapidly went into decline. As of 2010, police reported that the new trend among
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are above the age of twenty. Alongside that, they have been shown to have ties to various
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There are also marked regional differences in motorcycle modifications. For example,
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are known to modify their motorcycles in peculiar and showy ways, which are called
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877:"Tokyo cops accuse Chinese Dragon member in gashing of man with broken bottle"
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involved in vandalism, road traffic violations, and other criminal activity.
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bike starts off by taking an average 250-400cc
Japanese road bike, adding a
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708:"Police crackdowns fast making hot-rodder spectacles a fading memory"
580:, a youth movement in the United Kingdom, associated with customised
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throughout Japan. In 2013, the
National Police Agency re-classified
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20:
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962:'Bosozoki' and Yankee: Anomy and Parody in the Affluent Society
780:"The Bosozoku Are Japan's Disappearing Rebels Without A Cause"
730:"The Bosozoku Are Japan's Disappearing Rebels Without a Cause"
408:
bike modification appears to combine elements of an
American
457:, "to squeeze"), and adding a three- or four-trumpet horn -
1097:
Speed Tribes: Days and Nights with Japan's Next
Generation
992:
688:"Documentary chronicles disappearing world of 'bosozoku'"
1180:(general article about bōsōzoku culture and its decline)
181:, as young veterans adjusted to life in post-WWII Japan.
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the prevailing form of youth delinquency within Japan.
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1038:"The Real Story Behind Bosozoku Car Culture In Japan"
830:. University of California Press. pp. 124–126.
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804:"Japan's 'bosozoku' bikers a vanishing rebel breed"
1112:Kamikaze Biker: Parody and Anomy in Affluent Japan
117:slogans. Typical accessories to this uniform are
1192:Bosozoku japanese biker gangs and bosozoku style
1187:(documentary about current and former bōsōzoku)
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35:
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1114:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
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445:), squeezing the handlebars inwards (known as
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125:, surgical masks, and patches displaying the
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930:"Worn to be wild: Tokkōfuku combat uniforms"
139:and adding modifications such as over-sized
993:"Bosozoku: The Craziest Autos in the World"
50:
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828:Yakuza : Japan's Criminal Underworld
75:. The first appearance of these types of
60:running wild and driving recklessly tribe
1607:Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned
420:like those found on café racers (though
1755:Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling
1010:Carbonare, Dino Dalle (12 April 2013).
678:
1200:(blog showcasing bōsōzoku style cars)
1185:Life Inside Japan's Aging Biker Gangs
899:
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190:first started as groups of returning
7:
852:"Aichi biker gangs up but downsized"
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205:culture and imported Western films;
1551:Ghost Rider (Swedish motorcyclist)
1194:(key elements of bōsōzoku fashion)
1125:Sasaki, Hiroto, and Tokoro Jewzo.
964:(PhD). The University of Chicago.
14:
1099:. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.
991:Writers, Yabai (25 August 2017).
778:Callahan, Kat (October 4, 2014).
686:Osaki, Tomohiro (18 April 2013).
1012:"The Anatomy Of The Kaido Racer"
802:Osaki, Tomohiro (Dec 14, 2016).
728:Callahan, Kat (4 October 2014).
552:
221:The 1970s were when the term of
934:Deep reads from The Japan Times
906:"The Rise and Fall of Bosozoku"
201:took inspiration from American
1127:Bukkomi no Taku: Kaze Densetsu
1036:Lang, Oliver (21 April 2020).
441:exhaust system (multiple tube
1:
149:styles take inspiration from
135:members are known for taking
94:style traditionally involves
1545:Bikie Wars: Brothers in Arms
378:-style customized motorcycle
111:, "special attack clothing")
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1138:. Shonen Magazine Comics.
319:by rounded sunglasses and
113:and is often adorned with
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1621:Ride to Hell: Retribution
1441:
1132:
1075:
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16:Japanese youth subculture
1799:Motorcycle customization
1557:Harley and the Davidsons
1178:Last of the Speed Tribes
826:Kaplan, David E (2019).
297:Bōsōzoku on a night ride
1804:Zainichi Korean culture
1784:Motorcycling subculture
1680:Colin "Caesar" Campbell
496:Ties to organized crime
402:. The general style of
281:biker gangs as "pseudo-
1401:Outlaw motorcycle club
1095:Greenfeld, Karl Taro.
587:Outlaw motorcycle club
400:, "modified vehicles")
379:
298:
182:
73:customized motorcycles
32:
1176:Metropolis magazine,
1149:Yoshinaga, Masayuki.
429:A typical customized
372:
296:
177:were preceded by the
172:
24:
1779:Japanese subcultures
1234:Japanese subcultures
960:Sato, Ikuya (1986).
1590:Gangland Undercover
1531:Film and television
1483:Japanese subculture
904:John (2012-03-26).
502:Japanese government
412:bike and a British
137:Japanese road bikes
1730:Hunter S. Thompson
1639:Back Street Heroes
1315:Cultural phenomena
714:. 19 October 2021.
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1069:Shonan Junai Gumi
285:" organizations.
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1475:Youth subculture
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1409:List of terms
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1405:List of clubs
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1155:Trolley Books
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1144:4-06-312449-5
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1120:0-226-73525-7
1117:
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1021:20 February
712:Japan Today
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96:boilersuits
77:biker gangs
25:A group of
1768:Categories
1740:Chuck Zito
1690:Jay Dobyns
1653:Iron Horse
1646:Easyriders
1538:Biker Boyz
1450:Scooterboy
1445:Mat Rempit
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1322:Gyaru-moji
1267:Genderless
1153:. London:
939:2020-11-14
915:2020-11-14
887:2020-11-14
862:2020-11-14
758:18 October
749:"Bosozoku"
668:References
568:Mat Rempit
474:rising sun
414:café racer
315:Tokkō-fuku
309:tokkō-fuku
159:Teddy boys
101:tokkō-fuku
1614:Days Gone
1583:Wild Hogs
1495:Hashiriya
1428:hooligans
1381:Biker bar
978:303443061
673:Citations
626:Kyūshakai
534:burakumin
330:The word
121:hachimaki
1490:Bōsōzoku
1424:stunters
1296:Omorashi
1247:Bōsōzoku
1157:, 2002.
1151:Bosozoku
1085:Comics.
974:ProQuest
970:14085189
784:Jalopnik
753:haenfler
734:Jalopnik
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582:scooters
546:See also
540:Zainichi
527:bōsōzoku
517:bōsōzoku
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485:bōsōzoku
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141:fairings
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28:bōsōzoku
1663:Writers
1500:Sukeban
1386:Chopper
1306:Sukeban
1262:Ganguro
1252:Cosplay
1042:Hotcars
662:Sukeban
597:Tafheet
592:Raggare
573:Ah Beng
481:Ibaraki
454:shiboru
448:shibori
410:chopper
346:Maru-Sō
203:greaser
165:History
54:
31:in 2013
1576:Torque
1420:Squids
1391:Colors
1374:Bikers
1291:Lolita
1281:Kawaii
1276:gyaruo
1183:Vice,
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1076:湘南純愛組！
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466:yonren
460:sanren
443:header
323:tasuki
289:Traits
283:yakuza
157:, and
1301:Otaku
1286:Kogal
1272:Gyaru
997:YABAI
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650:Yankī
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438:shugo
115:kanji
1505:Zoku
1426:and
1159:ISBN
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1133:特攻の拓
1116:ISBN
1101:ISBN
1087:ISBN
1049:2022
1023:2022
966:OCLC
832:ISBN
760:2022
173:The
51:lit.
578:Mod
538:or
463:or
397:改造車
355:or
352:マル走
108:特攻服
46:暴走族
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