822:
anterior open bite. Therefore, it is important to carry out a thorough initial assessment in order to obtain a diagnosis to tailor a suitable treatment plan. It is important to take into consideration any habitual risk factors, as this is crucial for a successful outcome without relapse. Treatment approach includes behavior changes, appliances and surgery. Treatment for adults include a combination of extractions, fixed appliances, intermaxillary elastics and orthognathic surgery. For children, orthodontics is usually used to compensate for continued growth. With children with mixed dentition, the malocclusion may resolve on its own as the permanent teeth erupt. Furthermore, should the malocclusion be caused by childhood habits such as digit, thumb or pacifier sucking, it may result in resolution as the habit is stopped. Habit deterrent appliances may be used to help in breaking digit and thumb sucking habits. Other treatment options for patients who are still growing include functional appliances and headgear appliances.
136:. If this molar relationship exists, then the teeth can align into normal occlusion. According to Angle, malocclusion is any deviation of the occlusion from the ideal. However, assessment for malocclusion should also take into account aesthetics and the impact on functionality. If these aspects are acceptable to the patient despite meeting the formal definition of malocclusion, then treatment may not be necessary. It is estimated that nearly 30% of the population have malocclusions that are categorised as severe and definitely benefit from orthodontic treatment.
50:
74:
537:, negative overjet, underbite)) In this case the upper molars are placed not in the mesiobuccal groove but posteriorly to it. The mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar lies posteriorly to the mesiobuccal groove of the mandibular first molar. Usually seen as when the lower front teeth are more prominent than the upper front teeth. In this case the patient very often has a large mandible or a short maxillary bone.
725:) in adults. Surgery may be required on rare occasions. This may include surgical reshaping to lengthen or shorten the jaw (orthognathic surgery). Wires, plates, or screws may be used to secure the jaw bone, in a manner similar to the surgical stabilization of jaw fractures. Very few people have "perfect" alignment of their teeth. However, most problems are very minor and do not require treatment.
842:
with adequate proportionality of tooth sizes. Bolton's formula concludes that if in the anterior portion the ratio is less than 77.2% the lower teeth are too narrow, the upper teeth are too wide or there is a combination of both. If the ratio is higher than 77.2% either the lower teeth are too wide, the upper teeth are too narrow or there is a combination of both.
460:
410:
857:
3460:, vol. 322, no. 4 (April 2020), pp. 44–49. "Our teeth evolved over hundreds of millions of years to be incredibly strong and to align precisely for efficient chewing. Our dental disorders largely stem from a shift in the oral environment caused by the introduction of softer, more sugary foods than the ones our ancestors typically ate."
475:
566:) of occlusion problems, and it disregards the proportions (or relationships in general) of teeth and face. Thus, many attempts have been made to modify the Angle system or to replace it completely with a more efficient one, but Angle's classification continues be popular mainly because of its simplicity and clarity.
800:
with pre and post surgical orthodontics to ensure correct tooth relationship. Although the most common surgery of the mandible, it comes with several complications including: bleeding from inferior alveolar artery, unfavorable splits, condylar resorption, avascular necrosis and worsening of temporomandibular joint.
515:, overjet, overbite)): In this situation, the mesiobuccal cusp of the upper first molar is not aligned with the mesiobuccal groove of the lower first molar. Instead it is anterior to it. Usually the mesiobuccal cusp rests in between the first mandibular molars and second premolars. There are two subtypes:
787:
The
British Standard Institute (BSI) classify class III incisor relationship as the lower incisor edge lies anterior to the cingulum plateau of the upper incisors, with reduced or reversed over jet. The skeletal facial deformity is characterized by mandibular prognathism, maxillary retrognathism or a
733:
While treatment is not crucial in class I malocclusions, in severe cases of crowding can be an indication for intervention. Studies indicate that tooth extraction can have benefits to correcting malocclusion in individuals. Further research is needed as reoccurring crowding has been examined in other
315:
Periodontal disease: irregular teeth would hinder the ability to clean teeth meaning poor plaque control. Additionally, if teeth are crowded, some may be more buccally or lingually placed, there will be reduced bone and periodontal support. Furthermore, in Class III malocclusions, mandibular anterior
795:
Maxillary and mandibular skeletal changes during prepubertal, pubertal and post pubertal stages show that class III malocclusion is established before the prepubertal stage. One treatment option is the use of growth modification appliances such as the Chin Cap which has greatly improved the skeletal
640:
Dental crowding is defined by the amount of space that would be required for the teeth to be in correct alignment. It is obtained in two ways: 1) by measuring the amount of space required and reducing this from calculating the space available via the width of the teeth, or 2) by measuring the degree
878:
Most malocclusion studies to date have focused on Class III malocclusions. Genetic studies for Class II and Class I malocclusion are more rare. An example of hereditary mandibular prognathism can be seen amongst the
Hapsburg Royal family where one third of the affected individuals with severe class
803:
Orthodontic camouflage can also be used in patients with mild skeletal discrepancies. This is a less invasive approach that uses orthodontic brackets to correct malocclusion and try to hide the skeletal discrepancy. Due to limitations of orthodontics, this option is more viable for patients who are
667:
Lack of masticatory stress during development can cause tooth overcrowding. Children who chewed a hard resinous gum for two hours a day showed increased facial growth. Experiments in animals have shown similar results. In an experiment on two groups of rock hyraxes fed hardened or softened versions
874:
The upper or lower jaw can be overgrown (macrognathia) or undergrown (micrognathia). It has been reported that patients with micrognathia are also affected by retrognathia (abnormal posterior positioning of the mandible or maxilla relative to the facial structure). These patients are majorly
841:
Several methods have been used to determine ITSD. Of these methods the one most commonly used is the Bolton analysis. Bolton developed a method to calculate the ratio between the mesiodistal width of maxillary and mandibular teeth and stated that a correct and harmonious occlusion is possible only
799:
Another approach is to carry out orthognathic surgery, such as a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) which is indicated by horizontal mandibular excess. This involves surgically cutting through the mandible and moving the fragment forward or backwards for desired function and is supplemented
674:
During the transition to agriculture, the shape of the human mandible went through a series of changes. The mandible underwent a complex shape changes not matched by the teeth, leading to incongruity between the dental and mandibular form. These changes in human skulls may have been "driven by the
497:
of the mandibular first molar. The teeth should all fit on a line of occlusion which, in the upper arch, is a smooth curve through the central fossae of the posterior teeth and cingulum of the canines and incisors, and in the lower arch, is a smooth curve through the buccal cusps of the posterior
837:
Identifying inter-arch tooth size discrepancy (ITSD) before treatment begins allows the practitioner to develop the treatment plan in a way that will take ITSD into account. ITSD corrective treatment may entail demanding reduction (interproximal wear), increase (crowns and resins), or elimination
769:
Low- to moderate- quality evidence suggests that providing early orthodontic treatment for children with prominent upper front teeth (class II division 1) is more effective for reducing the incidence of incisal trauma than providing one course of orthodontic treatment in adolescence. There do not
821:
An open bite malocclusion is when the upper teeth don't overlap the lower teeth. When this malocclusion occurs at the front teeth it is known as anterior open bite. An open bite is difficult to treat due to multifactorial causes, with relapse being a major concern. This is particularly so for an
882:
The frequent presentation of dental malocclusions in patients with craniofacial birth defects also supports a strong genetic aetiology. About 150 genes are associated with craniofacial conditions presenting with malocclusions. Micrognathia is a commonly recurring craniofacial birth defect
833:
To establish appropriate alignment and occlusion, the size of upper and lower front teeth, or upper and lower teeth in general, needs to be proportional. Inter-arch tooth size discrepancy (ITSD) is defined as a disproportion in the mesio-distal dimensions of teeth of opposing dental arches. The
791:
One of the main reasons for correcting Class III malocclusion is aesthetics and function. This can have a psychological impact on the person with malocclusion resulting in speech and mastication problems as well. In mild class III cases, the patient is quite accepting of the aesthetics and the
778:
Treatment can be undertaken using orthodontic treatments using dental braces. While treatment is carried out, there is no evidence from clinical trials to recommend or discourage any type of orthodontic treatment in children. A 2018 Cochrane systematic review anticipated that the evidence base
696:
Malocclusion is often treated with orthodontics, such as tooth extraction, clear aligners, or dental braces, followed by growth modification in children or jaw surgery (orthognathic surgery) in adults. Surgical intervention is used only in rare occasions. This may include surgical reshaping to
663:
Genetic (inheritance) factors, extra teeth, lost teeth, impacted teeth, or abnormally shaped teeth have been cited as causes of crowding. Ill-fitting dental fillings, crowns, appliances, retainers, or braces as well as misalignment of jaw fractures after a severe injury are also known to cause
746:
Functional appliance which maintains the mandible in a postured position to influence both the orofacial musculature and dentoalveolar development prior to fixed appliance therapy. This is ideally done through pubertal growth in pre-adolescent children and the fixed appliance during permanent
304:
The ultimate goal of orthodontic treatment is to achieve a stable, functional and aesthetic alignment of teeth which serves to better the patient's dental and total health. The symptoms which arise as a result of malocclusion derive from a deficiency in one or more of these categories.
770:
appear to be any other advantages of providing early treatment when compared to late treatment. Low-quality evidence suggests that, compared to no treatment, late treatment in adolescence with functional appliances is effective for reducing the prominence of upper front teeth.
183:
There is not one single cause of malocclusion, and when planning orthodontic treatment it is often helpful to consider the above factors and the impact they have played on malocclusion. These can also be influenced by oral habits and pressure resulting in malocclusion.
697:
lengthen or shorten the jaw. Wires, plates, or screws may be used to secure the jaw bone, in a manner like the surgical stabilization of jaw fractures. Very few people have "perfect" alignment of their teeth with most problems being minor that do not require treatment.
2364:
Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, França GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, Murch S, Sankar MJ, Walker N, Rollins NC (January 2016). "Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect". Lancet. 387 (10017): 475–90. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01024-7.
340:
Malocclusions may be coupled with skeletal disharmony of the face, where the relations between the upper and lower jaws are not appropriate. Such skeletal disharmonies often distort sufferer's face shape, severely affect aesthetics of the face, and may be coupled with
871:, while decreased vertical facial growth causes a short facial profile and is commonly associated with a deep bite malocclusion. However, there are many other more common causes for open bites (such as tongue thrusting and thumb sucking) and likewise for deep bites.
368:
A deep bite (also known as a Type II Malocclusion) is a condition in which the upper teeth overlap the lower teeth, which can result in hard and soft tissue trauma, in addition to an effect on appearance. It has been found to occur in 15–20% of the US population.
756:
Orthognathic surgery – sagittal split osteotomy mandibular advancement carried out when growth is complete where skeletal discrepancy is severe in anterior-posterior relationship or in vertical direction. Fixed appliance is required before, during and after
372:
An open bite is a condition characterised by a complete lack of overlap and occlusion between the upper and lower incisors. In children, open bite can be caused by prolonged thumb sucking. Patients often present with impaired speech and mastication.
687:
Orthodontic management of the condition includes dental braces, lingual braces, clear aligners or palatal expanders. Other treatments include the removal of one or more teeth and the repair of injured teeth. In some cases, surgery may be necessary.
395:
An average overbite is when the upper anterior teeth cover a third of the lower teeth. Covering less than this is described as ‘reduced’ and more than this is an ‘increased’ overbite. No overlap or contact is considered an ‘anterior open bite’.
505:(Neutrocclusion): Here the molar relationship of the occlusion is normal but the incorrect line of occlusion or as described for the maxillary first molar, but the other teeth have problems like spacing, crowding, over or under eruption, etc.
3513:
3486:
329:
Speech impairment: a lisp is when the incisors cannot make contact, orthodontics can treat this. However, other forms of misaligned teeth will have little impact on speech and orthodontic treatment has little effect on fixing any problems.
779:
supporting treatment approaches is not likely to improve occlusion due to the low prevalence of the condition and the ethical difficulties in recruiting people to participate in a randomized controlled trials for treating this condition.
812:
The most common corrective treatments available are fixed or removal appliances (such as dental braces), which may or may not require surgical intervention. At this time there is no robust evidence that treatment will be successful.
178:
Dental factors – size of the teeth in relation to the jaw, early loss of teeth could result in spacing or mesial migration causing crowding, abnormal eruption path or timings, extra teeth (supernumeraries), or too few teeth
353:
Depending on the sagittal relations of teeth and jaws, malocclusions can be divided mainly into three types according to Angle's classification system published 1899. However, there are also other conditions, e.g.
3217:
Harrington C, Gallagher JR, Borzabadi-Farahani A (July 2015). "A retrospective analysis of dentofacial deformities and orthognathic surgeries using the index of orthognathic functional treatment need (IOFTN)".
554:
in the terminal occlusion, but occlusion problems can be three-dimensional. It does not recognise deviations in other spatial axes, asymmetric deviations, functional faults and other therapy-related features.
796:
framework in the initial stages. However, majority of cases are shown to relapse into inherited class III malocclusion during the pubertal growth stage and when the appliance is removed after treatment.
4385:
494:
490:
464:
144:
The aetiology of malocclusion is somewhat contentious, however, simply put it is multifactorial, with influences being both genetic and environmental. Malocclusion is already present in one of the
747:
dentition . Different types of removable appliances include
Activator, Bionatar, Medium opening activator, Herbst, Frankel and twin block appliance with the twin block being the most widely used one.
3304:
Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F, Shahmoradi M (June 2016). "Functional needs of subjects with dentofacial deformities: A study using the index of orthognathic functional treatment need (IOFTN)".
381:
This is a vertical measurement of the degree of overlap between the maxillary incisors and the mandibular incisors. There are three features that are analysed in the classification of an overbite:
4326:
2383:
Quaglio CL, de
Freitas KM, de Freitas MR, Janson G, Henriques JF (June 2011). "Stability and relapse of maxillary anterior crowding treatment in class I and class II Division 1 malocclusions".
1966:
de
Castilho LS, Abreu MH, Pires e Souza LG, Romualdo LT, Souza e Silva ME, Resende VL (January 2018). "Factors associated with anterior open bite in children with developmental disabilities".
498:
teeth and incisal edges of the anterior teeth. Any variations from this resulted in malocclusion types. It is also possible to have different classes of malocclusion on left and right sides.
1736:"Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in children and adolescents in Bogota, Colombia. An epidemiological study related to different stages of dental development"
760:
Upper
Removable Appliance – limited role in contemporary treatment of increased overjets. Mostly used for very mild Class II, overjet due to incisor proclination, favourable overbite.
804:
not as concerned about the aesthetics of their facial appearance and are happy to address the malocclusion only, as well as avoiding the risks which come with orthognathic surgery.
830:
Identifying the presence of tooth size discrepancies between the maxillary and mandibular arches is an important component of correct orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
2231:
Sunil Kumar (Ed.): Orthodontics. New Delhi 2008, p. 123. A list of 18 approaches to modify or replace Angle's system is given here with further references at the end of the book.
4378:
428:
289:
Malocclusion is a common finding, although it is not usually serious enough to require treatment. Those who have more severe malocclusions, which present as a part of
2697:"Incongruity between affinity patterns based on mandibular and lower dental dimensions following the transition to agriculture in the Near East, Anatolia and Europe"
153:
Skeletal factors – the size, shape and relative positions of the upper and lower jaws. Variations can be caused by environmental or behavioral factors such as
312:
Tooth decay (caries): misaligned teeth will make it more difficult to maintain oral hygiene. Children with poor oral hygiene and diet will be at an increased risk.
4371:
3087:
Atsawasuwan P, Hohlt W, Evans CA (April 2015). "Nonsurgical approach to Class I open-bite malocclusion with extrusion mechanics: a 3-year retention case report".
2875:
664:
crowding. Tumors of the mouth and jaw, thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, pacifier use beyond age three, and prolonged use of a bottle have also been identified.
597:
Besides the molar relationship, the
British Standards Institute Classification also classifies malocclusion into incisor relationship and canine relationship.
485:, who is considered the father of modern orthodontics, was the first to classify malocclusion. He based his classifications on the relative position of the
3901:
668:
of the same foods, the animals fed softer food had significantly narrower and shorter faces and thinner and shorter mandibles than animals fed hard food.
2531:
Persson M, Persson EC, Skagius S (August 1989). "Long-term spontaneous changes following removal of all first premolars in Class I cases with crowding".
4309:
4304:
3792:
326:
Masticatory function: people with anterior open bites, large increased & reverse overjet and hypodontia will find it more difficult to chew food.
1927:
Brunelle JA, Bhat M, Lipton JA (February 1996). "Prevalence and distribution of selected occlusal characteristics in the US population, 1988-1991".
521:
Class II Division 2: The molar relationships are Class II but the central are retroclined and the lateral teeth are seen overlapping the centrals.
3567:
1235:"Malocclusion from the prehistoric to the medieval times in Serbian population: Dentoalveolar and skeletal relationship comparisons in samples"
2190:
4294:
4279:
2851:
2219:
1090:
875:
predisposed to a class II malocclusion. Mandibular macrognathia results in prognathism and predisposes patients to a class III malocclusion.
219:
disorders and other habits greatly influence the development of the face and dental arches. Pacifier sucking habits are also correlated with
31:
361:
Many authors have tried to modify or replace Angle's classification. This has resulted in many subtypes and new systems (see section below:
864:
Other kinds of malocclusions can be due to or horizontal, vertical, or transverse skeletal discrepancies, including skeletal asymmetries.
577:(1912, 1933). Alternative systems have been suggested by, among others, Simon (1930, the first three-dimensional classification system),
3283:
1487:
Calisti LJ, Cohen MM, Fales MH (1960). "Correlation between malocclusion, oral habits, and socio-economic level of preschool children".
388:
Complete or incomplete: whether there is contact between the lower teeth and the opposing teeth/tissue (hard palate or gingivae) or not.
1710:
562:. Its much-discussed weaknesses include that it only considers static occlusion, it does not account for the development and causes (
446:
333:
Tooth impaction: these can cause resorption of adjacent teeth and other pathologies for example a dentigerous cyst formation.
3261:
615:
Class III: The lower incisor edges lie anterior to the cingulum plateau of the upper incisors. The overjet is reduced or reversed.
4531:
323:
are at an increased risk of trauma. A systematic review found that an overjet of greater than 3mm will double the risk of trauma.
1166:
Sarig, Rachel; Slon, Viviane; Abbas, Janan; May, Hila; Shpack, Nir; Vardimon, Alexander Dan; Hershkovitz, Israel (2013-11-20).
168:
Muscle factors – the form and function of the muscles that surround the teeth. This could be impacted by habits such as
4284:
3615:
2257:
Lieberman, D (May 2004). "Effects of food processing on masticatory strain and craniofacial growth in a retrognathic face".
1412:
4038:
1777:"Malocclusion and occlusal traits in an urban Iranian population. An epidemiological study of 11- to 14-year-old children"
601:
Class I: The lower incisor edges occlude with or lie immediately below the cingulum plateau of the upper central incisors
3630:
3610:
671:
A 2016 review found that breastfeeding lowers the incidence of malocclusions developing later on in developing infants.
1073:
Borzabadi-Farahani, A (2011). "An
Overview of Selected Orthodontic Treatment Need Indices". In Naretto, Silvano (ed.).
679:
eaten once humans switched to growing different types of cereals, milking and herding animals about 10,000 years ago."
4352:
4289:
4253:
3454:, "The Trouble with Teeth: Our teeth are crowded, crooked and riddled with cavities. It hasn't always been this way",
196:
2421:
4299:
4093:
3721:
3560:
2879:
2568:"Global human mandibular variation reflects differences in agricultural and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies"
607:
Division 1 – the upper central incisors are proclined or of average inclination and there is an increase in overjet
162:
3797:
951:
336:
Psychosocial wellbeing: malocclusions of teeth with poor aesthetics can have a significant effect on self-esteem.
146:
834:
prevalence is clinically significant among orthodontic patients and has been reported to range from 17% to 30%.
4208:
3891:
3873:
3528:
290:
1557:
Aznar T, Galán AF, Marín I, Domínguez A (May 2006). "Dental arch diameters and relationships to oral habits".
2846:. Nanda, Ravindra,, Preceded by (work): Nanda, Ravindra. (Second ed.). St. Louis, Missouri. 2014-04-10.
2500:"Treatment of Angle Class I malocclusion with severe crowding by extraction of four premolars: a case report"
1168:"Malocclusion in Early Anatomically Modern Human: A Reflection on the Etiology of Modern Dental Misalignment"
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956:
909:
904:
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may be carried out as a part of overall treatment, which can be seen in about 5% of the general population.
610:
Division 2 – The upper central incisors are retroclined. The overjet is usually minimal or may be increased.
518:
Class II Division 1: The molar relationships are like that of Class II and the anterior teeth are protruded.
129:
49:
2763:"Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children and adolescents"
2676:
4552:
4331:
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914:
868:
851:
154:
149:
and other prehistoric human skulls. There are three generally accepted causative factors of malocclusion:
133:
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924:
486:
125:
115:
582:
1816:
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298:
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73:
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4023:
4013:
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3747:
3517:
3456:
2297:"A pilot study of the effect of masticatory muscle training on facial growth in long-face children"
2194:
2011:"Effectiveness of the open bite treatment in growing children and adolescents. A systematic review"
316:
teeth are pushed labially which contributes to gingival recession and weakens periodontal support.
4480:
4248:
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4183:
3817:
3605:
3150:
2869:
1991:
1948:
1512:
1469:
1393:
1270:
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combination of the two. This effects 3-8% of UK population with a higher incidence seen in Asia.
586:
534:
228:
2470:
1530:
Subtelny JD, Subtelny JD (October 1973). "Oral habits--studies in form, function, and therapy".
1106:
3125:
Grauer D, Heymann GC, Swift EJ (June 2012). "Clinical management of tooth size discrepancies".
2895:"Treatment decision in adult patients with class III malocclusion: surgery versus orthodontics"
2063:"Nonsurgical treatment and stability of an adult with a severe anterior open-bite malocclusion"
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2400:
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1983:
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Class II: The lower incisor edges lie posterior to the cingulum plateau of the upper incisors
578:
546:
A major disadvantage of Angle's system of classifying malocclusions is that it only considers
62:
964:
345:
or speech problems. Most skeletal malocclusions can only be treated by orthognathic surgery.
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1975:
1932:
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987:
710:
173:
124:
The malocclusion classification is based on the relationship of the mesiobuccal cusp of the
107:(1855–1930), the "father of modern orthodontics", popularised it. The word derives from
1625:
Wellington M, Hall CB (February 2002). "Pacifier as a risk factor for acute otitis media".
1131:
Corruccini RS, Potter RH (August 1980). "Genetic analysis of occlusal variation in twins".
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4198:
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4168:
4018:
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CLASSIFICATION OF SKELETAL AND DENTAL MALOCCLUSION: REVISITED; Mageet, Adil Osman (2016).
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232:
158:
3189:
3172:
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Uner O, Yüksel S, Uçüncü N (April 1995). "Long-term evaluation after chincap treatment".
2240:
Gurkeerat Singh: Textbook of
Orthodontics, p. 163-170, with further references on p. 174.
1034:"Weedon D. Weedon's Skin Pathology. 3rd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2010"
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2010:
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Rovers MM, Numans ME, Langenbach E, Grobbee DE, Verheij TJ, Schilder AG (August 2008).
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3260:
Posnick JC (September 2013). "Definition and
Prevalence of Dentofacial Deformities".
3138:
1379:
1352:
1274:
1144:
991:
718:
574:
512:
224:
212:
204:
3154:
1995:
1952:
1516:
1473:
1447:"Studies on the Incidence and Cause of Dental Defects in Children: IV. Malocclusion"
1397:
4422:
4363:
4243:
4133:
4068:
4048:
3988:
3973:
3777:
3757:
3711:
3625:
3600:
3576:
2893:
Eslami S, Faber J, Fateh A, Sheikholaemmeh F, Grassia V, Jamilian A (August 2018).
2778:
1895:
1880:"Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children"
706:
570:
482:
468:
220:
104:
84:
2446:
1878:
Millett DT, Cunningham SJ, O'Brien KD, Benson PE, de Oliveira CM (February 2018).
1446:
3533:
3231:
2721:
1602:
1585:
1500:
1465:
1192:
631:
Class III: Mesial slope of upper canine is behind to distal slope of lower canine
625:
Class I: Mesial slope of upper canine coincides with distal slope of lower canine
4504:
4193:
4143:
4118:
4033:
3691:
3100:
2396:
867:
Increased vertical growth causes a long facial profile and commonly leads to an
559:
530:
342:
294:
216:
208:
96:
3317:
2984:"Orthodontics-surgical combination therapy for Class III skeletal malocclusion"
2572:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1936:
1290:"Longitudinal study of habits leading to malocclusion development in childhood"
1250:
628:
Class II: Mesial slope of upper canine is ahead of distal slope of lower canine
4113:
3881:
3832:
3782:
3772:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
2911:
2828:
2811:
1662:"Is pacifier use a risk factor for acute otitis media? A dynamic cohort study"
1366:
Graber TM. (1963). "The "Three m's": Muscles, Malformation and Malocclusion".
856:
2861:
2516:
2499:
2296:
1859:
1258:
1201:
4519:
4470:
4427:
3842:
3671:
3356:"Skeletal malocclusion: a developmental disorder with a life-long morbidity"
3171:
Cançado RH, Gonçalves Júnior W, Valarelli FP, Freitas KM, Crêspo JA (2015).
3000:
2643:
2592:
1720:
1678:
1661:
1306:
1288:
Moimaz SA, Garbin AJ, Lima AM, Lolli LF, Saliba O, Garbin CA (August 2014).
1239:
Homo: Internationale Zeitschrift für die Vergleichende Forschung am Menschen
1234:
899:
563:
67:
3434:
3389:
3325:
3239:
3198:
3146:
3108:
3070:
3019:
2960:
2930:
2796:
2740:
2662:
2611:
2404:
2370:
2278:
2176:
2098:
2044:
1987:
1913:
1802:
1761:
1752:
1735:
1687:
1646:
1638:
1611:
1570:
1508:
1325:
1266:
1219:
999:
558:
Angle's classification system also lacks a theoretical basis; it is purely
3051:
2968:
2552:
2323:
2139:
Hamdan AM, Lewis SM, Kelleher KE, Elhady SN, Lindauer SJ (November 2019).
2125:
2079:
1944:
1543:
1431:
1152:
17:
4524:
4462:
3656:
3267:
2315:
2157:
2026:
2009:
Feres MF, Abreu LG, Insabralde NM, Almeida MR, Flores-Mir C (June 2016).
1793:
1776:
1775:
Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F (October 2009).
1388:
1339:
Klein ET (1952). "Pressure Habits, Etiological Factors in Malocclusion".
193:
3478:
3371:
1049:
459:
4458:
3947:
3942:
3661:
2761:
Batista KB, Thiruvenkatachari B, Harrison JE, O'Brien KD (March 2018).
2627:"Two-phase treatment of class II malocclusion in young growing patient"
1846:
Oliver RG (December 2001). "An Introduction to Orthodontics, 2nd edn".
320:
3416:
1979:
1734:
Thilander B, Pena L, Infante C, Parada SS, de Mayorga C (April 2001).
792:
situation is monitored to observe the progression of skeletal growth.
581:(1950, with a classification system based on skeletal structures) and
3490:
474:
109:
3033:
Zere E, Chaudhari PK, Sharan J, Dhingra K, Tiwari N (2018-06-22).
2061:
Cambiano AO, Janson G, Lorenzoni DC, Garib DG, Dávalos DT (2018).
1082:
886:
For patients with severe malocclusions, corrective jaw surgery or
855:
473:
458:
92:
753:
Orthodontic camouflage so that jaw discrepancy no longer apparent
750:
Growth modification through headgear to redirect maxillary growth
30:"Deep bite" and "Buck teeth" redirect here. For the village, see
3173:"Association between Bolton discrepancy and Angle malocclusions"
1413:"Prediction of the age of maximum puberal growth in body height"
1233:
Pajević, Tina; Juloski, Jovana; Glišić, Branislav (2019-08-29).
569:
Well-known modifications to Angle's classification date back to
4367:
3549:
3545:
2812:"Classification of Skeletal and Dental Malocclusion: Revisited"
4398:
3035:"Developing Class III malocclusions: challenges and solutions"
838:(extractions) of dental mass prior to treatment finalization.
721:, followed by growth modification in children or jaw surgery (
403:
100:
3405:"Genetics of the dentofacial variation in human malocclusion"
4327:
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
3089:
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
2385:
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
742:
A few treatment options for class II malocclusions include:
385:
Degree of overlap: edge to edge, reduced, average, increased
27:
Misalignment between upper and lower teeth as the jaws close
542:
Review of Angle's system of classes and alternative systems
247:
Malocclusion can occur in primary and secondary dentition.
3306:
Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery
879:
III malocclusion had one parent with a similar phenotype
2471:"Can Buck Teeth Be Fixed? Causes & Treatment Options"
2447:"Malocclusion of teeth: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
2214:
Sunil Kumar (Ed.): Orthodontics. New Delhi 2008, 624 p.,
541:
2695:
Pinhasi R, Eshed V, von Cramon-Taubadel N (2015-02-04).
424:
3220:
International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
3468:
91:
is a misalignment or incorrect relation between the
4494:
4457:
4436:
4405:
4345:
4319:
4272:
3966:
3915:
3866:
3730:
3649:
3583:
3472:
1013:Gruenbaum T (2010). "Famous Figures in Dentistry".
419:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
61:
42:
944:
319:Trauma to anterior teeth: Those with an increased
270:In secondary dentition malocclusion is caused by:
103:close. The English-language term dates from 1864;
3354:Joshi N, Hamdan AM, Fakhouri WD (December 2014).
2141:"Does overbite reduction affect smile esthetics?"
1705:. Parkins, B. J. (2nd ed.). London: Wright.
860:Open bite treatment after eight months of braces.
358:, not directly fitting into this classification.
121: 'the manner in which opposing teeth meet'.
3039:Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry
2112:Houston, W. J. B. (1992-02-01). "Book Reviews".
250:In primary dentition malocclusion is caused by:
2422:"Dental Crowding: Causes and Treatment Options"
1873:
1871:
1869:
1586:"Malocclusion associated with abnormal posture"
493:of the upper first molar should align with the
280:Premature and congenital loss of missing teeth.
215:, pen biting, pencil biting, abnormal posture,
2982:Ravi MS, Shetty NK, Prasad RB (January 2012).
4379:
3561:
3127:Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry
2625:Nayak KU, Goyal V, Malviya N (October 2011).
8:
3263:Orthognatic Surgery: Principles and Practice
978:Bell B (September 1965). "Paul G. Spencer".
675:decreasing bite forces required to chew the
254:Underdevelopment of the dentoalvelor tissue.
2767:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1884:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
257:Over development of bones around the mouth.
4386:
4372:
4364:
3568:
3554:
3546:
3469:
2874:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2844:Esthetics and biomechanics in orthodontics
1817:"5 reasons you should see an orthodontist"
391:Whether contact is traumatic or atraumatic
72:
48:
39:
4310:Society for Orthodontic Dental Technology
4305:Italian Academy of Orthodontic Technology
3793:List of orthodontic functional appliances
3424:
3403:Moreno Uribe LM, Miller SF (April 2015).
3379:
3188:
3060:
3050:
3009:
2999:
2920:
2910:
2827:
2786:
2730:
2720:
2652:
2642:
2601:
2591:
2515:
2295:Ingervall B, Bitsanis E (February 1987).
2166:
2156:
2088:
2078:
2034:
1903:
1792:
1751:
1677:
1601:
1387:
1315:
1305:
1209:
1191:
1057:
447:Learn how and when to remove this message
431:, without removing the technical details.
266:Abnormal development and growth of teeth.
3409:Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research
3341:Essentials of Oral Pathology 4th Edition
2191:"Angle's Classification of Malocclusion"
1077:. IntechOpen Limited. pp. 215–236.
2566:von Cramon-Taubadel N (December 2011).
1075:Principles in Contemporary Orthodontics
936:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3166:
3164:
3120:
3118:
2942:
2940:
2867:
2416:
2414:
2335:
2333:
1038:Dermatology Practical & Conceptual
705:Crowding of the teeth is treated with
4295:Canadian Association of Orthodontists
4280:American Association of Orthodontists
3360:Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
3082:
3080:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2677:"Treatment of class ii malocclusions"
2504:Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science
2493:
2491:
2290:
2288:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2056:
2054:
1841:
1839:
1837:
429:make it understandable to non-experts
399:
99:when they approach each other as the
32:Deep Bight, Newfoundland and Labrador
7:
3190:10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2015.vol29.0116
2114:The European Journal of Orthodontics
1590:The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College
1107:"How genetics can affect your teeth"
965:participating institution membership
883:appearing among multiple syndromes.
1584:Yamaguchi H, Sueishi K (May 2003).
363:Review of Angle's system of classes
3276:10.1016/B978-1-4557-2698-1.00003-4
2545:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejo.a035995
297:and sometimes surgical treatment (
25:
644:The following criterion is used:
463:Class I with severe crowding and
4532:Temporomandibular joint disorder
3139:10.1111/j.1708-8240.2012.00520.x
2949:European Journal of Orthodontics
2533:European Journal of Orthodontics
2304:European Journal of Orthodontics
2015:European Journal of Orthodontics
1931:. 75 Spec No (2 Suppl): 706–13.
1781:European Journal of Orthodontics
1740:European Journal of Orthodontics
1133:American Journal of Orthodontics
980:American Journal of Orthodontics
408:
235:can alter the correct permanent
147:Skhul and Qafzeh hominin fossils
57:Malocclusion in 10-year-old girl
2988:Contemporary Clinical Dentistry
2631:Contemporary Clinical Dentistry
620:Canine relationship by Ricketts
243:Primary vs. secondary dentition
4285:American Board of Orthodontics
2779:10.1002/14651858.cd003452.pub4
2067:Journal of Orthodontic Science
1896:10.1002/14651858.cd005972.pub4
1633:(2): 351–2, author reply 353.
1411:Björk A, Helm S (April 1967).
113: 'incorrect' and
1:
4039:Harold Chapman (Orthodontist)
3722:Temperomandibular dysfunction
2271:10.1016/s0047-2484(04)00051-x
400:Angle's classification method
308:The symptoms are as follows:
188:Behavioral and dental factors
3631:Standard anatomical position
3611:Failure of eruption of teeth
3232:10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.04.027
2722:10.1371/journal.pone.0117301
1603:10.2209/tdcpublication.44.43
1501:10.1177/00220345600390030501
1466:10.1177/00220345430220041201
1380:10.1016/0002-9416(63)90167-2
1353:10.1016/0002-9416(52)90025-0
1193:10.1371/journal.pone.0080771
1145:10.1016/0002-9416(80)90056-1
992:10.1016/0002-9416(65)90262-9
550:along a spatial axis in the
172:, nail biting, pacifier and
4353:Angle School of Orthodontia
4290:British Orthodontic Society
3616:Little's Irregularity Index
3101:10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.04.024
2397:10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.10.044
478:Class II molar relationship
4574:
4300:Indian Orthodontic Society
4094:John Hooper (Orthodontist)
3318:10.1016/j.bjps.2016.03.008
2340:Rosenberg J (2010-02-22).
2259:Journal of Human Evolution
1937:10.1177/002203459607502S10
1929:Journal of Dental Research
1489:Journal of Dental Research
849:
489:. According to Angle, the
301:) to correct the problem.
163:cleft lip and cleft palate
29:
3798:List of palatal expanders
3411:. 18 Suppl 1 (S1): 91–9.
2912:10.1186/s40510-018-0218-0
2498:Alam, MK (October 2018).
1968:Special Care in Dentistry
952:Oxford English Dictionary
654:>8mm = Severe crowding
651:4-8mm = Moderate crowding
641:of overlap of the teeth.
56:
47:
4501:Jaw and base of cranium
4209:Frederick Lester Stanton
3892:Intrusion (orthodontics)
3874:Anchorage (orthodontics)
2899:Progress in Orthodontics
2517:10.3329/bjms.v17i4.38339
4337:Journal of Orthodontics
3887:Interproximal reduction
3823:Palatal lift prosthesis
3177:Brazilian Oral Research
3001:10.4103/0976-237X.94552
2816:Stomatology Edu Journal
2644:10.4103/0976-237X.91808
2593:10.1073/pnas.1113050108
2342:"Malocclusion of teeth"
1848:Journal of Orthodontics
1307:10.1186/1472-6831-14-96
957:Oxford University Press
910:Facemask (orthodontics)
229:periapical inflammation
95:of the upper and lower
4332:The Angle Orthodontist
3813:Orthodontic technology
3687:Bimaxillary Protrusion
3596:Cephalometric analysis
2475:Orthodontics Australia
2426:Orthodontics Australia
2145:The Angle Orthodontist
1860:10.1093/ortho/28.4.320
1821:Orthodontics Australia
1639:10.1542/peds.109.2.351
1559:The Angle Orthodontist
1532:The Angle Orthodontist
1420:The Angle Orthodontist
1251:10.1127/homo/2019/1009
1111:Orthodontics Australia
915:Maximum intercuspation
869:open bite malocclusion
861:
852:Open bite malocclusion
826:Tooth size discrepancy
593:Incisor classification
479:
471:
291:craniofacial anomalies
277:Overeruption of teeth.
263:Overcrowding of teeth.
231:and tooth loss in the
155:muscles of mastication
134:mandibular first molar
4164:Frederick Bogue Noyes
3052:10.2147/ccide.s134303
2878:) CS1 maint: others (
2829:10.25241/2016.3(2).11
2080:10.4103/jos.JOS_69_17
1679:10.1093/fampra/cmn030
925:Occlusion (dentistry)
859:
850:Further information:
648:0-4mm = Mild crowding
487:maxillary first molar
477:
462:
260:Cleft lip and palate.
126:maxillary first molar
4449:Maxillary hypoplasia
4214:Earl Emanuel Shepard
3967:Notable contributors
3878:Cantilever mechanics
3858:Twin Block Appliance
3848:Self-ligating braces
3707:Condylar hyperplasia
3702:Maxillary hypoplasia
2961:10.1093/ejo/17.2.135
2158:10.2319/030819-177.1
1753:10.1093/ejo/23.2.153
888:orthognathic surgery
723:orthognathic surgery
299:orthognathic surgery
274:Periodontal disease.
207:, pacifier sucking,
4064:John Nutting Farrar
4024:Charles J. Burstone
4014:Holly Broadbent Sr.
3897:Molar distalization
3748:Activator appliance
3457:Scientific American
3372:10.14740/jocmr1905w
3339:Purkait, S (2011).
2713:2015PLoSO..1017301P
2584:2011PNAS..10819546V
2126:10.1093/ejo/14.1.69
1184:2013PLoSO...880771S
1050:10.5826/dpc.0201a15
955:(Online ed.).
774:Class II Division 2
765:Class II Division 1
4481:Torus mandibularis
4249:Robert M. Ricketts
4189:Alfred Paul Rogers
4184:Robert M. Ricketts
3818:Orthodontic spacer
3606:Dentition analysis
3270:. pp. 61–68.
2316:10.1093/ejo/9.1.15
2027:10.1093/ejo/cjv048
1794:10.1093/ejo/cjp031
1445:Brucker M (1943).
862:
587:William R. Proffit
535:anterior crossbite
529:: (Mesiocclusion (
480:
472:
285:Signs and symptoms
203:, finger sucking,
4540:
4539:
4476:Congenital epulis
4361:
4360:
4239:Edmund H. Wuerpel
4174:Herbert A. Pullen
4159:Dean Harold Noyes
4154:George Northcroft
4129:James A. McNamara
4084:Charles A. Hawley
4009:Charles B. Bolton
3994:Hans Peter Bimler
3907:Serial extraction
3768:Frankel appliance
3543:
3542:
3417:10.1111/ocr.12083
2853:978-0-323-22659-2
2220:978-81-312-1054-3
1980:10.1111/scd.12262
1701:Hamish T (1990).
1092:978-953-307-687-4
963:(Subscription or
734:clinical trials.
636:Crowding of teeth
583:James L. Ackerman
579:Jacob A. Salzmann
457:
456:
449:
356:crowding of teeth
81:
80:
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4565:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4365:
4229:Charles H. Tweed
4219:Cecil C. Steiner
4079:Thomas M. Graber
4059:William B. Downs
4054:Terry Dischinger
3984:Clifford Ballard
3979:Spencer Atkinson
3853:Splint activator
3828:Palatal expander
3788:Herbst Appliance
3570:
3563:
3556:
3547:
3470:
3439:
3438:
3428:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3383:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3301:
3290:
3289:
3257:
3244:
3243:
3214:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3054:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3013:
3003:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2914:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2865:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2758:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2692:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2646:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2605:
2595:
2578:(49): 19546–51.
2563:
2557:
2556:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2380:
2374:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2254:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2193:. Archived from
2187:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2160:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2082:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1875:
1864:
1863:
1843:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1309:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1213:
1195:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1032:Hurt MA (2012).
1029:
1023:
1022:
1010:
1004:
1003:
975:
969:
968:
960:
948:
941:
846:Other conditions
711:tooth extraction
511:(Distocclusion (
491:mesiobuccal cusp
452:
445:
441:
438:
432:
412:
411:
404:
174:tongue thrusting
77:
76:
52:
40:
21:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4490:
4486:Torus palatinus
4453:
4432:
4413:Jaw abnormality
4401:
4392:
4362:
4357:
4341:
4315:
4268:
4264:C. Philip Adams
4224:David L. Turpin
4199:Everett Shapiro
4179:Earl W. Renfroe
4169:Albin Oppenheim
4019:Allan G. Brodie
3962:
3958:Dental elastics
3933:Stainless steel
3928:Nickel titanium
3911:
3862:
3726:
3717:Mouth breathing
3677:Dental crowding
3645:
3636:Tooth ankylosis
3591:Bolton analysis
3579:
3574:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3481:
3467:
3448:
3446:Further reading
3443:
3442:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3303:
3302:
3293:
3286:
3285:978-145572698-1
3259:
3258:
3247:
3216:
3215:
3206:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3032:
3031:
3027:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2773:(3): CD003452.
2760:
2759:
2748:
2707:(2): e0117301.
2694:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2453:
2451:medlineplus.gov
2445:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2256:
2255:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1890:(3): CD005972.
1877:
1876:
1867:
1845:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1713:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1666:Family Practice
1659:
1658:
1654:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1294:BMC Oral Health
1287:
1286:
1282:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1012:
1011:
1007:
977:
976:
972:
962:
943:
942:
938:
933:
920:Mouth breathing
896:
854:
848:
828:
819:
810:
785:
776:
767:
740:
731:
703:
694:
685:
677:processed foods
661:
638:
622:
595:
544:
453:
442:
436:
433:
425:help improve it
422:
413:
409:
402:
379:
351:
287:
245:
237:teeth eruptions
233:deciduous teeth
211:(nail biting),
190:
159:mouth breathing
142:
71:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4571:
4569:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4545:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4397:involving the
4395:Dental disease
4393:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4368:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4149:Ravindra Nanda
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4109:Albert Ketcham
4106:
4104:Harold Kesling
4101:
4099:Joseph Jarabak
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4044:David Di Biase
4041:
4036:
4031:
4029:Peter Buschang
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3803:Lingual braces
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3738:ACCO appliance
3734:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:Dental spacing
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3525:
3510:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:Classification
3466:
3465:External links
3463:
3462:
3461:
3452:Peter S. Ungar
3447:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3395:
3366:(6): 399–408.
3346:
3331:
3312:(6): 796–801.
3291:
3284:
3245:
3204:
3160:
3114:
3095:(4): 499–508.
3076:
3025:
2974:
2936:
2885:
2852:
2835:
2822:(2): 205–211.
2802:
2746:
2682:
2668:
2617:
2558:
2523:
2510:(4): 683–687.
2487:
2462:
2438:
2410:
2375:
2357:
2329:
2284:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2207:
2182:
2151:(6): 847–854.
2131:
2104:
2050:
2001:
1958:
1919:
1865:
1833:
1808:
1767:
1726:
1712:978-0723620754
1711:
1693:
1652:
1617:
1576:
1549:
1522:
1479:
1460:(4): 315–321.
1437:
1403:
1374:(6): 418–450.
1358:
1347:(8): 569–587.
1331:
1280:
1225:
1178:(11): e80771.
1158:
1123:
1098:
1091:
1065:
1024:
1005:
986:(9): 693–694.
970:
946:"malocclusion"
935:
934:
932:
929:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
895:
892:
847:
844:
827:
824:
818:
815:
809:
806:
784:
781:
775:
772:
766:
763:
762:
761:
758:
754:
751:
748:
739:
736:
730:
727:
715:clear aligners
702:
699:
693:
690:
684:
681:
660:
657:
656:
655:
652:
649:
637:
634:
633:
632:
629:
626:
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:
612:
611:
608:
602:
594:
591:
552:sagittal plane
548:two dimensions
543:
540:
539:
538:
524:
523:
522:
519:
506:
455:
454:
437:September 2023
416:
414:
407:
401:
398:
393:
392:
389:
386:
378:
375:
350:
349:Classification
347:
338:
337:
334:
331:
327:
324:
317:
313:
293:, may require
286:
283:
282:
281:
278:
275:
268:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
244:
241:
201:mouthbreathing
192:In the active
189:
186:
181:
180:
176:
170:finger sucking
166:
141:
138:
132:groove of the
79:
78:
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
45:
44:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4570:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4553:Jaw disorders
4551:
4550:
4548:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4510:Retrognathism
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4444:Micrognathism
4442:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4377:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:Organizations
4271:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4259:Häns Pancherz
4257:
4255:
4254:Kevin O'Brien
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4234:Katherine Vig
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4204:L. F. Andrews
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4139:Robert Moyers
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Benno Lischer
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4089:Reed Holdaway
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4074:Sheldon Friel
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3999:Samir Bishara
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Beta-titanium
3921:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:Retrognathism
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3641:Tongue thrust
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3266:. Amsterdam:
3265:
3264:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3226:(7): 1063–6.
3225:
3221:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2955:(2): 135–41.
2954:
2950:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:. 2013-11-14.
2678:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2637:(4): 376–80.
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2539:(3): 271–82.
2538:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:(6): 768–74.
2390:
2386:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:(6): 655–77.
2264:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2197:on 2008-02-13
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:(3): 237–50.
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1787:(5): 477–84.
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1746:(2): 153–67.
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
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4516:Dental arch
4423:Orthodontics
4418:malocclusion
4417:
4244:Won-Sik Yang
4134:Birte Melsen
4069:Rolf Frankel
4049:Jean Delaire
3989:Raymond Begg
3974:Edward Angle
3778:Lingual arch
3758:Damon system
3712:Overeruption
3626:Scissor bite
3621:Malocclusion
3620:
3601:Cephalometry
3577:Orthodontics
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2428:. 2020-06-29
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2310:(1): 15–23.
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1974:(1): 46–50.
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1823:. 2017-09-27
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221:otitis media
209:onychophagia
191:
182:
179:(hypodontia)
157:, nocturnal
143:
123:
116:
114:
108:
105:Edward Angle
89:malocclusion
88:
85:orthodontics
82:
43:Malocclusion
4505:Prognathism
4346:Institution
4194:Ronald Roth
4144:Hayes Nance
4119:Craven Kurz
4034:Calvin Case
3692:Prognathism
573:(1915) and
560:descriptive
531:prognathism
343:mastication
295:orthodontic
217:deglutition
4547:Categories
4114:Juri Kurol
4004:Arne Björk
3882:Fiberotomy
3867:Procedures
3833:Quad helix
3783:Lip bumper
3773:Invisalign
3731:Appliances
3650:Conditions
3045:: 99–116.
2481:2021-10-11
2456:2021-04-07
2432:2020-11-19
2351:2012-02-06
2201:2007-10-31
1854:(4): 320.
1827:2020-08-18
1627:Pediatrics
1454:J Dent Res
1117:2020-11-16
967:required.)
931:References
18:Buck teeth
4520:Crossbite
4471:Cherubism
4428:Gnathitis
4312:(Germany)
3953:Composite
3916:Materials
3843:SureSmile
3672:Crossbite
3667:Open bite
3584:Diagnosis
2905:(1): 28.
2870:cite book
2862:880707123
2120:(1): 69.
1703:Occlusion
1300:(1): 96.
1275:201203069
1259:1618-1301
1202:1932-6203
900:Crossbite
817:Open bite
808:Deep bite
783:Class III
692:Treatment
683:Treatment
564:aetiology
527:Class III
377:Overbites
117:occlusion
68:Dentistry
63:Specialty
4525:Overbite
4463:Mandible
4320:Journals
3938:TiMolium
3838:Retainer
3808:Headgear
3763:Elastics
3743:Archwire
3657:Overbite
3435:25865537
3390:25247012
3326:27068664
3268:Elsevier
3240:25957779
3199:26486769
3155:11482185
3147:22691075
3109:25836010
3071:29950903
3020:22557903
2931:30069814
2797:29534303
2741:25651540
2701:PLOS ONE
2663:22346172
2612:22106280
2405:21640883
2371:26869575
2279:15183669
2222:, p. 127
2177:31306077
2099:29765914
2045:26136439
1996:42747680
1988:29278267
1953:30447284
1914:29390172
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1647:11826228
1612:12956088
1571:16637724
1517:39619434
1509:13806967
1474:71368994
1398:57626540
1326:25091288
1267:31475289
1220:24278319
1172:PLOS ONE
1021:(1): 18.
1000:14334001
905:Elastics
894:See also
757:surgery.
738:Class II
701:Crowding
589:(1969).
509:Class II
467:erupted
465:labially
194:skeletal
128:and the
4459:Maxilla
4406:General
3948:Ceramic
3943:Elgiloy
3662:Overjet
3534:D008310
3426:4418210
3381:4169080
3183:: 1–6.
3062:6016584
3011:3341765
2969:7781722
2922:6070451
2788:6494411
2732:4317182
2709:Bibcode
2654:3276872
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2168:8109173
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1945:8594094
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1317:4126276
1211:3835570
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469:canines
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140:Causes
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3902:SARPE
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