2381:
crops (Board on
Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants, National Research Council and Division on Earth and Life Studies 2002). Both the U.S. National Research Council and the Joint Research Centre (the European Union's scientific and technical research laboratory and an integral part of the European Commission) have concluded that there is a comprehensive body of knowledge that adequately addresses the food safety issue of genetically engineered crops (Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health and National Research Council 2004; European Commission Joint Research Centre 2008). These and other recent reports conclude that the processes of genetic engineering and conventional breeding are no different in terms of unintended consequences to human health and the environment (European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 2010).
2328:
of the World Health
Organization (WHO, 2002). These foods have been assessed for increased risks to human health by several national regulatory authorities (inter alia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom and the United States) using their national food safety procedures (ICSU). To date no verifiable untoward toxic or nutritionally deleterious effects resulting from the consumption of foods derived from genetically modified crops have been discovered anywhere in the world (GM Science Review Panel). Many millions of people have consumed foods derived from GM plants - mainly maize, soybean and oilseed rape - without any observed adverse effects (ICSU).
2424:
GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was observed. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that most of the studies demonstrating that GM foods are as nutritional and safe as those obtained by conventional breeding, have been performed by biotechnology companies or associates, which are also responsible of commercializing these GM plants. Anyhow, this represents a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies.
2591:
research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies." The World Health
Organization, the American Medical Association, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the British Royal Society, and every other respected organization that has examined the evidence has come to the same conclusion: consuming foods containing ingredients derived from GM crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods containing ingredients from crop plants modified by conventional plant improvement techniques.
55:
944:, had applied to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to market Starlink for use in animal feed and in human food. However, because the Cry9C protein lasts longer in the digestive system than other Bt proteins, the EPA had concerns about its allergenicity, and PGS did not provide sufficient data to prove that Cry9C was not allergenic. As a result, PGS split its application into separate permits for use in food and use in
350:
451:
959:-branded taco shells sold in supermarkets were found to contain the corn. Sales of StarLink seed were discontinued. The registration for Starlink varieties was voluntarily withdrawn by Aventis in October 2000. Pioneer had been bought by AgrEvo which then became Aventis CropScience at the time of the incident, which was later bought by
2551:. Overall, a broad scientific consensus holds that currently marketed GM food poses no greater risk than conventional food... Major national and international science and medical associations have stated that no adverse human health effects related to GMO food have been reported or substantiated in peer-reviewed literature to date.
661:(MSV), although it has not been released as a product. While breeding cultivars for resistance to MSV isn't done in the public, the private sector, international research centers, and national programmes have done all of the breeding. As of 2014, there have been a few MSV-tolerant cultivars released in Africa. A private company
2861:
GM foods currently available on the international market have passed safety assessments and are not likely to present risks for human health. In addition, no effects on human health have been shown as a result of the consumption of such foods by the general population in the countries where they have
2554:
Despite various concerns, today, the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, the World Health Organization, and many independent international science organizations agree that GMOs are just as safe as other foods. Compared with conventional breeding techniques, genetic engineering is far
2504:
The presented articles suggesting possible harm of GMOs received high public attention. However, despite their claims, they actually weaken the evidence for the harm and lack of substantial equivalency of studied GMOs. We emphasize that with over 1783 published articles on GMOs over the last 10 years
2327:
Currently available transgenic crops and foods derived from them have been judged safe to eat and the methods used to test their safety have been deemed appropriate. These conclusions represent the consensus of the scientific evidence surveyed by the ICSU (2003) and they are consistent with the views
849:
that concluded that any risk posed by the corn to butterfly populations under real-world conditions was negligible. A 2002 review of the scientific literature concluded that "the commercial large-scale cultivation of current Bt–maize hybrids did not pose a significant risk to the monarch population".
761:
that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction. Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe.
696:
must at least be adjacent to a Bt field. EPA regulations also require seed companies to train farmers how to maintain refuges, to collect data on the refuges and to report that data to the EPA. A study of these reports found that from 2003 to 2005 farmer compliance with keeping refuges was above 90%,
2774:
Several scientific organizations in the US have issued studies or statements regarding the safety of GMOs indicating that there is no evidence that GMOs present unique safety risks compared to conventionally bred products. These include the
National Research Council, the American Association for the
2423:
In spite of this, the number of studies specifically focused on safety assessment of GM plants is still limited. However, it is important to remark that for the first time, a certain equilibrium in the number of research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of
2301:
The literature about
Biodiversity and the GE food/feed consumption has sometimes resulted in animated debate regarding the suitability of the experimental designs, the choice of the statistical methods or the public accessibility of data. Such debate, even if positive and part of the natural process
765:
The scientific rigor of the studies regarding human health has been disputed due to alleged lack of independence and due to conflicts of interest involving governing bodies and some of those who perform and evaluate the studies. However, no reports of ill effects from GM food have been documented in
648:
accumulation in the crop that can be carcinogenic and toxic to humans and other animals. This can prove to be especially devastating in developing countries with drastic climate patterns such as high temperatures, which favor the development of toxic fungi. In addition, higher mycotoxin levels leads
3636:
Dorsch JA, Candas M, Griko NB, Maaty WS, Midboe EG, Vadlamudi RK, Bulla LA (September 2002). "Cry1A toxins of
Bacillus thuringiensis bind specifically to a region adjacent to the membrane-proximal extracellular domain of BT-R(1) in Manduca sexta: involvement of a cadherin in the entomopathogenicity
2962:
Members of the GM jury project were briefed on various aspects of genetic modification by a diverse group of acknowledged experts in the relevant subjects. The GM jury reached the conclusion that the sale of GM foods currently available should be halted and the moratorium on commercial growth of GM
2500:
Here, we show that a number of articles some of which have strongly and negatively influenced the public opinion on GM crops and even provoked political actions, such as GMO embargo, share common flaws in the statistical evaluation of the data. Having accounted for these flaws, we conclude that the
2966:
The Royal
Society review (2002) concluded that the risks to human health associated with the use of specific viral DNA sequences in GM plants are negligible, and while calling for caution in the introduction of potential allergens into food crops, stressed the absence of evidence that commercially
2590:
The EU, for example, has invested more than €300 million in research on the biosafety of GMOs. Its recent report states: "The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research and involving more than 500 independent
704:
Seed bags containing both Bt and refuge seed have been approved by the EPA in the United States. These seed mixtures were marketed as "Refuge in a Bag" (RIB) to increase farmer compliance with refuge requirements and reduce additional work needed at planting from having separate Bt and refuge seed
4823:
While EPA had no specific data to indicate that Cry9C was an allergen, the protein expressed in StarLink corn did exhibit certain characteristics (i.e. relative heat stability and extended time to digestion) that were common to known food allergens such as those found in peanuts, eggs, etc. EPA's
2380:
There is broad scientific consensus that genetically engineered crops currently on the market are safe to eat. After 14 years of cultivation and a cumulative total of 2 billion acres planted, no adverse health or environmental effects have resulted from commercialization of genetically engineered
2252:
Beckmann, V., C. Soregaroli, J. Wesseler (2011): Coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-modified (non GM) crops: Are the two main property rights regimes equivalent with respect to the coexistence value? In "Genetically modified food and global welfare" edited by Colin Carter, GianCarlo
973:
A subsequent review of these tests by the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Scientific Advisory Panel points out that while "the negative results decrease the probability that the Cry9C protein is the cause of allergic symptoms in the individuals examined ... in the absence of a
773:
Critics have objected to GM crops on ecological, economic and health grounds. The economic issues derive from those organisms that are subject to intellectual property law, mostly patents. The first generation of GM crops lose patent protection beginning in 2015. Monsanto has claimed it will not
2997:
The largest differences between the public and the AAAS scientists are found in beliefs about the safety of eating genetically modified (GM) foods. Nearly nine-in-ten (88%) scientists say it is generally safe to eat GM foods compared with 37% of the general public, a difference of 51 percentage
2958:
When seeking to optimise the balance between benefits and risks, it is prudent to err on the side of caution and, above all, learn from accumulating knowledge and experience. Any new technology such as genetic modification must be examined for possible benefits and risks to human health and the
2297:
We have reviewed the scientific literature on GE crop safety for the last 10 years that catches the scientific consensus matured since GE plants became widely cultivated worldwide, and we can conclude that the scientific research conducted so far has not detected any significant hazard directly
918:
A 2011 Canadian study looked at the presence of CryAb1 protein (BT toxin) in non-pregnant women, pregnant women and fetal blood. All groups had detectable levels of the protein, including 93% of pregnant women and 80% of fetuses at concentrations of 0.19 ± 0.30 and 0.04 ± 0.04 mean ± SD ng/ml,
2831:
On the basis of detailed examination of comparisons of currently commercialized GE with non-GE foods in compositional analysis, acute and chronic animal toxicity tests, long-term data on health of livestock fed GE foods, and human epidemiological data, the committee found no differences that
2696:"A report issued by the scientific council of the American Medical Association (AMA) says that no long-term health effects have been detected from the use of transgenic crops and genetically modified foods, and that these foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts.
700:
Unmodified crops received most of the economic benefits of Bt corn in the US in 1996–2007, because of the overall reduction of pest populations. This reduction came because females laid eggs on modified and unmodified strains alike, but pest organisms that develop on the modified strain are
797:
Critics claim that Bt proteins could target predatory and other beneficial or harmless insects as well as the targeted pest. These proteins have been used as organic sprays for insect control in France since 1938 and the USA since 1958 with no ill effects on the environment reported. While
2775:
Advancement of
Science, and the American Medical Association. Groups in the US opposed to GMOs include some environmental organizations, organic farming organizations, and consumer organizations. A substantial number of legal academics have criticized the US's approach to regulating GMOs.
717:. Increased concerns for resistance with seed mixtures include partially resistant larvae on a Bt plant being able to move to a susceptible plant to survive or cross pollination of refuge pollen on to Bt plants that can lower the amount of Bt expressed in kernels for ear feeding insects.
569:
A 2018 study found that Bt-corn protected nearby fields of non-Bt corn and nearby vegetable crops, reducing the use of pesticides on those crops. Data from 1976 to 1996 (before Bt corn was widespread) was compared to data after it was adopted (1996–2016). They examined levels of the
2954:
In our view, the potential for GM foods to cause harmful health effects is very small and many of the concerns expressed apply with equal vigour to conventionally derived foods. However, safety concerns cannot, as yet, be dismissed completely on the basis of information currently
578:. Their larvae eat a variety of crops, including peppers and green beans. Between 1992 and 2016, the amount of insecticide applied to New Jersey pepper fields decreased by 85 percent. Another factor was the introduction of more effective pesticides that were applied less often.
919:
respectively. The paper did not discuss safety implications or find any health problems. FSANZ agency published a comment pointing out a number of inconsistencies in the paper, most notably that it "does not provide any evidence that GM foods are the source of the protein".
880:
later stated, "the evidence available is not sufficient to justify the publication of the original paper". A 2005 large-scale study failed to find any evidence of contamination in Oaxaca. However, other authors also found evidence of cross-breeding between natural maize and
2967:
available GM foods cause clinical allergic manifestations. The BMA shares the view that there is no robust evidence to prove that GM foods are unsafe but we endorse the call for further research and surveillance to provide convincing evidence of safety and benefit.
2963:
crops should be continued. These conclusions were based on the precautionary principle and lack of evidence of any benefit. The Jury expressed concern over the impact of GM crops on farming, the environment, food safety and other potential health effects.
382:, including resistance to pests and to herbicides. Maize strains with both traits are now in use in multiple countries. GM maize has also caused controversy with respect to possible health effects, impact on other insects and impact on other plants via
2242:
Wesseler, J. and N. Kalaitzandonakes (2011): Present and Future EU GMO policy. In Arie Oskam, Gerrit Meesters and Huib Silvis (eds.), EU Policy for Agriculture, Food and Rural Areas. Second Edition, pp. 23-323 – 23-332. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic
2857:
Different GM organisms include different genes inserted in different ways. This means that individual GM foods and their safety should be assessed on a case-by-case basis and that it is not possible to make general statements on the safety of all GM
649:
to market rejection or reduced market prices for the grain. GM corn crops encounter fewer insect attacks, and thus, have lower concentrations of mycotoxins. Fewer insect attacks also keep corn ears from being damaged, which increases overall yields.
4634:
Doull J, Gaylor D, Greim HA, Lovell DP, Lynch B, Munro IC (November 2007). "Report of an Expert Panel on the reanalysis by of a 90-day study conducted by Monsanto in support of the safety of a genetically modified corn variety (MON 863)".
2704:" "Crops and foods produced using recombinant DNA techniques have been available for fewer than 10 years and no long-term effects have been detected to date. These foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts.
4427:"Opinion relating to the deposition of 15 December 2009 by the Member of Parliament, François Grosdidier, as to the conclusions of the study entitled 'A comparison of the effects of three GM corn varieties on mammalian health'"
769:
GM crops provide a number of ecological benefits, but there are also concerns for their overuse, stalled research outside of the Bt seed industry, proper management and issues with Bt resistance arising from their misuse.
2862:
been approved. Continuous application of safety assessments based on the Codex Alimentarius principles and, where appropriate, adequate post market monitoring, should form the basis for ensuring the safety of GM foods.
2699:
970:(CDC), which determined that 28 of them were possibly related to Starlink. However, the CDC studied the blood of these 28 individuals and concluded there was no evidence of hypersensitivity to the Starlink Bt protein.
4370:
2456:
I began this article with the testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another
3205:
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study and concluded that it "presents no admissible scientific element likely to ascribe any haematological, hepatic or renal toxicity to the three re-analysed GMOs." However, the French government applies the
3152:
2787:
National Academies Of Sciences, Engineering; Division on Earth Life Studies; Board on Agriculture Natural Resources; Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience Future Prospects (2016).
1363:
Grochulski P, Masson L, Borisova S, Pusztai-Carey M, Schwartz JL, Brousseau R, Cygler M (December 1995). "Bacillus thuringiensis CryIA(a) insecticidal toxin: crystal structure and channel formation".
980:
In 2005, aid sent by the UN and the US to Central American nations also contained some StarLink corn. The nations involved, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala refused to accept the aid.
544:
In 1996, the first GM maize producing a Bt Cry protein was approved, which killed the European corn borer and related species; subsequent Bt genes were introduced that killed corn rootworm larvae.
729:
were resistant to Bt maize produced by Dupont-Dow; armyworm resistance was first discovered in Puerto Rico in 2006, prompting Dow and DuPont to voluntarily stop selling the product on the island.
2749:
Bioengineered foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-reviewed literature.
688:
will infest the non-Bt corn and thus will not evolve a resistance to the Bt toxin. Typically, 20% of corn in a grower's fields must be refuge; refuge must be at least 0.5 miles from Bt corn for
431:
herbicides under the trademark "Clearfield" – though in these hybrids, the herbicide-tolerance trait was bred using tissue culture selection and the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate, not
743:
Regulation of GM crops varies between countries, with some of the most-marked differences occurring between the US and Europe. Regulation varies in a given country depending on intended uses.
566:
and MON88017), Cry34Ab1 (59122), Cry35Ab1 (59122), mCry3A (MIR604), and Vip3A (MIR162), in both corn and cotton. Corn genetically modified to produce VIP was first approved in the US in 2010.
705:
bags on hand. The EPA approved a lower percentage of refuge seed in these seed mixtures ranging from 5 to 10%. This strategy is likely to reduce the likelihood of Bt-resistance occurring for
774:
pursue farmers who retain seeds of off-patent varieties. These controversies have led to litigation, international trade disputes, protests and to restrictive legislation in most countries.
618:
launched the first transgenic drought tolerance trait in a line of corn hybrids called DroughtGard. The MON 87460 trait is provided by the insertion of the cspB gene from the soil microbe
3941:
2226:
738:
865:
is the transfer of genes and/or alleles from one species to another. Concerns focus on the interaction between GM and other maize varieties in Mexico, and of gene flow into refuges.
762:
The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation.
6999:
4040:
1815:
Shepherd DN, Mangwende T, Martin DP, Bezuidenhout M, Kloppers FJ, Carolissen CH, et al. (November 2007). "Maize streak virus-resistant transgenic maize: a first for Africa".
1277:
Witkowski JF, Wedberg JL, Steffey KL, Sloderbeck PE, Siegfried BD, Rice ME, et al. (1997). "Why manage European corn borer?". In Ostlie KR, Hutchison KR, Hellmich RL (eds.).
4824:
concern was that StarLink corn may be a human food allergen and in the absence of more definitive data, EPA has not made a decision whether or not to register the human food use.
336:
2017:
Witkowski JF, Wedberg JL, Steffey KL, Sloderbeck PE, Siegfried BD, Rice ME, et al. (1997). "How does resistance develop?". In Ostlie KR, Hutchison KR, Hellmich RL (eds.).
1624:
4401:
2172:"Resistance evolution to the first generation of genetically modified Diabrotica-active Bt-maize events by western corn rootworm: management and monitoring considerations"
3209:
951:
StarLink corn was subsequently found in food destined for consumption by humans in the US, Japan, and South Korea. This corn became the subject of the widely publicized
602:
While Cuba's agriculture is largely focused on organic production, as of 2010, the country had developed a variety of genetically modified corn that is resistant to the
3012:"Public views on GMOs: deconstructing the myths. Stakeholders in the GMO debate often describe public opinion as irrational. But do they really understand the public?"
2980:
4716:
6031:
5209:
4369:
González-Ortega E, Piñeyro-Nelson A, Gómez-Hernández E, Monterrubio-Vázquez E, Arleo M, Dávila-Velderrain J, Martínez-Debat C, Álvarez-Buylla ER (November 2017).
725:
Resistant strains of the European corn borer have developed in areas with defective or absent refuge management. In 2012, a Florida field trial demonstrated that
4789:
4151:
Kaplinsky N, Braun D, Lisch D, Hay A, Hake S, Freeling M (April 2002). "Biodiversity (Communications arising): maize transgene results in Mexico are artefacts".
988:
On 19 December 2013 six Chinese citizens were indicted in Iowa on charges of plotting to steal genetically modified seeds worth tens of millions of dollars from
876:
presented evidence that Bt maize was cross-breeding with unmodified maize in Mexico. The data in this paper was later described as originating from an artifact.
5147:
834:
protein, and therefore Bt. Regulatory agencies assess the potential for the transgenic plant to impact nontarget organisms before approving commercial release.
3156:
2658:
6375:
2505:
it is expected that some of them should have reported undesired differences between GMOs and conventional crops even if no such differences exist in reality.
1592:
438:
As of 2011, herbicide-resistant GM corn was grown in 14 countries. By 2012, 26 varieties of herbicide-resistant GM maize were authorised for import into the
5118:"EFSA GMO Panel deliberations on the Austrian report "Biological effects of transgenic maize NK603 x MON 810 fed in long term reproduction studies in mice""
2302:
of review by the scientific community, has frequently been distorted by the media and often used politically and inappropriately in anti-GE crops campaigns.
5782:
4673:
Aris A, Leblanc S (May 2011). "Maternal and fetal exposure to pesticides associated to genetically modified foods in Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada".
3341:
2726:
2315:"State of Food and Agriculture 2003–2004. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor. Health and environmental impacts of transgenic crops"
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positive control and questions regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the assay, it is not possible to assign a negative predictive value to this."
850:
A 2007 review found that "nontarget invertebrates are generally more abundant in Bt cotton and Bt maize fields than in nontransgenic fields managed with
777:
Introduction of Bt maize led to significant reduction of mycotoxin-related poisoning and cancer rates, as they were significantly less prone to contain
329:
3250:
6243:
5865:
5093:"GMO Safety - Overview on biosafety research projects on genetically modified maize funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)"
4949:
CDC, National Center for Environmental Health. A Report to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2018:
1043:
1278:
5655:
3370:
1023:
752:
285:
4661:
The Se´ralini et al. reanalysis does not advance any new scientific data to indicate that MON 863 caused adverse effects in the 90-day rat study.
1202:"The maximum incremental social tolerable irreversible costs (MISTICs) and other benefits and costs of introducing transgenic maize in the EU-15"
541:
that paralyzes the insect's digestive system and forms holes in the gut wall. The insect stops eating within a few hours and eventually starves.
3945:
5055:
5006:
3392:
2806:
2652:
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Nicolia A, Manzo A, Veronesi F, Rosellini D (March 2014). "An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research".
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5871:
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1653:
912:
322:
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1319:
2253:
Moschini and Ian Sheldon, pp 201-224. Volume 10 in Frontiers of Economics and Globalization Series. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing
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The Bt protein is expressed throughout the plant. When a vulnerable insect eats the Bt-containing plant, the protein is activated in its
6994:
6093:
4048:
3989:
Marvier M, McCreedy C, Regetz J, Kareiva P (June 2007). "A meta-analysis of effects of Bt cotton and maize on nontarget invertebrates".
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1903:
1760:"Impact of genetically engineered maize on agronomic, environmental and toxicological traits: a meta-analysis of 21 years of field data"
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1992:
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released all data submitted by Monsanto in relation to the 2003 authorisation of maize genetically modified for glyphosate tolerance.
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1406:
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but that by 2008 approximately 25% of Bt corn farmers did not keep refuges properly, raising concerns that resistance would develop.
442:, but such imports remain controversial. Cultivation of herbicide-resistant corn in the EU provides substantial farm-level benefits.
5822:
5140:
4812:"Executive Summary: EPA Preliminary Evaluation of Information Contained in the October 25, 2000 Submission from Aventis Cropscience"
3674:"Recommendations for the design of laboratory studies on non-target arthropods for risk assessment of genetically engineered plants"
2710:
2066:
157:
3086:
Scott SE, Inbar Y, Rozin P (May 2016). "Evidence for Absolute Moral Opposition to Genetically Modified Food in the United States".
1617:
6487:
1086:
Tan S, Evans RR, Dahmer ML, Singh BK, Shaner DL (March 2005). "Imidazolinone-tolerant crops: history, current status and future".
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Panchin AY, Tuzhikov AI (March 2017). "Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons".
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These principles dictate a case-by-case premarket assessment that includes an evaluation of both direct and unintended effects.
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It is therefore not surprising that efforts to require labeling and to ban GMOs have been a growing political issue in the USA
681:
167:
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830:) cells, resulting in rupture of those cells. Any organism that lacks the appropriate gut receptors cannot be affected by the
5968:
5876:
5545:
4263:"Transgenes in Mexican maize: molecular evidence and methodological considerations for GMO detection in landrace populations"
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967:
923:
185:
150:
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2639:. Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Commission, European Union.
2171:
4720:
4261:
Piñeyro-Nelson A, Van Heerwaarden J, Perales HR, Serratos-Hernández JA, Rangel A, Hufford MB, et al. (February 2009).
6639:
5851:
5846:
5592:
5508:
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5164:
996:. Mo Hailong, director of international business at the Beijing Dabeinong Technology Group Co., part of the Beijing-based
548:
76:
67:
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5255:
5133:
2715:
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Domingo JL, Giné Bordonaba J (May 2011). "A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants".
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In 2009 the government of Mexico created a regulatory pathway for genetically modified maize, but because Mexico is the
127:
36:
4100:
Quist D, Chapela IH (November 2001). "Transgenic DNA introgressed into traditional maize landraces in Oaxaca, Mexico".
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854:. However, in comparison with insecticide-free control fields, certain nontarget taxa are less abundant in Bt fields."
684:(EPA) regulations require farmers who plant Bt corn to plant non-Bt corn nearby (called a refuge), with the logic that
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5856:
5482:
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5411:
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environment. As with all novel foods, safety assessments in relation to GM foods must be made on a case-by-case basis.
2920:
554:
Approved Bt genes include single and stacked (event names bracketed) configurations of: Cry1A.105 (MON89034), CryIAb (
132:
103:
93:
88:
2631:
1122:
891:
In 2017, a large-scale study found "pervasive presence of transgenes and glyphosate in maize-derived food in Mexico"
5513:
5419:
5314:
5177:
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3722:
3206:"The Regulation of GMOs in Europe and the United States: A Case-Study of Contemporary European Regulatory Politics"
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435:. Consequently, the regulatory framework governing the approval of transgenic crops does not apply for Clearfield.
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112:
81:
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1519:
Castagnola AS, Jurat-Fuentes, JL (2 March 2012). "Bt Crops: Past and Future. Chapter 15". In Sansinenea E (ed.).
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371:
257:
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122:
98:
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386:. One strain, called Starlink, was approved only for animal feed in the US but was found in food, leading to a
3529:
Wesseler, J. (ed.) (2005): Environmental Costs and Benefits of Transgenic Crops. Dordrecht, NL: Springer Press
4908:
3906:
Gatehouse AM, Ferry N, Raemaekers RJ (May 2002). "The case of the monarch butterfly: a verdict is returned".
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Sears MK, Hellmich RL, Stanley-Horn DE, Oberhauser KS, Pleasants JM, Mattila HR, et al. (October 2001).
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6088:
6083:
4717:"FSANZ response to study linking Cry1Ab protein in blood to GM foods - Food Standards Australia New Zealand"
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905:
290:
217:
162:
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Romeis J, Hellmich RL, Candolfi MP, Carstens K, De Schrijver A, Gatehouse AM, et al. (February 2011).
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2131:"Understanding successful resistance management: the European corn borer and Bt corn in the United States"
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2024:
1685:"Monsanto Co.; Determination of Nonregulated Status of Corn Genetically Engineered for Drought Tolerance"
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GM sweet corn varieties include "Attribute", the brand name for insect-resistant sweet corn developed by
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3366:
1641:
1538:
1284:
941:
387:
4945:"Investigation of Human Health Effects Associated with Potential Exposure to Genetically Modified Corn"
2874:
Haslberger AG (July 2003). "Codex guidelines for GM foods include the analysis of unintended effects".
2599:"AAAS Board of Directors: Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could "Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers""
4606:
2683:
1862:"Use of IPM in the control of multiple diseases in maize: strategies for selection of host resistance"
6310:
5802:
5577:
5343:
5204:
4323:
4215:
4160:
4109:
3998:
3852:
3781:
2522:
1946:
1771:
1722:
952:
935:
758:
537:. In the alkaline environment, the protein partially unfolds and is cut by other proteins, forming a
305:
5104:
5032:
4607:"EFSA Minutes of the 55th Plenary Meeting of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Mofified Organisms"
1829:
603:
6292:
5792:
5724:
5662:
5526:
5156:
5010:
2761:
1457:
869:
845:. Several groups later studied the phenomenon in both the field and the laboratory, resulting in a
714:
571:
512:
487:
455:
432:
412:
375:
45:
4970:
3825:
3721:
Romeis J, Bartsch D, Bigler F, Candolfi MP, Gielkens MM, Hartley SE, et al. (February 2008).
1129:. Ithaca, New York: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA)
872:
for maize, gene flow could affect a large fraction of the world's maize strains. A 2001 report in
6195:
6180:
5961:
5670:
5521:
4767:
4698:
4570:
4473:
4393:
4184:
4133:
4022:
3870:
3807:
3750:
3111:
3064:
2899:
2598:
2491:
2447:
2288:
2199:
2111:
2032:
1477:
1448:
1292:
658:
636:
colonization by creating "wounds," or holes, in corn kernels. These wounds are favored by fungal
4453:
3942:"Monarch butterflies: A threat to individual caterpillars, but not to the population as a whole"
2567:
1661:
300:
4862:
King D, Gordon A, et al. (Genetically Engineered Food Alert Coalition) (3 November 2001).
4836:
3179:
2314:
1684:
1201:
997:
977:
The US corn supply has been monitored for the presence of the Starlink Bt proteins since 2001.
6843:
6355:
6142:
5907:
5797:
5787:
4690:
4652:
4588:
4529:
4351:
4292:
4243:
4176:
4125:
4014:
3923:
3888:
3799:
3742:
3703:
3654:
3570:
3448:
3398:
3388:
3294:
3103:
3041:
2891:
2812:
2802:
2727:"REPORT 2 OF THE COUNCIL ON SCIENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH (A-12): Labeling of Bioengineered Foods"
2648:
2538:
2483:
2414:
2371:
2280:
2191:
2152:
2103:
1974:
1842:
1797:
1740:
1469:
1380:
1103:
1061:
960:
940:
StarLink contains Cry9C, which had not previously been used in a GM crop. Starlink's creator,
842:
620:
508:
507:. The protein is poisonous to certain insect pests. Spores of the bacillus are widely used in
416:
310:
190:
6482:
3590:"Effect of Bt Corn for Corn Rootworm Control on Nontarget Soil Microarthropods and Nematodes"
2762:"Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms: United States. Public and Scholarly Opinion"
1911:
657:
In 2007, South African researchers announced the production of transgenic maize resistant to
6722:
6656:
6223:
6157:
5680:
4682:
4644:
4578:
4560:
4519:
4511:
4465:
4385:
4341:
4331:
4282:
4274:
4233:
4223:
4204:"Absence of detectable transgenes in local landraces of maize in Oaxaca, Mexico (2003-2004)"
4168:
4117:
4006:
3915:
3878:
3860:
3789:
3734:
3693:
3685:
3646:
3601:
3560:
3552:
3438:
3430:
3380:
3284:
3095:
3031:
3023:
2883:
2829:
Overall finding on purported adverse effects on human health of foods derived from GE crops:
2794:
2640:
2530:
2475:
2439:
2406:
2361:
2353:
2272:
2183:
2142:
2095:
1964:
1954:
1883:
1873:
1834:
1787:
1779:
1730:
1461:
1372:
1216:
1095:
899:
The French High Council of Biotechnologies Scientific Committee reviewed the 2009 Vendômois
882:
379:
353:
2513:
Yang YT, Chen B (April 2016). "Governing GMOs in the USA: science, law and public health".
1993:"Genetically Boosting the Nutritional Value of Corn Could Benefit Millions - Rutgers Today"
1446:
Freedman A (2013). "Rice security in Southeast Asia: beggar thy neighbor or cooperation?".
1399:
6894:
6803:
6492:
6152:
5729:
5613:
5572:
5531:
5441:
4926:
3512:
3232:
2832:
implicate a higher risk to human health from GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts.
2059:
2044:
1683:
Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (27 December 2011).
1304:
846:
575:
519:
504:
424:
195:
54:
3376:
Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects
2720:
1149:
4944:
4327:
4219:
4164:
4113:
4002:
3856:
3785:
2526:
2501:
data presented in these articles does not provide any substantial evidence of GMO harm.
1950:
1775:
1726:
6914:
6752:
6747:
6686:
6462:
6427:
6407:
5755:
5750:
5685:
5587:
5424:
5388:
4852:
bottom of middle column - 63170 right column; see especially p63169 top of right column
4524:
4499:
4287:
4262:
4238:
4203:
3698:
3673:
3565:
3540:
3443:
3418:
3342:"Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health: Labeling of Bioengineered Foods"
3036:
3011:
2366:
2341:
1969:
1934:
1792:
1759:
1501:
439:
295:
224:
4346:
4312:"Contamination of refuges by Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes from transgenic maize"
4311:
3919:
3650:
3622:
6988:
6924:
6919:
6651:
6634:
6472:
6365:
6280:
6162:
6147:
6098:
5954:
5930:
5807:
5745:
5562:
5451:
5338:
5122:(Part of the minutes of the plenary meeting held on 3–4 December 2008, see on page 9)
5117:
4477:
4430:
4278:
4188:
3883:
3840:
3374:
1838:
1481:
1001:
945:
811:
726:
706:
693:
530:
269:
202:
4702:
4397:
4026:
3967:
3129:
2568:"Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors On Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods"
2495:
2451:
2203:
2115:
2086:
Tabashnik BE (October 2010). "Plant science. Communal benefits of transgenic corn".
6939:
6737:
6517:
6452:
6432:
6422:
6402:
6185:
6058:
5719:
5618:
5597:
5446:
5268:
4686:
4137:
3811:
3754:
2903:
2793:. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US). p. 149.
2292:
710:
689:
264:
212:
4864:"Contaminant found in Taco Bell taco shells. Food safety coalition demands recall"
4565:
4548:
4389:
4202:
Ortiz-García S, Ezcurra E, Schoel B, Acevedo F, Soberón J, Snow AA (August 2005).
3115:
3027:
2931:
2479:
2020:
Bt Corn & European Corn Borer: Long-term Success Through Resistance Management
1280:
Bt Corn & European Corn Borer: Long-term Success Through Resistance Management
915:
and others of the same study concluded that the results were due to chance alone.
672:
gene to maize to enable it to be grown with an essential amino acid (methionine).
5113:- research project on coexistence and traceability of GM and non-GM supply chains
4742:
4515:
4371:"Pervasive presence of transgenes and glyphosate in maize-derived food in Mexico"
3723:"Assessment of risk of insect-resistant transgenic crops to nontarget arthropods"
2410:
2276:
1465:
1320:"The impact of corn rootworm protected biotechnology traits in the United States"
1220:
462:, destroys corn crops by burrowing into the stem, causing the plant to fall over.
6969:
6904:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6808:
6798:
6762:
6696:
6681:
6629:
6619:
6543:
6417:
6412:
6350:
6335:
6274:
6269:
6126:
6121:
6048:
5582:
5245:
2357:
851:
641:
428:
420:
4549:"The precautionary principle: making managerial decisions on GMOs is difficult"
4316:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4208:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3845:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3606:
3589:
3251:"European Food Safety Official Resigns Amidst Conflict of Interest Controversy"
1939:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1935:"Engineering sulfur storage in maize seed proteins without apparent yield loss"
1783:
837:
A 1999 study found that in a lab environment, pollen from Bt maize dusted onto
6813:
6691:
6646:
6477:
6360:
6298:
6063:
6021:
6016:
6011:
5991:
5623:
5286:
4648:
4469:
3841:"Impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly populations: a risk assessment"
3689:
2788:
2187:
1259:
827:
819:
786:
523:
404:
4592:
4574:
3434:
3099:
2555:
more precise and, in most cases, less likely to create an unexpected outcome.
2443:
1878:
1473:
6949:
6944:
6929:
6873:
6828:
6757:
6727:
6624:
6573:
6442:
6437:
6218:
6190:
6075:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5935:
5902:
5777:
5436:
5429:
5368:
5363:
5322:
5304:
4547:
W. Jansen van Rijssen, Fredrika; N. Eloff, Jacobus; Jane Morris, E. (2015).
4336:
4228:
4010:
2711:"Featured CSA Report, Genetically Modified Crops and Foods (I-00) Full Text"
2099:
1959:
956:
948:. Starlink was approved by the EPA for use in animal feed only in May 1998.
862:
782:
778:
645:
383:
4867:
4694:
4656:
4533:
4355:
4296:
4247:
4180:
4129:
4018:
3927:
3892:
3865:
3803:
3746:
3707:
3658:
3574:
3452:
3402:
3298:
3107:
3045:
2895:
2816:
2542:
2487:
2418:
2375:
2284:
2195:
2156:
2107:
1978:
1846:
1801:
1744:
1376:
1107:
1384:
526:, the latter of which annually causes about a billion dollars in damages.
349:
6934:
6783:
6767:
6742:
6732:
6583:
6527:
6512:
6340:
6325:
5925:
5892:
5695:
5690:
5567:
3233:"Crop Scientists Say Biotechnology Seed Companies Are Thwarting Research"
1350:
Utah State University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory
1237:
1154:
European Commission, Health and Consumers, EU register of authorised GMOs
989:
838:
615:
587:
534:
495:
408:
2887:
2573:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 20 October 2012.
2430:
Krimsky S (2015). "An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment".
1861:
1123:"ISAAA Brief 43, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011"
17:
6964:
6868:
6793:
6788:
6614:
6578:
6563:
6558:
6502:
6497:
6447:
6213:
6116:
6041:
6036:
5920:
5897:
5477:
5378:
5227:
5199:
5194:
3874:
2147:
2130:
803:
563:
559:
555:
491:
450:
5125:
4622:
Annex 1, Vendemois et al. 2009, European Food Safety Authority report,
4583:
4172:
3556:
3407:
See pp11ff on need for better standards and tools to evaluate GM food.
2534:
1888:
551:
has promoted Bt corn, hoping for insect resistance and higher yields.
6959:
6909:
6863:
6838:
6833:
6823:
6701:
6676:
6671:
6568:
6553:
6548:
6507:
5358:
5296:
4121:
2684:"AMA Report on Genetically Modified Crops and Foods (online summary)"
1860:
Pratt R, Gordon S, Lipps P, Asea G, Bigirwa G, Pixley K (June 2003).
993:
633:
234:
5096:
3738:
3289:
3272:
5009:. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). April 2008. Archived from
4914:. Washington, DC: National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy.
3384:
2932:"Genetically modified foods and health: a second interim statement"
2798:
1735:
1710:
1099:
6954:
6899:
6889:
6818:
6706:
6666:
6604:
6599:
6522:
6467:
5977:
5675:
4797:
Resources for the Future, Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology
3794:
3769:
3316:"Voracious Worm Evolves to Eat Biotech Corn Engineered to Kill It"
2644:
2342:"Plant genetics, sustainable agriculture and global food security"
685:
637:
538:
515:
causes about a billion dollars in damage to corn crops each year.
483:
449:
411:, and are known as "Roundup Ready Corn". They tolerate the use of
367:
348:
229:
5946:
4764:
Department of Soil and Crop Sciences at Colorado State University
4745:(Press release). European Food Safety Authority. 14 January 2013.
4500:"The GMO case in France: politics, lawlessness and postmodernism"
826:
proteins bind to specific receptors on the membranes of mid-gut (
6661:
6609:
6457:
6345:
6330:
4743:"EFSA promotes public access to data in transparency initiative"
2060:
Insect resistance management and refuge requirements for Bt corn
5950:
5129:
4971:"FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Report No. 2001-09, July 2001"
4951:. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001
4041:"Mexico: controlled cultivation of genetically modified maize"
3061:"Public Perceptions of Agricultural Biotechnologies in Europe"
2630:
European Commission. Directorate-General for Research (2010).
1557:"Planting GMOs kills so many bugs that it helps non-GMO crops"
624:; it was approved by the USDA in 2011 and by China in 2013.
5056:"Six Chinese Accused of Stealing Genetically Modified Corn"
3059:
Final Report of the PABE research project (December 2001).
2845:"Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods"
1758:
Pellegrino E, Bedini S, Nuti M, Ercoli L (February 2018).
5108:
2317:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
2219:"DuPont-Dow Corn Defeated by Armyworms in Florida: Study"
888:
A 2004 study found Bt protein in kernels of refuge corn.
785:(31%) and thricotecens (37%), all of which are toxic and
427:
has developed and markets corn hybrids with tolerance to
4754:
4752:
3468:"Study Says Overuse Threatens Gains From Modified Crops"
1933:
Planta J, Xiang X, Leustek T, Messing J (October 2017).
5025:"Banned as Human Food, StarLink Corn Found in Food Aid"
4909:"Agricultural biotechnology: Updated benefit estimates"
4883:"Taco Bell Recalls Shells That Used Bioengineered Corn"
2790:
Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects
2604:. American Association for the Advancement of Science.
739:
Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms
4866:. Washington, DC: Friends of the Earth. Archived from
966:
Fifty-one people reported adverse effects to the FDA;
4429:. UK Food Standards Agency. p. 2. Archived from
2981:"Public and Scientists' Views on Science and Society"
2170:
Devos Y, Meihls LN, Kiss J, Hibbard BE (April 2013).
5210:
List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn
5031:. Ens-newswire.com. 16 February 2005. Archived from
3347:. American Medical Association. 2012. Archived from
3180:"Over Half of E.U. Countries Are Opting Out of GMOs"
3063:. Commission of European Communities. Archived from
2732:. American Medical Association. 2012. Archived from
518:
In recent years, traits have been added to ward off
6882:
6776:
6715:
6592:
6536:
6393:
6318:
6309:
6262:
6204:
6171:
6135:
6109:
5984:
5885:
5839:
5821:
5768:
5738:
5706:
5643:
5636:
5606:
5553:
5544:
5507:
5460:
5410:
5401:
5331:
5313:
5295:
5277:
5254:
5236:
5218:
5185:
5176:
5163:
4719:. foodstandards.gov.au. 27 May 2011. Archived from
3487:"Genetically modified crops' results raise concern"
1640:Anna Glayzer for The Food Commission. 19 July 2010
1150:"EU register of genetically modified food and feed"
594:insect-resistant sweet corn developed by Monsanto.
419:developed "Liberty Link Corn" that is resistant to
4452:Roy, Alexis; Joly, Pierre-Benoit (15 April 2011).
1200:Wesseler J, Scatasta S, Nillesen E (August 2007).
511:, although GM corn is not considered organic. The
4837:"Plant Genetic Systems (America) Inc.: PP 7G4921"
1004:after he was found digging in an Iowa cornfield.
3588:Al-Deeb MA, Wilde GE, Blair JM, Todd TC (2003).
3130:"Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms"
407:herbicides were first commercialized in 1996 by
4064:"Warning issued on GM maize imported to Mexico"
1176:"BASF to undertake GMO potato trials in Europe"
3419:"Genetically modified plants and human health"
3208:. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from
3204:Lynch, Diahanna; Vogel, David (5 April 2001).
2633:A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001–2010)
2515:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
1542:Iowa State Extension, Department of Entomology
1405:. Colorado State University Extension Office.
709:, but may increase the risk of resistance for
7000:Genetically modified organisms in agriculture
5962:
5141:
4454:"France: broadening precautionary expertise?"
4083:"GM maize found 'contaminating' wild strains"
1506:University of Kentucky College of Agriculture
1400:"Bt Corn: Health and the Environment – 0.707"
330:
8:
3310:
3308:
2686:. American Medical Association. January 2001
2023:. North Central Region (NCR). Archived from
1283:. North Central Region (NCR). Archived from
1232:
1230:
802:proteins are toxic towards the insect order
5783:Detection of genetically modified organisms
3944:. GMO Safety. December 2004. Archived from
3826:"Engineered corn kills monarch butterflies"
3513:"As Patent Ends, a Seed's Use Will Survive"
2937:. British Medical Association. March 2004.
2058:E. Cullen; R. Proost, D. Volenberg (2008).
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
6315:
5969:
5955:
5947:
5640:
5550:
5407:
5182:
5173:
5148:
5134:
5126:
4907:Carpenter JE, Gianessi LP (January 2001).
4790:"The StarLink Case: Issues for the Future"
3768:Losey JE, Rayor LS, Carter ME (May 1999).
3155:. American Bar Association. Archived from
2923:, advocate further caution based upon the
2919:Some medical organizations, including the
2081:
2079:
1711:"Plant breeding: Discovery in a dry spell"
1081:
1079:
668:Research has been done on adding a single
337:
323:
31:
4582:
4564:
4523:
4345:
4335:
4286:
4237:
4227:
3882:
3864:
3793:
3697:
3639:Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
3605:
3564:
3541:"The human health benefits from GM crops"
3442:
3288:
3035:
2365:
2146:
1968:
1958:
1887:
1877:
1828:
1791:
1734:
1318:Marra MC, Piggott NE, Goodwin BK (2012).
6244:International corn production statistics
4378:Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems
3770:"Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae"
3423:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1539:"New Corn Trait Deregulated in the U.S."
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
3964:United States Department of Agriculture
3178:Sifferlin, Alexandra (3 October 2015).
2432:Science, Technology, & Human Values
1035:
1024:Genetically modified food controversies
753:Genetically modified food controversies
632:In regular corn crops, insects promote
286:Genetically modified food controversies
277:
244:
177:
142:
66:
43:
5007:"Starlink Corn Regulatory Information"
4310:Chilcutt CF, Tabashnik BE (May 2004).
2040:
2030:
1300:
1290:
3088:Perspectives on Psychological Science
2983:. Pew Research Center. Archived from
814:(moths and butterflies), while other
7:
4931:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
4819:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
4159:(6881): 601–2, discussion 600, 602.
3417:Key S, Ma JK, Drake PM (June 2008).
2979:Funk C, Rainie L (29 January 2015).
2549:(citing Domingo and Bordonaba, 2011)
2072:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1630:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1412:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1062:"Bayer LibertyLink official website"
913:Food Standards Australia New Zealand
558:), CryIF (1507), Cry2Ab (MON89034),
378:to express agriculturally-desirable
356:containing a gene from the bacteria
4987:from the original on 9 October 2022
2764:. Library of Congress. 30 June 2015
2664:from the original on 9 October 2022
2611:from the original on 9 October 2022
2580:from the original on 9 October 2022
2298:connected with the use of GM crops.
1598:from the original on 9 October 2022
374:. Specific maize strains have been
5813:Genetic use restriction technology
5054:Cronin Fisk M (19 December 2013).
4612:. Parma, Italy. 27–28 January 2010
3151:Bashshur, Ramona (February 2013).
3132:. Library of Congress. 9 June 2015
2229:from the original on 5 March 2015.
2129:Siegfried BD, Hellmich RL (2012).
1537:Hodgson E, Gassmann A (May 2010).
388:series of recalls starting in 2000
25:
3625:. The Science Creative Quarterly.
2944:from the original on 2 March 2020
2698:(from online summary prepared by
2468:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
2265:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
1642:Cuba's food production revolution
1423:Hellmich RL, Hellmich KA (2012).
4553:South African Journal of Science
4279:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03993.x
3623:"Bt corn: is it worth the risk?"
2597:Pinholster G (25 October 2012).
1908:Seed Co-The African Seed Company
1839:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00279.x
1502:"Bt-Corn for Corn Borer Control"
53:
5831:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
4850:(228): 63169. 26 November 1997.
4766:. 11 March 2004. Archived from
4087:Science and Development Network
4068:Science and Development Network
4062:Shanahan M (10 November 2004).
1709:Eisenstein M (September 2013).
682:Environmental Protection Agency
168:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
4687:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.02.004
4081:Mantell K (30 November 2001).
3511:Pollack A (17 December 2009).
3253:. Science Magazine. 9 May 2012
3231:Pollack A (19 February 2009).
1904:"Search Results:MSV tolerance"
1582:"Syngenta Sweet Corn Products"
968:US Centers for Disease Control
924:European Food Safety Authority
665:has released 5 MSV cultivars.
644:, which subsequently leads to
68:Genetically modified organisms
1:
6640:List of tortilla-based dishes
5593:Somatic cell nuclear transfer
4925:Staff, EPA review committee.
4881:Fuler M (23 September 2000).
4390:10.1080/21683565.2017.1372841
4047:. 5 June 2009. Archived from
3920:10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02664-1
3651:10.1016/s0965-1748(02)00040-1
2480:10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684
2217:Kaskey J (16 November 2012).
5085:"List of approved varieties"
4637:Food and Chemical Toxicology
4516:10.4161/21645698.2014.945882
3828:. Cornell News. 19 May 1999.
3637:of Bacillus thuringiensis".
3485:Lochhead C (30 April 2012).
3379:. National Academies Press.
3153:"FDA and Regulation of GMOs"
2716:American Medical Association
2411:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003
2277:10.3109/07388551.2013.823595
1866:African Crop Science Journal
1466:10.1080/09512748.2013.842303
1425:"Use and impact of Bt maize"
1365:Journal of Molecular Biology
1221:10.1016/j.pedobi.2007.04.004
810:proteins selectively target
793:Effects on nontarget insects
403:Corn varieties resistant to
6288:National Cornbread Festival
6254:Three Sisters (agriculture)
4566:10.17159/sajs.2015/20130255
3545:Plant Biotechnology Journal
3466:Pollack A (13 April 2010).
3028:10.1093/embo-reports/kve142
2921:British Medical Association
2847:. World Health Organization
2358:10.1534/genetics.111.128553
1817:Plant Biotechnology Journal
1618:"U.S. Technology Use Guide"
1500:Bessin R (November 2010) .
7016:
6995:Genetically modified maize
3607:10.1603/0046-225x-32.4.859
1784:10.1038/s41598-018-21284-2
1555:Gittig D (15 March 2018).
1429:Nature Education Knowledge
1240:. University of California
1046:. Monsanto. Archived from
1019:Genetically modified crops
1000:, was accused of stealing
933:
750:
736:
364:Genetically modified maize
253:Genetically modified crops
5916:
5651:Genetically modified food
4649:10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.033
4470:10.1080/13669870050043116
3960:"Butterflies and Bt Corn"
3690:10.1007/s11248-010-9446-x
3371:National Research Council
2399:Environment International
2188:10.1007/s11248-012-9657-4
1014:Genetically modified food
399:Herbicide-resistant maize
372:genetically modified crop
27:Genetically modified crop
5029:Environment News Service
4458:Journal of Risk Research
3594:Environmental Entomology
3435:10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372
3100:10.1177/1745691615621275
2444:10.1177/0162243915598381
1879:10.4314/acsj.v11i3.27570
1174:Hogan M (5 April 2012).
822:. As a toxic mechanism,
4810:Staff (November 2000).
4760:"What is StarLink Corn"
4675:Reproductive Toxicology
4337:10.1073/pnas.0400546101
4229:10.1073/pnas.0503356102
4011:10.1126/science.1139208
3539:Smyth SJ (April 2020).
3283:(7447): 5–6. May 2013.
2925:precautionary principle
2232:(subscription required)
2100:10.1126/science.1196864
1960:10.1073/pnas.1714805114
1698:(248). APHIS–2011–0023.
1343:"Western corn rootworm"
1088:Pest Management Science
906:precautionary principle
653:Products in development
610:Drought-resistant maize
490:to express one or more
291:GMO conspiracy theories
163:Substantial equivalence
6249:List of popcorn brands
3866:10.1073/pnas.211329998
3621:Hall H (30 May 2006).
3010:Marris C (July 2001).
1658:OECD BioTrack Database
1522:Bacillus Thuringiensis
1377:10.1006/jmbi.1995.0630
1044:"Roundup Ready System"
908:with respect to GMOs.
766:the human population.
692:pests, and refuge for
500:Bacillus thuringiensis
463:
376:genetically engineered
360:
358:Bacillus thuringiensis
143:History and regulation
6054:Quality Protein Maize
5264:Roundup ready soybean
4887:The Los Angeles Times
4498:Kuntz M (July 2014).
3367:Institute of Medicine
2340:Ronald P (May 2011).
2027:on 28 September 2013.
1287:on 28 September 2013.
955:, which started when
942:Plant Genetic Systems
930:Starlink corn recalls
922:In January 2013, the
549:Philippine Government
453:
446:Insect-resistant corn
352:
6027:Genetically modified
5803:Reverse transfection
5578:Genetic transduction
5111:on 28 February 2007.
4788:Taylor MR, Tick JS.
4770:on 7 September 2006.
3727:Nature Biotechnology
3354:on 7 September 2012.
3212:on 29 September 2016
2876:Nature Biotechnology
1458:Taylor & Francis
1064:. Bayer Crop Science
953:Starlink corn recall
936:Starlink corn recall
759:scientific consensus
306:StarLink corn recall
6293:Sweet Corn Festival
5793:Genetics in fiction
5725:Genetic enhancement
5527:Hepatitis B vaccine
5157:Genetic engineering
5120:. 26 February 2018.
5035:on 5 September 2008
5013:on 15 January 2013.
4870:on 9 December 2000.
4504:GM Crops & Food
4328:2004PNAS..101.7526C
4220:2005PNAS..10212338O
4165:2002Natur.416..601K
4114:2001Natur.414..541Q
4003:2007Sci...316.1475M
3857:2001PNAS...9811937S
3786:1999Natur.399..214L
3678:Transgenic Research
2888:10.1038/nbt0703-739
2739:on 7 September 2012
2527:2016JSFA...96.1851Y
2176:Transgenic Research
2135:GM Crops & Food
1951:2017PNAS..11411386P
1945:(43): 11386–11391.
1776:2018NatSR...8.3113P
1727:2013Natur.501S...7E
984:Corporate espionage
870:center of diversity
818:selectively target
715:European corn borer
572:European corn borer
513:European corn borer
488:genetically altered
456:European corn borer
433:genetic engineering
46:Genetic engineering
6488:Mămăligă în pături
6196:Maize streak virus
5903:Stem cell research
5522:Ice-minus bacteria
4433:on 5 November 2013
4407:on 7 November 2017
4051:on 5 October 2013.
3908:Trends in Genetics
3472:The New York Times
2148:10.4161/gmcr.20715
1764:Scientific Reports
1623:. Monsanto. 2013.
1449:The Pacific Review
1398:Peairs FB (2013).
1260:"Bt Crop Spraying"
1180:Reuters Edition US
659:maize streak virus
592:Performance Series
464:
460:Ostrinia nubilalis
361:
6982:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6143:Corn construction
5944:
5943:
5908:Synthetic biology
5798:Human enhancement
5788:Genetic pollution
5764:
5763:
5632:
5631:
5540:
5539:
5503:
5502:
5397:
5396:
4723:on 3 January 2012
4384:(9–10): 1146–61.
4267:Molecular Ecology
4173:10.1038/nature739
3557:10.1111/pbi.13261
3394:978-0-309-09209-8
2987:on 9 January 2019
2808:978-0-309-43738-7
2654:978-92-79-16344-9
2535:10.1002/jsfa.7523
1999:. 9 October 2017.
843:monarch butterfly
806:(flies), certain
621:Bacillus subtilis
509:organic gardening
417:Bayer CropScience
394:Marketed products
347:
346:
311:He Jiankui affair
191:Molecular cloning
16:(Redirected from
7007:
6723:Battered sausage
6657:Pastel de choclo
6593:Breads and cakes
6376:Public relations
6316:
6284:(1994 sculpture)
6224:Cornstalk fiddle
5971:
5964:
5957:
5948:
5681:Dow AgroSciences
5641:
5551:
5408:
5183:
5174:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5127:
5121:
5112:
5107:. Archived from
5100:
5099:on 21 July 2011.
5095:. Archived from
5088:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4986:
4975:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4844:Federal Register
4841:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4816:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4794:
4785:
4772:
4771:
4756:
4747:
4746:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4586:
4568:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4527:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4406:
4400:. Archived from
4375:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4349:
4339:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4241:
4231:
4214:(35): 12338–43.
4199:
4193:
4192:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4122:10.1038/35107068
4097:
4091:
4090:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4037:
4031:
4030:
3997:(5830): 1475–7.
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3970:on 18 March 2005
3966:. Archived from
3956:
3950:
3949:
3948:on 21 July 2011.
3938:
3932:
3931:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3886:
3868:
3851:(21): 11937–42.
3836:
3830:
3829:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3797:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3701:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3568:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3346:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3292:
3273:"Fields of gold"
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2936:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2825:
2823:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2723:on 10 June 2001.
2719:. Archived from
2706:
2693:
2691:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2638:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2603:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2507:
2459:
2426:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2369:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2094:(6001): 189–90.
2083:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2014:
2001:
2000:
1997:news.rutgers.edu
1989:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1910:. Archived from
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1881:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1832:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1692:Federal Register
1689:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1660:. Archived from
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1586:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1288:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1121:James C (2011).
1118:
1112:
1111:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1050:on 2 April 2013.
1040:
883:transgenic maize
505:Delta endotoxins
482:is a variant of
481:
480:
475:
474:
354:Transgenic maize
339:
332:
325:
57:
32:
21:
7015:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7005:
7004:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6974:
6895:Bourbon whiskey
6878:
6804:Corn on the cob
6772:
6711:
6588:
6532:
6395:
6389:
6305:
6258:
6200:
6167:
6153:Nixtamalization
6131:
6105:
5980:
5975:
5945:
5940:
5912:
5881:
5835:
5817:
5770:
5760:
5734:
5730:Genetic testing
5712:
5702:
5628:
5614:Recombinant DNA
5602:
5573:Electroporation
5536:
5532:Oncolytic virus
5511:
5499:
5456:
5442:Herman the Bull
5393:
5327:
5309:
5291:
5273:
5250:
5232:
5214:
5168:
5166:
5159:
5154:
5116:
5103:
5091:
5083:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5064:
5062:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4954:
4952:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4927:"LLP Incidents"
4924:
4923:
4919:
4911:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4891:
4889:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4792:
4787:
4786:
4775:
4758:
4757:
4750:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4726:
4724:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4643:(11): 2073–85.
4633:
4632:
4628:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4436:
4434:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4108:(6863): 541–3.
4099:
4098:
4094:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4039:
4038:
4034:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3971:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3739:10.1038/nbt1381
3720:
3719:
3715:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3395:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3322:. 17 March 2014
3314:
3313:
3306:
3290:10.1038/497005b
3271:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3160:
3159:on 21 June 2018
3150:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2990:
2988:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2918:
2914:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2821:
2819:
2809:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2725:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2636:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2552:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2465:
2429:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2039:
2029:
2016:
2015:
2004:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1914:on 30 June 2022
1902:
1901:
1897:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1830:10.1.1.584.7352
1814:
1813:
1809:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1589:syngenta-us.com
1584:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1299:
1289:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1238:"History of Bt"
1236:
1235:
1228:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1010:
986:
938:
932:
897:
860:
847:risk assessment
841:could harm the
795:
755:
749:
741:
735:
723:
713:pests, such as
678:
655:
630:
612:
600:
584:
478:
477:
472:
471:
469:
448:
425:Pioneer Hi-Bred
401:
396:
343:
301:Séralini affair
196:Recombinant DNA
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7013:
7011:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6987:
6986:
6980:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6915:Chicha de jora
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6844:Maíz con hielo
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6753:Corn schnitzel
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6687:Sopa paraguaya
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6596:
6594:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6463:Ginataang mais
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6428:Corn crab soup
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6408:Binte biluhuta
6405:
6399:
6397:
6394:Soups, stews,
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6368:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6322:
6320:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6277:
6272:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6210:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6177:
6175:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6078:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5978:Maize and corn
5976:
5974:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5951:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5889:
5887:
5886:Similar fields
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5827:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5756:Gene targeting
5753:
5751:Gene knockdown
5748:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5686:DuPont Pioneer
5683:
5678:
5673:
5665:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5647:
5645:
5644:In agriculture
5638:
5634:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5588:Microinjection
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5425:Knockout mouse
5416:
5414:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5301:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5283:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5260:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5242:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5180:
5171:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5114:
5101:
5089:
5079:
5078:External links
5076:
5073:
5072:
5060:Bloomberg News
5046:
5016:
4998:
4962:
4936:
4917:
4899:
4873:
4854:
4828:
4802:
4773:
4748:
4734:
4708:
4665:
4626:
4598:
4539:
4490:
4464:(3): 247–254.
4444:
4418:
4361:
4322:(20): 7526–9.
4302:
4253:
4194:
4143:
4092:
4073:
4054:
4032:
3981:
3951:
3933:
3898:
3831:
3817:
3760:
3713:
3664:
3645:(9): 1025–36.
3628:
3613:
3600:(4): 859–865.
3580:
3551:(4): 887–888.
3531:
3522:
3517:New York Times
3503:
3477:
3458:
3409:
3393:
3385:10.17226/10977
3365:United States
3357:
3333:
3304:
3264:
3242:
3237:New York Times
3223:
3196:
3170:
3143:
3121:
3078:
3067:on 25 May 2017
3051:
3002:
2971:
2912:
2866:
2836:
2807:
2799:10.17226/23395
2779:
2753:
2675:
2653:
2622:
2559:
2474:(2): 213–217.
2438:(6): 883–914.
2385:
2332:
2306:
2255:
2245:
2235:
2223:Bloomberg News
2209:
2162:
2121:
2075:
2050:
2002:
1984:
1925:
1895:
1852:
1807:
1750:
1736:10.1038/501S7a
1721:(7468): S7–9.
1701:
1675:
1664:on 1 July 2017
1645:
1633:
1609:
1573:
1547:
1529:
1511:
1492:
1438:
1415:
1390:
1355:
1333:
1310:
1269:
1251:
1226:
1192:
1166:
1140:
1113:
1100:10.1002/ps.993
1075:
1053:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1006:
985:
982:
934:Main article:
931:
928:
896:
893:
859:
856:
794:
791:
751:Main article:
748:
745:
737:Main article:
734:
731:
722:
719:
677:
674:
654:
651:
629:
626:
611:
608:
604:palomilla moth
599:
596:
583:
580:
520:corn ear worms
486:that has been
468:
465:
447:
444:
440:European Union
400:
397:
395:
392:
345:
344:
342:
341:
334:
327:
319:
316:
315:
314:
313:
308:
303:
298:
296:Pusztai affair
293:
288:
280:
279:
275:
274:
273:
272:
267:
262:
261:
260:
247:
246:
242:
241:
240:
239:
238:
237:
232:
225:Genome editing
222:
221:
220:
215:
210:
208:Transformation
200:
199:
198:
188:
180:
179:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
165:
154:
153:
145:
144:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
130:
125:
120:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
85:
84:
79:
71:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
50:
49:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7012:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6925:Colada morada
6923:
6921:
6920:Chicha morada
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6714:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6652:Makki di roti
6650:
6648:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6635:Corn tortilla
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6473:Hasty pudding
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6392:
6384:
6381:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6371:High-fructose
6369:
6367:
6366:Glucose syrup
6364:
6363:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6281:Field of Corn
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:United States
6230:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6163:Popcorn maker
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6148:Maize milling
6146:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5972:
5967:
5965:
5960:
5958:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5931:Biotechnology
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5872:South America
5870:
5867:
5863:
5862:North America
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5808:Transhumanism
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5767:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5746:Gene knockout
5744:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5657:
5656:Controversies
5654:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5555:Inserting DNA
5552:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:Other animals
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5137:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5119:
5115:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5047:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4921:
4918:
4910:
4903:
4900:
4888:
4884:
4877:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4858:
4855:
4849:
4845:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4803:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4681:(4): 528–33.
4680:
4676:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4491:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4445:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4306:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4273:(4): 750–61.
4272:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3982:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3914:(5): 249–51.
3913:
3909:
3902:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3795:10.1038/20338
3791:
3787:
3783:
3780:(6733): 214.
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3614:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3504:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3350:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3224:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3197:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3171:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3094:(3): 315–24.
3093:
3089:
3082:
3079:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2882:(7): 739–41.
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2735:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2645:10.2777/97784
2642:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2623:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2521:(6): 1851–5.
2520:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2462:And contrast:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2405:(4): 734–42.
2404:
2400:
2394:
2393:But see also:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:(2): 269–99.
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2141:(3): 184–93.
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1872:(3): 189–98.
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1823:(6): 759–67.
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1524:Biotechnology
1521:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:(3): 447–64.
1370:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1330:(2): 217–230.
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:(3): 246–57.
1093:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1002:trade secrets
999:
995:
991:
983:
981:
978:
975:
971:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
937:
929:
927:
925:
920:
916:
914:
909:
907:
902:
894:
892:
889:
886:
884:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
857:
855:
853:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:lepidopterans
809:
805:
801:
792:
790:
788:
784:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:
754:
746:
744:
740:
732:
730:
728:
720:
718:
716:
712:
708:
707:corn rootworm
702:
698:
695:
694:corn rootworm
691:
687:
683:
675:
673:
671:
666:
664:
660:
652:
650:
647:
643:
639:
635:
628:Health Safety
627:
625:
623:
622:
617:
609:
607:
605:
597:
595:
593:
589:
581:
579:
577:
573:
567:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
545:
542:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
467:Bt maize/corn
466:
461:
457:
452:
445:
443:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
398:
393:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
359:
355:
351:
340:
335:
333:
328:
326:
321:
320:
318:
317:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
282:
281:
278:Controversies
276:
271:
270:Designer baby
268:
266:
263:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
250:
249:
248:
243:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
226:
223:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
205:
204:
203:Gene delivery
201:
197:
194:
193:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
182:
181:
176:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:
141:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
73:
72:
69:
65:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
47:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
6940:Corn whiskey
6738:Corn fritter
6716:Fried dishes
6518:Suam na mais
6453:Creamed corn
6433:Corn pudding
6423:Corn chowder
6396:and porridge
6383:High-maltose
6356:Steep liquor
6311:Maize dishes
6297:
6279:
6186:Corn allergy
6026:
5720:Gene therapy
5619:Transgenesis
5598:Transfection
5563:Agrobacteria
5447:Knockout rat
5269:Vistive Gold
5186:
5165:Genetically
5109:the original
5097:the original
5063:. Retrieved
5059:
5049:
5037:. Retrieved
5033:the original
5028:
5019:
5011:the original
5001:
4989:. Retrieved
4977:
4965:
4953:. Retrieved
4948:
4939:
4930:
4920:
4902:
4890:. Retrieved
4886:
4876:
4868:the original
4857:
4847:
4843:
4831:
4822:
4818:
4805:
4796:
4768:the original
4763:
4737:
4725:. Retrieved
4721:the original
4711:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4660:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4621:
4614:. Retrieved
4601:
4559:(3/4): 1–9.
4556:
4552:
4542:
4510:(3): 163–9.
4507:
4503:
4493:
4481:. Retrieved
4461:
4457:
4447:
4435:. Retrieved
4431:the original
4421:
4409:. Retrieved
4402:the original
4381:
4377:
4364:
4319:
4315:
4305:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4211:
4207:
4197:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4086:
4076:
4067:
4057:
4049:the original
4044:
4035:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3972:. Retrieved
3968:the original
3963:
3954:
3946:the original
3936:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3820:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3733:(2): 203–8.
3730:
3726:
3716:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3616:
3597:
3593:
3583:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3506:
3494:. Retrieved
3490:
3480:
3471:
3461:
3429:(6): 290–8.
3426:
3422:
3412:
3375:
3360:
3349:the original
3336:
3324:. Retrieved
3319:
3280:
3276:
3267:
3255:. Retrieved
3245:
3236:
3226:
3214:. Retrieved
3210:the original
3199:
3187:. Retrieved
3183:
3173:
3161:. Retrieved
3157:the original
3146:
3134:. Retrieved
3124:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3069:. Retrieved
3065:the original
3054:
3022:(7): 545–8.
3019:
3016:EMBO Reports
3015:
3005:
2996:
2989:. Retrieved
2985:the original
2974:
2953:
2946:. Retrieved
2915:
2907:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2856:
2849:. Retrieved
2839:
2828:
2827:
2820:. Retrieved
2789:
2782:
2773:
2766:. Retrieved
2756:
2748:
2741:. Retrieved
2734:the original
2721:the original
2714:
2697:
2695:
2688:. Retrieved
2678:
2666:. Retrieved
2632:
2625:
2613:. Retrieved
2589:
2582:. Retrieved
2562:
2548:
2546:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2499:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2352:(1): 11–20.
2349:
2345:
2335:
2326:
2319:. Retrieved
2309:
2296:
2271:(1): 77–88.
2268:
2264:
2258:
2248:
2238:
2222:
2212:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2091:
2087:
2053:
2025:the original
2019:
1996:
1987:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1916:. Retrieved
1912:the original
1907:
1898:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1695:
1691:
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1662:the original
1657:
1648:
1636:
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1588:
1576:
1564:. Retrieved
1561:Ars Technica
1560:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1505:
1495:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1393:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1349:
1341:Hodgson EW.
1336:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1285:the original
1279:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1215:(3): 261–9.
1212:
1209:Pedobiologia
1208:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:
1169:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:
1143:
1131:. Retrieved
1127:ISAAA Briefs
1126:
1116:
1091:
1087:
1066:. Retrieved
1056:
1048:the original
1038:
987:
979:
976:
972:
965:
950:
939:
921:
917:
911:A review by
910:
900:
898:
890:
887:
877:
873:
867:
861:
852:insecticides
836:
831:
823:
815:
807:
799:
796:
787:carcinogenic
776:
772:
768:
764:
756:
742:
724:
711:lepidopteran
703:
701:eliminated.
699:
690:lepidopteran
679:
669:
667:
662:
656:
631:
619:
613:
601:
591:
585:
576:corn earworm
568:
553:
546:
543:
528:
517:
498:
470:
459:
437:
402:
363:
362:
357:
265:Gene therapy
245:Applications
218:Transduction
213:Transfection
117:
44:
29:
6905:Champurrado
6854:Maque choux
6829:Huitlacoche
6809:Corn relish
6799:Corn flakes
6777:Other foods
6763:Milho frito
6630:Corn cookie
6620:Chipa guasu
6336:Mielie-meal
6319:Ingredients
6275:Corn School
6270:Corn Palace
6228:By country
6158:Wet-milling
5739:In research
5713:diagnostics
5583:Lipofection
5344:Arabidopsis
5246:Golden rice
5039:31 December
4892:31 December
4437:11 November
4045:GMO Compass
3684:(1): 1–22.
2041:|work=
1918:18 December
1770:(1): 3113.
1526:. Springer.
1460:: 433–454.
1301:|work=
946:animal feed
757:There is a
747:Controversy
642:germination
533:, which is
429:imidazoline
421:glufosinate
6989:Categories
6814:Corn sauce
6692:Spoonbread
6647:Johnnycake
6206:Production
6181:BBCH-scale
6136:Processing
6080:By origin
5992:Amylomaize
5823:Regulation
5667:Companies
5624:Cisgenesis
5568:Biolistics
5374:Sugar beet
5287:Flavr Savr
5187:Maize/corn
5105:"Co-Extra"
4955:28 October
4727:7 February
4584:2263/45681
4483:23 October
4411:5 November
3496:28 October
3326:28 October
3257:28 October
2955:available.
2243:Publishers
2065:(Report).
1889:1807/47314
1654:"MON87460"
1324:AgBioForum
1244:8 February
1068:28 October
1030:References
828:epithelial
820:Coleoptera
783:fumonisins
779:mycotoxins
733:Regulation
727:army worms
721:Resistance
582:Sweet Corn
524:root worms
503:including
405:glyphosate
186:Techniques
158:Regulation
118:Maize/corn
6950:Pinolillo
6945:Mazamorra
6930:Corn beer
6883:Beverages
6874:Succotash
6849:Maja maíz
6758:Hushpuppy
6728:Corn chip
6625:Cornbread
6574:Nacatamal
6443:Corn stew
6438:Corn soup
6219:Corn crib
6191:Corn smut
6173:Pathology
6069:Varieties
5985:Varieties
5936:Bioethics
5840:Geography
5778:Transgene
5546:Processes
5437:Enviropig
5430:Oncomouse
5369:SmartStax
5305:Bt cotton
5169:organisms
4593:0038-2353
4575:1996-7489
4478:144316140
4189:195690886
3216:30 August
3189:30 August
3163:30 August
3136:30 August
3071:30 August
2991:30 August
2948:30 August
2851:30 August
2822:30 August
2768:30 August
2743:30 August
2690:30 August
2668:30 August
2615:30 August
2584:30 August
2321:30 August
2043:ignored (
2033:cite book
1825:CiteSeerX
1482:153573639
1474:0951-2748
1303:ignored (
1293:cite book
1185:26 August
1159:26 August
998:DBN Group
957:Taco Bell
863:Gene flow
858:Gene flow
646:mycotoxin
496:bacterium
494:from the
384:gene flow
6970:Tesgüino
6935:Corn tea
6784:Alivenci
6768:Sorullos
6743:Corn nut
6733:Corn dog
6584:Pasteles
6513:Sagamite
6483:Mămăligă
6418:Cocoloși
6326:Cornmeal
6237:Tanzania
5926:Genetics
5893:Eugenics
5771:articles
5696:Syngenta
5691:Monsanto
5663:Pharming
5509:Bacteria
5205:StarLink
5167:modified
5065:24 March
4982:Archived
4703:16144327
4695:21338670
4657:17900781
4534:25437234
4398:44076727
4356:15136739
4297:19143938
4248:16093316
4181:11935145
4130:11734853
4027:23172622
4019:17556584
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3893:11559842
3804:10353241
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3046:11463731
2939:Archived
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2817:28230933
2659:Archived
2606:Archived
2575:Archived
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2496:11786594
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2452:40855100
2419:21296423
2376:21546547
2346:Genetics
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2227:Archived
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2196:23011587
2157:22688691
2116:36595050
2108:20929767
2067:Archived
1979:29073061
1847:17924935
1802:29449686
1745:24067764
1668:15 March
1625:Archived
1593:Archived
1566:13 April
1435:(10): 4.
1407:Archived
1264:ucsd.edu
1108:15627242
1008:See also
990:Monsanto
839:milkweed
616:Monsanto
614:In 2013
588:Syngenta
535:alkaline
492:proteins
473:Bt maize
409:Monsanto
77:Bacteria
37:a series
35:Part of
18:Bt maize
6965:Tejuino
6869:Popcorn
6794:Conkies
6789:Binatog
6748:Cornick
6615:Cachapa
6579:Pamonha
6564:Hallaca
6559:Guanime
6537:Tamales
6503:Polenta
6498:Pashofa
6478:Kačamak
6448:Cou-cou
6263:Culture
6214:Biofuel
6089:Ecuador
6084:Bolivia
6059:Shoepeg
6042:MON 863
6037:MON 810
5921:Biology
5898:Cloning
5877:Oceania
5769:Related
5514:viruses
5478:GloFish
5468:Insects
5412:Mammals
5403:Animals
5389:Mustard
5379:Tobacco
5349:Brinjal
5256:Soybean
5228:Amflora
5200:MON 863
5195:MON 810
4991:8 April
4978:epa.gov
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4525:5033180
4324:Bibcode
4288:3001031
4239:1184035
4216:Bibcode
4161:Bibcode
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3991:Science
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1947:Bibcode
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1772:Bibcode
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1148:Staff.
1133:27 July
804:Diptera
781:(29%),
676:Refuges
670:E. coli
560:Cry3Bb1
479:Bt corn
413:Roundup
370:) is a
178:Process
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128:Soybean
104:Insects
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6864:Pinole
6839:Kuymak
6834:Kenkey
6824:Hominy
6702:Totopo
6677:Sloosh
6672:Pupusa
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6554:Binaki
6549:Tamale
6508:Pozole
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6302:(film)
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5852:Africa
5847:Europe
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878:Nature
874:Nature
663:Seedco
638:spores
634:fungal
564:MON863
556:MON810
380:traits
235:CRISPR
133:Potato
113:Plants
62:
6955:Pozol
6900:Cauim
6890:Atole
6819:Gofio
6707:Wotou
6667:Proja
6605:Bollo
6600:Arepa
6544:Acaçá
6528:Xarém
6523:Ugali
6468:Grits
6403:Banku
6361:Syrup
6110:Parts
6094:Italy
6064:Sweet
6022:Flour
6017:Flint
6012:Field
5676:Bayer
5607:Types
5495:Frogs
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5420:Mouse
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5339:Apple
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4571:eISSN
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4394:S2CID
4374:(PDF)
4185:S2CID
4134:S2CID
4023:S2CID
3884:59819
3871:JSTOR
3808:S2CID
3751:S2CID
3352:(PDF)
3345:(PDF)
3320:WIRED
3112:S2CID
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6859:Mote
6697:Talo
6682:Sope
6662:Piki
6610:Broa
6493:Mush
6458:Fufu
6413:Bulz
6346:Samp
6331:Masa
6099:Peru
6076:Waxy
6032:List
6007:Dent
6002:Blue
5997:Baby
5857:Asia
5671:BASF
5637:Uses
5512:and
5473:Fish
5364:Rose
5238:Rice
5067:2014
5041:2013
4993:2018
4957:2014
4894:2013
4729:2012
4691:PMID
4653:PMID
4618:2012
4589:ISSN
4530:PMID
4485:2021
4439:2010
4413:2017
4352:PMID
4293:PMID
4244:PMID
4177:PMID
4126:PMID
4015:PMID
3976:2005
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3743:PMID
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3655:PMID
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3328:2014
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3259:2014
3218:2019
3191:2019
3184:Time
3165:2019
3138:2019
3104:PMID
3073:2019
3042:PMID
2993:2019
2950:2019
2892:PMID
2853:2019
2824:2019
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2803:ISBN
2770:2019
2745:2019
2692:2019
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2617:2019
2586:2019
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2415:PMID
2372:PMID
2323:2019
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1670:2014
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1305:help
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1070:2014
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6341:Oil
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