150:
beneath the mucosa. Initial presentation usually occurs in early adolescence and the lesions may slowly enlarge up to 3–4 cm in diameter with time, however there is no malignant potential. Despite buccal exostoses being generally painless and self-limiting, they may cause patient concern regarding poor aesthetics, food lodgement and compromised oral hygiene. Their tendency to grow in size may also contribute to periodontal disease as a result of food build up in the area of the lesion.
86:. More commonly seen in the maxilla than the mandible, buccal exostoses are considered to be site specific. Existing as asymptomatic bony nodules, buccal exostoses don’t usually present until adult life, and some consider buccal exostoses to be a variation of normal anatomy rather than disease. Bone is thought to become hyperplastic, consisting of mature cortical and trabecular bone with a smooth outer surface. They are less common when compared with mandibular tori.
37:
192:
histopathological examination to differentiate from benign to malignant neoplastic processes. Routine post-operative instructions are given to the patient and occasionally antibiotics may be prescribed. The patient will then be recalled after 1 week in order to remove the sutures and often after a few months for post-operative follow up.
173:
Currently, buccal exostoses do not commonly require treatment. If there is neither pain nor sensitivity, the buccal exostosis simply needs to be monitored with routine dental check-ups. Patients are given oral hygiene advice and are advised to cleanse above and below the growth with a mouthwash once
191:
If the growth needs to be removed then a simple surgical procedure can be carried out under local anaesthetic with no recurrence in the long-term follow up. This is done by reflecting the mucoperiosteal flap in order to expose the extended bone for complete excision. This bone will then be sent for
104:
Buccal exostoses generally tend to be asymptomatic and are usually painless. However, they may increase patient concern about poor aesthetics, inability to perform oral hygiene procedures due to difficulty in cleaning around the area with a toothbrush, and compromised periodontal health by causing
149:
Clinically, buccal exostoses appear as single, broad-based masses, usually situated bilaterally in the premolar and molar region on the facial surface of the maxillary alveolar bone. The mass is generally smooth although in some cases a sharp, bony prominence may be present resulting in tenderness
174:
a day to remove any food debris. Due to it being difficult to clean around the exostosis, periodontal disease can often occur as a result, and so this should be treated by the dentist or dental hygienist/therapist. There are, however, some occasions were treatment is required, for example;
153:
Radiographically, buccal exostoses can be identified as round, well-defined structures which superimpose the roots of the teeth, normally in the premolar and molar region. Dental panoramic tomography and cone beam tomography can be used to confirm diagnosis.
775:
121:
These benign growths affect both the jaws. The maxilla is shown to display a higher prevalence rate of 5.1:1 in comparison to mandible. Males also are afflicted more than females with a prevalence rate of 1.66:1, in all intraoral
165:. In addition, it is recommended that patients who present with multiple growths showing similar characteristics but not in the classic exostoses locations should be evaluated for Gardner syndrome.
1974:
2156:
561:
Horning, Gregory M.; Cohen, Mark E.; Neils, Todd A. (June 2000). "Buccal
Alveolar Exostoses: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Evidence for Buttressing Bone Formation".
277:
1203:
2161:
657:
815:
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1986:
1937:
157:
An additional biopsy for diagnosis of buccal exostosis is not usually recommended, however it is important to rule out the possibility of early
542:
515:
483:
330:
305:
261:
236:
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2314:
1588:
1072:
2715:
1348:
346:
Pynn, BR; Kurys-Kos, NS; Walker, DA; Mayhall, JT (December 1995). "Tori mandibularis: a case report and review of the literature".
146:
The presence of buccal exostosis can be diagnosed by both clinical examination and radiological interpretation of the oral cavity.
611:
Curé, Joel K.; Vattoth, Surjith; Shah, Ritu (November 2012). "Radiopaque Jaw
Lesions: An Approach to the Differential Diagnosis".
2690:
2627:
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1932:
1912:
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200:
They are more common in males than females, occurring in a ratio of about 5:1. They are strongly associated with the presence of
2536:
2173:
1627:
2521:
2356:
426:
Jainkittivong, Aree; Langlais, Robert P. (July 2000). "Buccal and palatal exostoses: Prevalence and concurrence with tori".
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https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/basics/mouth-and-teeth-anatomy/buccal-exostosis--causes--treatment-and-care
656:
Boge, RDH, BS, MPA, E. (2019). Buccal
Exostosis: Causes, Treatment and Care | Colgate®. Colgate.com. Available at:
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2146:
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98:, which are non- malignant, exophytic nodular outgrowths of dense cortical bone that are relatively avascular.’
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1927:
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Medsinge, Sonali V; Kohad, Ramesh; Budhiraja, Harmeeta; Singh, Atamjeet; Gurha, Shradha; Sharma, Akash (2015).
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Oral and
Maxillofacial Medicine, The Basis of Diagnosis and Treatment,3: Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine
1336:
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138:(tooth clenching and grinding), and genetic factors. Typically they first appear in early adulthood.
2740:
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105:
food lodgement, which could lead to patients reporting increased bleeding when tooth brushing.
2481:
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2035:
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232:
49:
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1511:
1409:
1304:
1141:
730:
721:
Kukuła, K; Plakwicz, P (22 July 2016). "Oral pathology: Exostosis deforming face features".
693:
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570:
435:
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205:
112:
They tend to appear in early adolescence and may very slowly increase in size with time.
2773:
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83:
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1213:
1188:
1166:
950:
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905:
640:
54:
455:
181:
A prosthesis, such as a denture, is required and cannot be adapted to the exostosis,
2526:
2302:
2297:
2282:
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2232:
2065:
1774:
1715:
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997:
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158:
226:
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2612:
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1617:
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1022:
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574:
178:
If the skin overlying it is continually experiencing trauma due to sharp foods,
36:
2680:
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1890:
1831:
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1752:
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1668:
1612:
1583:
1504:
1365:
1343:
1228:
1208:
428:
Oral
Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology
126:
The overlying mucosa appears to be stretched but intact and normal in colour.
688:
2548:
2531:
2267:
2045:
1848:
1472:
1355:
975:
870:
848:
734:
439:
95:
67:
742:
707:
632:
582:
447:
407:
359:
2558:
2509:
2277:
2030:
2011:
1991:
1812:
1690:
1634:
880:
670:
Chandna, Shalu; Sachdeva, Surinder; Kochar, Deepak; Kapil, Harsh (2015).
624:
323:
Diagnostic
Surgical Pathology of the Head and Neck E-Book: Expert Consult
767:
2644:
2602:
2287:
2247:
2141:
2015:
1804:
1171:
135:
79:
2386:
1858:
1446:
1041:
779:
672:"Surgical management of the bilateral maxillary buccal exostosis"
296:
Regezi, Joseph A.; Sciubba, James; Jordan, Richard C. K. (2012).
71:
2762:
2661:
2585:
2343:
2222:
2008:
1798:
1436:
1099:
1039:
927:
835:
797:
837:
600:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill-Livingstone. p. .
325:(2nd ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences, 2009. p. 1224.
256:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, 2015. pp. 91–93.
298:
Oral
Pathology - E-Book: Clinical Pathologic Correlations
134:
Why buccal exostoses form is unclear, but it may involve
291:
289:
287:
74:
prominence) on the buccal surface (cheek side) of the
757:
475:
Manual of Minor Oral
Surgery for the General Dentist
254:
Manual of Minor Oral
Surgery for the General Dentist
761:
48:
26:
21:
2237:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
652:
650:
44:Buccal exostosis along upper left alveolar ridge
2592:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
556:
554:
118:Found usually in the premolar and molar region.
1204:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
507:Oral Pathology: A Comprehensive Atlas and Text
421:
419:
417:
375:
373:
371:
369:
2162:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
809:
252:Mehra, D'Innocenzo, Pushkar, Richard (2015).
115:Buccal exostoses generally occur bilaterally.
8:
276:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
676:Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology
467:
465:
2759:
2658:
2582:
2340:
2219:
2005:
1795:
1433:
1096:
1036:
924:
832:
816:
802:
794:
758:
348:Journal of the Canadian Dental Association
35:
18:
697:
687:
537:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 122.
510:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 383.
499:
497:
495:
397:
300:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 311.
231:. McGraw Hill Professional. p. 910.
184:The growth reaches an unmanageable size,
2789:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
1938:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
217:
1975:As a manifestation of systemic disease
478:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 300.
472:Mehra P; D'Innocenzo R (18 May 2015).
269:
7:
1821:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
386:Journal of International Oral Health
2472:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
2315:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
1589:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
1073:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
14:
382:"Buccal Exostosis: A Rare Entity"
2691:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
2628:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
2623:Central hypoventilation syndrome
2505:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
1933:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
1913:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
825:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
321:Gnepp, Douglas R. (2009-04-07).
2537:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
2174:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
1628:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
2522:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
2357:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
1:
2716:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
2665:Soft tissues around the mouth
2362:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
1886:Gingival cyst of the newborn
1495:Failure of eruption of teeth
1199:Hand, foot and mouth disease
1184:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
1122:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
1068:Palatal cysts of the newborn
991:Transient lingual papillitis
2414:Salivary gland diverticulum
2377:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
1388:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
1300:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
598:Bond's Book of Oral Disease
228:Head and Neck Imaging Cases
2830:
2424:Salivary gland hyperplasia
2372:HIV salivary gland disease
1881:Gingival cyst of the adult
1327:Oral florid papillomatosis
575:10.1902/jop.2000.71.6.1032
94:Buccal exostoses are bony
2769:
2758:
2671:
2663:Orofacial soft tissues –
2657:
2598:
2581:
2429:Salivary gland hypoplasia
2352:
2339:
2243:
2218:
2157:Bisphosphonate-associated
2051:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
2026:
2004:
1827:
1794:
1522:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
1458:
1432:
1112:
1095:
1048:
1035:
986:Median rhomboid glossitis
936:
923:
844:
831:
563:Journal of Periodontology
43:
34:
2736:Orofacial granulomatosis
2515:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
2500:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
2434:Salivary gland neoplasms
2225:Temporomandibular joints
2196:Periapical periodontitis
1928:Linear gingival erythema
1696:Regional odontodysplasia
1542:Enamel hypocalcification
689:10.4103/0972-124X.152412
2633:Obstructive sleep apnea
2399:Salivary duct stricture
2179:Paget's disease of bone
1676:Pulp canal obliteration
1517:Dentin hypersensitivity
1463:Amelogenesis imperfecta
1315:Squamous cell carcinoma
1295:Adenosquamous carcinoma
1282:Squamous cell papilloma
1259:Melanocytic oral lesion
735:10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.514
440:10.1067/moe.2000.105905
225:Sakai O (24 May 2011).
2779:Hemifacial hypertrophy
2746:Pyostomatitis vegetans
2419:Salivary gland fistula
2409:Salivary gland atresia
2404:Salivary gland aplasia
2258:Mandibular dislocation
2229:muscles of mastication
2107:Calcifying odontogenic
1736:Vertical root fracture
1731:Cracked tooth syndrome
1706:Shovel-shaped incisors
1601:Wisdom tooth impaction
1483:Early childhood caries
1349:Benign mucous membrane
1310:Spindle cell carcinoma
1219:Intraoral dental sinus
1137:Burning mouth syndrome
723:British Dental Journal
354:(12): 1057–8, 1063–6.
2588:Stomatognathic system
2490:Acinic cell carcinoma
2112:Glandular odontogenic
1264:Molluscum contagiosum
2731:Oral Crohn's disease
2686:Basal cell carcinoma
2325:Condylar hyperplasia
2310:Maxillary hypoplasia
1876:Gingival enlargement
1809:periodontal ligament
1415:Verruciform xanthoma
1147:Condyloma acuminatum
625:10.1148/rg.327125003
2741:Perioral dermatitis
2477:Pleomorphic adenoma
2457:Monomorphic adenoma
2447:Canalicular adenoma
2320:Condylar hypoplasia
2253:Condylar resorption
2097:Lateral periodontal
2056:Mandibular fracture
1955:Periodontal abscess
1552:Turner's hypoplasia
1320:Verrucous carcinoma
1269:Morsicatio buccarum
1249:Lupus erythematosus
1162:Erythema multiforme
1078:Stomatitis nicotina
596:Bouquot JE (1988).
2784:Facial hemiatrophy
2638:Periodic breathing
2569:Sjögren's syndrome
2442:Basal cell adenoma
2206:Torus mandibularis
2184:Periapical abscess
2167:Osteoradionecrosis
2092:Buccal bifurcation
2071:Intraosseous cysts
1960:Periodontal trauma
1864:Pyogenic granuloma
1711:Supernumerary root
1664:Pulp calcification
1652:Premature eruption
1623:Odontogenic tumors
1420:White sponge nevus
1393:Submucous fibrosis
1337:Smoker's melanosis
1224:Irritation fibroma
1063:High-arched palate
971:Foliate papillitis
961:Cunnilingus tongue
946:Black hairy tongue
876:Congenital lip pit
202:torus mandibularis
187:Aesthetic reasons.
90:Signs and symptoms
30:Alveolar exostosis
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2754:
2753:
2653:
2652:
2577:
2576:
2482:Sebaceous adenoma
2335:
2334:
2214:
2213:
2125:Median mandibular
2120:Nasopalatine duct
2036:Alveolar osteitis
2000:
1999:
1987:Perio-endo lesion
1869:Congenital epulis
1790:
1789:
1547:Enamel hypoplasia
1428:
1427:
1403:Riga–Fede disease
1254:Melanocytic nevus
1194:Hairy leukoplakia
1157:Epulis fissuratum
1091:
1090:
1031:
1030:
981:Geographic tongue
919:
918:
791:
790:
544:978-0-7020-4948-4
531:Scully C (2013).
517:978-1-4377-2226-0
485:978-1-118-93843-0
332:978-1-4377-1951-2
307:978-1-4557-0269-5
263:978-1-118-93848-5
238:978-0-07-154372-9
60:
59:
16:Medical condition
2821:
2760:
2659:
2583:
2452:Ductal papilloma
2341:
2220:
2117:Non-odontogenic:
2102:Globulomaxillary
2041:Buccal exostosis
2006:
1950:Peri-implantitis
1796:
1512:Dentin dysplasia
1434:
1410:Verruca vulgaris
1305:Mucosal melanoma
1152:Darier's disease
1127:Behçet's disease
1097:
1053:Bednar's aphthae
1037:
925:
911:Trumpeter's wart
833:
818:
811:
804:
795:
759:
747:
746:
718:
712:
711:
701:
691:
667:
661:
654:
645:
644:
619:(7): 1909–1925.
608:
602:
601:
593:
587:
586:
569:(6): 1032–1042.
558:
549:
548:
528:
522:
521:
501:
490:
489:
469:
460:
459:
423:
412:
411:
401:
377:
364:
363:
343:
337:
336:
318:
312:
311:
293:
282:
281:
275:
267:
249:
243:
242:
222:
64:buccal exostosis
39:
22:Buccal exostosis
19:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2793:
2765:
2750:
2706:Ludwig's angina
2667:
2649:
2608:Mouth breathing
2594:
2573:
2394:Pneumoparotitis
2367:Frey's syndrome
2348:
2346:Salivary glands
2331:
2239:
2210:
2189:Phoenix abscess
2022:
2018:hard tissues –
1996:
1918:Hypercementosis
1837:Cementoblastoma
1823:
1786:
1500:Dens evaginatus
1454:
1424:
1376:Denture-related
1361:Plasmoacanthoma
1287:Keratoacanthoma
1108:
1106:Lining of mouth
1087:
1083:Torus palatinus
1044:
1027:
1008:Lingual thyroid
966:Fissured tongue
956:Crenated tongue
932:
915:
901:Nasolabial cyst
886:Herpes labialis
840:
827:
822:
792:
787:
786:
770:
756:
751:
750:
720:
719:
715:
669:
668:
664:
655:
648:
610:
609:
605:
595:
594:
590:
560:
559:
552:
545:
530:
529:
525:
518:
504:Woo SB (2012).
503:
502:
493:
486:
471:
470:
463:
425:
424:
415:
379:
378:
367:
345:
344:
340:
333:
320:
319:
315:
308:
295:
294:
285:
268:
264:
251:
250:
246:
239:
224:
223:
219:
214:
206:torus palatinus
198:
171:
163:chondrosarcomas
144:
132:
92:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2827:
2825:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2774:Eagle syndrome
2770:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:Cystic hygroma
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2586:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2564:Sialolithiasis
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2495:Adenocarcinoma
2492:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2462:Myoepithelioma
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2312:
2307:
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2176:
2171:
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2169:
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2159:
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2135:Traumatic bone
2132:
2130:Median palatal
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1657:Neonatal teeth
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1537:Ectopic enamel
1534:
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1497:
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1383:
1378:
1373:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1332:Oral melanosis
1329:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1284:
1271:
1266:
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1206:
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1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1132:Bohn's nodules
1129:
1124:
1119:
1117:Amalgam tattoo
1113:
1110:
1109:
1100:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
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1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1049:
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1015:
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1005:
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988:
983:
973:
968:
963:
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953:
948:
943:
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928:
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917:
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762:Classification
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754:External links
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2676:Actinomycosis
2674:
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2554:Sialodochitis
2552:
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2533:
2530:
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2249:
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2238:
2234:
2233:malocclusions
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Stafne defect
2199:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:Osteonecrosis
2150:
2148:
2147:Osteomyelitis
2145:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2115:
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2110:
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2020:Bones of jaws
2017:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1990:
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1981:
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1971:
1968:
1967:
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1965:Periodontitis
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1945:Pericoronitis
1943:
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1929:
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1901:Granulomatous
1899:
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1681:Pulp necrosis
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1239:Lichen planus
1237:
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1212:
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1189:Fordyce spots
1187:
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951:Caviar tongue
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613:RadioGraphics
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159:osteosarcomas
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55:Oral medicine
53:
51:
47:
42:
38:
33:
29:
25:
20:
2664:
2591:
2527:Sialadenitis
2486:
2438:
2303:Scissor bite
2298:Retrognathia
2283:Overeruption
2263:Malocclusion
2236:
2116:
2075:
2066:Micrognathia
2040:
2019:
2010:Periapical,
1896:Desquamative
1820:
1801:Periodontium
1775:Acid erosion
1716:Taurodontism
1647:Open contact
1559:Enamel pearl
1527:Dilaceration
1490:Concrescence
1291:
1278:
1105:
1058:Cleft palate
1018:Microglossia
1013:Macroglossia
998:Glossoptosis
896:Microcheilia
891:Macrocheilia
774:
729:(2): 50–51.
726:
722:
716:
682:(3): 352–5.
679:
675:
665:
616:
612:
606:
597:
591:
566:
562:
533:
526:
506:
474:
434:(1): 48–53.
431:
427:
392:(5): 62–64.
389:
385:
351:
347:
341:
322:
316:
297:
253:
247:
227:
220:
199:
196:Epidemiology
190:
172:
156:
152:
148:
145:
133:
125:
107:
103:
100:
93:
63:
61:
2721:Microstomia
2711:Macrostomia
2701:Gnathophyma
2618:Catathrenia
2613:Sleep apnea
2544:Sialectasis
2087:Dentigerous
2077:Odontogenic
1906:Plasma cell
1842:Gigantiform
1618:Microdontia
1608:Macrodontia
1579:Hyperdontia
1274:Oral cancer
1234:Leukoplakia
1142:Candidiasis
1102:Oral mucosa
1023:Rhabdomyoma
1003:Hypoglossia
864:Plasma cell
27:Other names
2681:Angioedema
2487:Malignant:
2467:Oncocytoma
2293:Prognathia
2082:periapical
2061:Microgenia
2012:mandibular
1970:Aggressive
1891:Gingivitis
1832:Cementicle
1770:Abfraction
1760:Tooth wear
1753:Edentulism
1748:Tooth loss
1701:Resorption
1686:Pulp polyp
1669:Pulp stone
1613:Meth mouth
1584:Hypodontia
1574:Gemination
1505:Talon cusp
1398:Ulceration
1366:Stomatitis
1344:Pemphigoid
1292:Malignant:
1244:Linea alba
1229:Leukoedema
1209:Herpangina
1177:Giant-cell
212:References
169:Management
122:locations.
101:Symptoms:
96:hamartomas
2549:Sialocele
2532:Parotitis
2273:Open bite
2268:Crossbite
2046:Cherubism
2016:maxillary
1849:Cementoma
1780:Attrition
1596:Impaction
1564:Fluorosis
1473:Anodontia
1468:Ankylosis
1356:Pemphigus
976:Glossitis
871:Cleft lip
849:Cheilitis
641:207553947
272:cite book
142:Diagnosis
68:exostosis
50:Specialty
2808:Category
2559:Sialosis
2510:Lymphoma
2382:Mucocele
2278:Overbite
2031:Agnathia
1992:Teething
1817:alveolus
1813:cementum
1765:Abrasion
1741:Occlusal
1726:Avulsion
1691:Pulpitis
1635:Odontoma
1381:Herpetic
1371:Aphthous
881:Eclabium
743:27444586
708:26229284
633:23150848
583:10914809
456:17172819
448:10884635
408:26028907
84:mandible
2645:Snoring
2603:Bruxism
2439:Benign:
2288:Overjet
2248:Bruxism
2142:Osteoma
1980:Chronic
1805:gingiva
1279:Benign:
1172:Fibroma
859:Angular
854:Actinic
783:: K10.8
699:4520128
399:4441241
360:8536198
136:bruxism
108:Signs:
80:maxilla
78:of the
2387:Ranula
1859:Epulis
1721:Trauma
1569:Fusion
1478:Caries
1451:enamel
1447:dentin
1042:Palate
930:Tongue
741:
706:
696:
639:
631:
581:
541:
514:
482:
454:
446:
406:
396:
358:
329:
304:
260:
235:
130:Causes
66:is an
2764:Other
1439:Teeth
637:S2CID
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