Knowledge (XXG)

United States budget process

Source πŸ“

350:. Budget documents include supporting documents and historical budget data and contains detailed information on spending and revenue proposals, along with policy proposals and initiatives with significant budgetary implications. The President's budget request constitutes an extensive proposal of the administration's intended revenue and spending plans for the following fiscal year. The budget proposal includes volumes of supporting information intended to persuade Congress of the necessity and value of the budget provisions. In addition, each federal executive department and independent agency provides additional detail and supporting documentation on its own funding requests. The documents are also posted on the 822:
Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), and rural housing programs of the Department of Agriculture. The function also includes net postal service spending and spending for deposit insurance activities of banks, thrifts, and credit unions. Most of the Commerce Department is provided for in this function. Finally, the function also includes funding for independent agencies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, and the majority of the Small Business Administration.
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Selective Service Agency, and portions of the activities of the Coast Guard and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The programs in this function include: the pay and benefits of active, Guard, and reserve military personnel; DoD operations including training, maintenance of equipment, and facilities; health care for military personnel and dependents; procurement of weapons; research and development; construction of military facilities, including housing; research on nuclear weapons; and the cleanup of nuclear weapons production facilities.
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under-served populations, and promoting training for the health care workforce. Some of the agencies funded in this function include the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Resources and Services Administration, and the Food and Drug Administration. The major mandatory programs in this function are Medicaid, the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), federal and retirees' health benefits, and health care for Medicare-eligible military retirees.
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largest share of discretionary funding in this function. Major federal entitlement programs in this function include unemployment insurance, trade adjustment assistance income support, food stamps, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, foster care, and Supplemental Security Income. Federal and other retirement and disability programs comprise approximately one third of the funds in this function.
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making U.S. payments to international organizations; and contributing to international peacekeeping efforts. Funding for all of these activities constitutes about one percent of the federal budget. The major agencies in this function include the Departments of Agriculture, State, and the Treasury; the United States Agency for International Development; and the Millennium Challenge Corporation.
492:. This was the first budget resolution passed by the Senate since a FY2010 budget passed on April 29, 2009. The House and Senate may propose a budget independently of the President's budget. For example, for the 2014 budget process, the House prepared its budget proposal on March 21, and the Senate proposed a budget on March 23, while the President's budget was not submitted until April 10. 563:
When there is a final budget, the spending available to each appropriations committee for the coming fiscal year is usually provided in the joint explanatory statement included in the conference report. The appropriations committees then allocate that amount among their respective subcommittees, each to allocate the funds they control among the programs within their jurisdiction.
373:(a)) requires that the President submit the budget between the first Monday in January and the first Monday in February. In recent times, the President's budget has been submitted in the first week of February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. The 906:
Congressional Budget Act and the Budget Enforcement Act, Social Security trust funds are off-budget and do not appear in the budget resolution totals. However, a small portion of spending in Function 650 - the general fund transfer of income taxes on Social Security benefits - is considered on-budget and appears in the budget resolution totals.
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Border and Transportation Security; the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives; the United States Attorneys; legal divisions within the Department of Justice; the Legal Services Corporation; the federal Judiciary; and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. This function includes several components of the Department of Homeland Security.
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This function includes the activities of the White House and the Executive Office of the President, the legislative branch, and programs designed to carry out the legislative and administrative responsibilities of the federal government, including personnel management, fiscal operations, and property
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Function 570 includes only the Medicare program, which provides health insurance to senior citizens and persons with disabilities. Congress provides an annual appropriation for the costs of administering and monitoring the Medicare program. Nearly 99 percent of spending in this function occurs on the
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is typically required to resolve differences between House and Senate appropriation bills. Once a conference bill has passed both chambers of Congress, it is sent to the President, who may sign the bill or veto it. If he signs, the bill becomes law. Otherwise, Congress must pass another bill to avoid
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The 302(a) allocation specifies the total amount of money available to appropriates. They are generally included in the report accompanying the budget resolution, or if a budget resolution is not passed, each chamber may determine its own 302(a) allocation. This process was modified somewhat by the
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projection that is intended to estimate what federal spending and revenues would be in the absence of new legislation for the current fiscal year and for the coming 10 fiscal years. However, the CBO also computes a current-policy baseline, which makes assumptions about, for instance, votes on tax cut
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Function 600 consists of a range of income security programs that provide cash or near-cash assistance (e.g., housing, nutrition, and energy assistance) to low-income persons, and benefits to certain retirees, persons with disabilities, and the unemployed. Housing assistance programs account for the
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Function 350 includes farm income stabilization, agricultural research, and other services administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The discretionary programs include research and education programs, economics and statistics services, administration of the farm support programs, farm loan
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In general, funds for federal government programs must be authorized by an "authorizing committee" through enactment of legislation. Then, through subsequent acts by Congress, budget authority is appropriated by the Appropriations Committee of the House. In principle, committees with jurisdiction to
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The federal budget is divided into categories known as budget functions. These functions include all spending for a given topic, regardless of the federal agency that oversees the individual federal program. Both the President's budget, and Congress' budget resolution provide summaries by function,
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Congress can affect spending on entitlement programs by changing eligibility requirements or the structure of programs. Certain programs, because the language authorizing them are included in appropriation bills, are termed "appropriated entitlements." This is a convention rather than a substantive
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The Administration of Justice function consists of federal law enforcement programs, litigation and judicial activities, correctional operations, and state and local justice assistance. Agencies within this function include: the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the Drug Enforcement Administration;
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Function 400 consists mostly of the programs administered by the Department of Transportation, including programs for highways, mass transit, aviation, and maritime activities. This function also includes two components of the Department of Homeland Security: the Coast Guard and the Transportation
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There is no obligation for either or both houses of Congress to pass a budget resolution. There may not be a resolution every year; if none is established, the previous year's resolution remains in force. For example, the Senate had not passed a budget resolution for FY2011, FY2012, or FY2013, but
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Function 150 contains funding for all U.S. international activities, including: operating U.S. embassies and consulates throughout the world; providing military assistance to allies; aiding developing nations; dispensing economic assistance to fledgling democracies; promoting U.S. exports abroad;
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In practice, the separation between policy making and funding and the division between appropriations and authorization activities are imperfect. Authorizations for many programs have long lapsed, yet still receive appropriated amounts, while other programs that are authorized receive no funds at
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to designated House or Senate committees. The appropriations committees start with allocations in the budget resolution and draft appropriations bills, which may be considered in the House after May 15. Once appropriations committees pass their bills, they are considered by the House and Senate.
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Function 700 covers the programs of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), including veterans' medical care, compensation and pensions, education and rehabilitation benefits, and housing programs. It also includes the Department of Labor's Veterans' Employment and Training Service, the United
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to reconcile differences between the House and the Senate versions. The conference report, in order to become binding, must be approved by both the House and Senate. The budget resolution serves as a blueprint for the actual appropriation process and provides Congress with some control over the
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Function 500 includes funding for the Department of Education, social services programs within the Department of Health and Human Services, and employment and training programs within the Department of Labor. It also contains funding for the Library of Congress and independent research and art
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Function 370 includes mortgage credit, the Postal Service, deposit insurance, and other advancement of commerce (the majority of the discretionary and mandatory spending in this function). The mortgage credit component includes housing assistance through the Federal Housing Administration, the
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Function 300 includes programs concerned with environmental protection and enhancement; recreation and wildlife areas; and the development and management of the nation's land, water, and mineral resources. It includes programs within the following federal departments and agencies: Agriculture,
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Function 900 consists primarily of the interest paid by the federal government to private and foreign government holders of U.S. Treasury securities. This amount is slightly offset by interest income received by the federal government on loans and cash balances and by earnings of the National
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Function 650 consists of the two payroll tax-financed programs that are collectively known as Social Security: Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance (OASDI). This function includes Social Security benefit payments and funds to administer the program. Under provisions of the
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Function 450 includes federal programs to improve community economic conditions, promote rural development, and assist in federal preparations for and response to disasters. This function provides appropriated funding for the Community Development Block Grant, Department of Agriculture rural
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The National Defense function includes the military activities of the Department of Defense (DoD), the nuclear-weapons related activities of the Department of Energy (DoE) and the National Nuclear Security Administration, the national security activities of several other agencies such as the
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Function 270 contains civilian energy and environmental programs in the Department of Energy (DOE). This function also includes the Rural Utilities Service of the Department of Agriculture, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, and the Nuclear Regulatory
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In March, the budget committees consider the President's budget proposals in the light of the CBO budget report, and each committee submits a budget resolution to its house by April 1. The House and Senate each consider these budget resolutions, and are expected to pass them, possibly with
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Function 550 includes most direct health care services programs. Other health programs in this function fund anti-bioterrorism activities, national biomedical research, protecting the health of the general population and workers in their places of employment, providing health services for
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As of 2019, there are 12 appropriations bills which need to be passed each fiscal year in order for continued discretionary spending to occur. The subject of each appropriations bill corresponds to the jurisdiction of the respective House and Senate appropriation subcommittees:
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authorize programs make policy decisions, while the Appropriations Committees decide on funding levels, limited to a program's authorized funding level, though the amount may be any amount less than the limit. But it all starts with the president's budget.
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agencies such as the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the Smithsonian Institution, the National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the National Endowment for the Arts, and the National Endowment for the Humanities.
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development programs, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and other disaster mitigation and community development-related programs. It also provides mandatory funding for the federal flood insurance program.
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Commission. This function does not include DOE's national security activities, which are in Function 050 (National Defense), or its basic research and science activities, which are in Function 250 (General Science, Space and Technology).
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The 302(b) allocations specify how funds are divided among the individual appropriations subcommittees, corresponding to the 12 appropriations bills. 302(b) allocations are adopted by the full House and Senate Appropriations Committees.
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Direct spending, also known as mandatory spending, refers to spending enacted by law, but not dependent on an annual or periodic appropriation bill. Most mandatory spending consists of transfer payments and earned benefits such as
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brought about the enactment of the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which, for the first time, required the President to submit a budget annually to Congress and which established the Bureau of the Budget, the forerunner of the
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This function displays the budgetary effect of proposals that cannot easily be distributed across other budget functions. In the past, this function has included funding for emergencies or proposals contingent on certain events.
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This function includes the National Science Foundation (NSF), programs at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration except for aviation programs, and general science programs at the Department of Energy (DOE).
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Security Administration. In addition, this function includes several small transportation-related agencies and the research program for civilian aviation at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
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programs, meat and poultry inspection, and a portion of the Public Law (P.L.) 480 international food aid program. The mandatory programs include commodity programs, crop insurance, and certain farm loans.
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States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, and the American Battle Monuments Commission. Almost 90 percent of appropriated funding in Function 700 goes to veterans' health care.
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and does not have the force of law. It sets out the congressional budget. The budget resolution establishes various budget totals, allocations, entitlements, and may include
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began to refuse to spend funds that Congress had allocated, they adopted a more formal means by which to challenge him. The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 created the
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Each function within the budget may include "budget authority" and "outlays" that fall within the broad categories of discretionary spending or direct spending.
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This function comprises major offsetting receipt items that would distort the funding levels of other functional categories if they were distributed to them.
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The budget resolution may also specify that a reconciliation bill may be introduced, which is subject to restrictions in its content but cannot be
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that provide for the temporary funding of government operations. Failure to appropriate funds results in a partial government shutdown, such the
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Discretionary spending requires an annual appropriation bill, which is a piece of legislation. Discretionary spending is typically set by the
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specifies the funding level for specific agencies and programs within the constraints of the appropriations bills after they have passed.
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In March, the CBO publishes an analysis of the President's proposals. The CBO budget report and other publications are also posted on the
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In recent years, Congress has not passed all of the appropriations bills before the start of the fiscal year. Congress may then enact
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submits a budget request to Congress. The President's budget is formulated over a period of months with the assistance of the
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for details). In particular, multi-year appropriations are often used for housing programs and military procurement programs.
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all. In addition, policy language, which is legislative text changing permanent law, is included in appropriation measures.
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mandatory side of the budget, and almost all of the mandatory spending consists of payments for Medicare benefits.
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Commerce, Interior, Transportation, the Army Corps of Engineers, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
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and their 12 subcommittees, establishing various budget totals, allocations, entitlements, and may include
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is often passed if an appropriations bill has not been signed into law by the end of the fiscal year.
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Prior to 1974, Congress had no formal process for establishing a federal budget. When President
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appropriation process. All new discretionary spending requires authority through enactment of
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After both houses pass a budget resolution, selected Representatives and Senators negotiate a
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was not submitted by the President until April 10, 2013 due to negotiations over the
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Columbia University selective guide for research on the U.S. Federal budget process
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Multiple bills are sometimes combined into one piece of legislation, such as the
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Deeming Resolutions: Budget Enforcement in the Absence of a Budget Resolution
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to designated House or Senate committees. A particularity of the budget (and
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Budget Process Tutorial From the House Budget Committee (Republican Staff)
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of the Congress. Some appropriations last for more than one year (see
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First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln
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on March 23, 2013, 23 days before the April 15 deadline set by the
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requires the President to submit the budget to Congress for each
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Framework used by Congress and the President of the United States
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but they do not line up with the twelve appropriations bills.
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Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States
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amendments, by April 15. A budget resolution is a kind of
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Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media
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Ideas, Inheritances, and the Dynamics of Budgetary Change
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Congressional Budget Resolutions: Historical Information
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Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
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a shutdown of at least part of the federal government.
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The budget resolutions specify funding levels for the
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2007 Financial Report of the United States Government
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Education, Training, Employment, and Social Services
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The President's budget submission is referred to the
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List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex
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Archived from 1413: 8: 3570:Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way 580:federal government shutdown in October 2013 3597: 3145: 3067: 2983: 2965: 2828: 2299: 2288: 1987: 1823: 1499: 1492: 1479: 1420: 1406: 1398: 1253:Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget 1127:Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget 1055:Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 728: 655: 618:Apportionment is the process by which the 413:The budget resolution is in the form of a 113: 1389:," Governance, 12.2 (April 1999): 147-174 1202:"10-Year Budget Projections (April 2018)" 1015:2015 United States federal appropriations 710:distinction, since the programs, such as 3756:United States Capitol cornerstone laying 2523:Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) 1025: 770:General Science, Space, and Technology 596:Reconciliation (United States Congress) 73:and was unwilling to provoke Congress. 2000:Caucuses of the United States Congress 954:Railroad Retirement Investment Trust. 1243: 1241: 700:, Housing Assistance, Other Programs 338:(OMB), the largest office within the 54:, and additional budget legislation. 46:. The process was established by the 7: 1631:Expelled, censured, and reprimanded 1184:"Executive Office of the President" 842:Community and Regional Development 546:Appropriations bill (United States) 974:Undistributed Offsetting Receipts 794:Natural Resources and Environment 25: 3514:Progress of Civilization Pediment 3368:Congressional Pictorial Directory 2221:By length of service historically 1235:, Rudolph Penner, Urban Institute 1152:LII / Legal Information Institute 1086:, Rudolph Penner, Urban Institute 1033:Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 375:2014 United States federal budget 359:Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 340:Executive Office of the President 189:Executive Office of the President 48:Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 3382:Official Congressional Directory 3001:Gov. Accountability Office (GAO) 1393:Understanding the Federal Budget 556:Senate Appropriations Committees 296:Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 93:Senate Appropriations Committees 3191:Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper 2038:Arab and Middle Eastern members 1935:Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group 1470:Lists of United States Congress 1381:The Congressional Budget Office 1005:Government financial statements 990:Office of Management and Budget 914:Veterans Benefits and Services 620:Office of Management and Budget 403:U.S. Department of the Treasury 399:Office of Management and Budget 336:Office of Management and Budget 67:Office of Management and Budget 3293:Congressional Research Service 3040:Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR) 2043:Asian Pacific American members 1346:Congressional Research Service 1337:Congressional Research Service 668:Social Security Administration 332:President of the United States 40:President of the United States 1: 3785:United States federal budgets 3528:Surrender of General Burgoyne 2885:Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) 2048:Asian Pacific American Caucus 1641:Lost re-election in a primary 530:Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019 526:Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 490:No Budget, No Pay Act of 2013 463:. CBO computes a current-law 344:federal executive departments 284:Housing and Urban Development 3535:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis 3478:The Apotheosis of Washington 3212:Chief Administrative Officer 3050:Gov. Publishing Office (GPO) 818:Commerce and Housing Credit 698:Supplemental Security Income 425:but is not presented to the 130:Food and Drug Administration 44:United States federal budget 42:to formulate and create the 32:United States budget process 3700:Health and Fitness Facility 3492:Declaration of Independence 2261:Killed or wounded in office 2082:Congressional Jewish Caucus 2055:Hispanic and Latino members 1226:Budget Resolution Explainer 1206:Congressional Budget Office 1077:Budget Resolution Explainer 651:Congressional Budget Office 560:reconciliation instructions 454:Congressional Budget Office 431:reconciliation instructions 326:Presidential budget request 63:Congressional Budget Office 3801: 3114:Interparliamentary Affairs 3035:Congr. Budget Office (CBO) 2671:Riddick's Senate Procedure 2098:Gender and sexual identity 926:Administration of Justice 726:List of budget functions: 629: 611: 593: 543: 522:Budget Control Act of 2011 387:Budget Control Act of 2011 381:and implementation of the 379:United States fiscal cliff 309: 257:Military Construction and 80: 3720:Old Supreme Court Chamber 3433:Congressional Prayer Room 2982: 2964: 2880:Congress Hall (1790–1800) 2831: 2298: 2287: 2226:Current members by wealth 1651:Elected but did not serve 1491: 1478: 1435: 1042:October 23, 2008, at the 995:United States public debt 234:Health and Human Services 128:, Rural Development, and 34:is the framework used by 3013:Architect of the Capitol 2875:Federal Hall (1789–1790) 2016:African-American members 1440:House of Representatives 1348:Updated October 29, 2018 486:FY2014 budget resolution 450:Senate Budget Committees 419:House of Representatives 3563:Washington at Princeton 3507:Apotheosis of Democracy 2927:Congressional Quarterly 2616:Executive communication 2606:Blue slip (U.S. Senate) 2563:Suspension of the rules 2089:Native American members 1515:By shortness of service 1324:Senate Budget Committee 271:and Foreign Operations 3730:Webster Page Residence 3705:House Recording Studio 3549:Revolutionary War Door 3310:Register of Copyrights 2891:Biographical Directory 2360:"Necessary and Proper" 1900:Policy Committee Chair 1878:Policy Committee Chair 1429:United States Congress 758:International Affairs 576:continuing resolutions 506:continuing resolutions 181:and General Government 170:and Water Development 83:Discretionary spending 77:Discretionary spending 3055:Technology Assessment 2476:Dear Colleague letter 2471:Continuing resolution 2466:Concurrent resolution 1945:Republican Conference 1885:Republican Conference 1846:President pro tempore 1578:Born outside the U.S. 1273:Tollestrup, Jessica. 1103:. Library of Congress 478:concurrent resolution 415:concurrent resolution 300:continuing resolution 3619:Mountains and Clouds 3375:Congressional Record 3232:Floor Services Chief 3119:Law Revision Counsel 2870:Continental Congress 2365:Power of enforcement 2328:Contempt of Congress 2231:From multiple states 2184:Mormon (LDS) members 1992:Congressional caucus 1636:Served a single term 1568:Expelled or censured 1510:By length of service 1385:Eric M. Patashnik, " 1249:"Appropriations 101" 1123:"Appropriations 101" 590:Reconciliation bills 568:conference committee 540:Appropriations bills 348:independent agencies 195:District of Columbia 3643:Building Commission 3124:Legislative Counsel 3045:Library of Congress 3006:Comptroller General 2996:Congressional staff 2681:Senatorial courtesy 2070:Hispanic Conference 1485:Members and leaders 1322:- published by the 1284:on October 14, 2013 1010:Anti-Deficiency Act 938:General Government 614:Apportionment (OMB) 502:appropriation bills 417:passed by both the 306:Authorization bills 3715:Old Senate Chamber 3581:VP Bust Collection 3405:United States Code 3337:Jefferson Building 3030:Cap. Guide Service 2897:Divided government 2814:Seal of the Senate 2778:Select and special 2743:Discharge petition 2696:Tie-breaking votes 2661:Recess appointment 2601:Advice and consent 2481:Discharge petition 2424:Appropriation bill 2333:Declaration of war 1525:Non-voting members 1374:2008-05-30 at the 1357:2008-02-27 at the 1304:"Budget Functions" 1231:2010-05-26 at the 1082:2010-05-26 at the 1064:2008-10-23 at the 632:Mandatory spending 626:Mandatory spending 312:Authorization bill 248:Legislative Branch 179:Financial Services 105:Appropriation bill 95:and their various 3772: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3681: 3680: 3485:Statue of Freedom 3449:Statue of Freedom 3428:Brumidi Corridors 3400:Statutes at Large 3354:Publishing Office 3277: 3276: 3137: 3136: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2910: 2909: 2858:election disputes 2846:speaker elections 2809:Mace of the House 2656:Presiding Officer 2621:Executive session 2568:Unanimous consent 2528:Multiple referral 2513:Lame-duck session 2283: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2209: 2208: 2009:Ethnic and racial 1953: 1952: 1940:Democratic Caucus 1863:Democratic Caucus 1815: 1814: 1000:Budget resolution 981: 980: 746:National Defense 707: 706: 672:$ 1.041 trillion 497:conference report 470:sunset provisions 409:Budget resolution 394:Warren G. Harding 292: 291: 206:Homeland Security 71:Watergate scandal 18:Budget resolution 16:(Redirected from 3792: 3598: 3415:Capitol Building 3389:U.S. Gov. Manual 3342:Madison Building 3305:Copyright Office 3269:Sergeant at Arms 3227:Floor Operations 3146: 3068: 2984: 2966: 2829: 2646:Morning business 2533:House procedures 2496:Joint resolution 2300: 2289: 2169:Buddhist members 1988: 1824: 1646:Switched parties 1593:Switched parties 1530:Unseated members 1520:Youngest members 1500: 1493: 1480: 1422: 1415: 1408: 1399: 1308: 1307: 1306:. 31 March 2016. 1300: 1294: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1279: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1245: 1236: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1135: 1134: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1093: 1087: 1074: 1068: 1052: 1046: 1030: 902:Social Security 890:Income Security 732:Function Number 729: 718:Budget functions 656: 385:mandated by the 259:Veterans Affairs 242:$ 178.1 billion 197:appropriations) 162:$ 606.5 billion 114: 21: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3760: 3739: 3687: 3677: 3631: 3592: 3585: 3462:Hall of Columns 3409: 3353: 3346: 3284: 3273: 3254:Parliamentarian 3195: 3186:Parliamentarian 3133: 3092: 3059: 2988: 2978: 2971:Capitol Complex 2952: 2906: 2902:Party divisions 2818: 2792: 2710: 2594:Senate-specific 2589: 2444:Closed sessions 2412:Act of Congress 2400: 2374: 2370:Taxing/spending 2294: 2275: 2266:Party switchers 2235:Died in office 2205: 2157: 2141: 2110:Equality Caucus 2093: 2065:Hispanic Caucus 2004: 1979: 1949: 1906: 1811: 1655: 1597: 1534: 1487: 1474: 1431: 1426: 1376:Wayback Machine 1359:Wayback Machine 1316: 1311: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1287: 1285: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1258: 1256: 1247: 1246: 1239: 1233:Wayback Machine 1224: 1220: 1210: 1208: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1190:. Oct 14, 2013. 1182: 1181: 1177: 1172:March 28, 2013. 1164: 1163: 1159: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1132: 1130: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1106: 1104: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1084:Wayback Machine 1075: 1071: 1066:Wayback Machine 1053: 1049: 1044:Wayback Machine 1031: 1027: 1023: 986: 830:Transportation 720: 639:Social Security 634: 628: 616: 610: 604:in the Senate. 598: 592: 548: 542: 517: 465:baseline budget 411: 328: 323: 314: 308: 288:$ 71.1 billion 274:$ 46.2 billion 263:$ 97.1 billion 224:$ 35.6 billion 210:$ 49.4 billion 200:$ 23.4 billion 192: 185:judicial branch 182: 173:$ 44.6 billion 152:$ 64.1 billion 134:$ 23.0 billion 85: 79: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3798: 3796: 3788: 3787: 3777: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3710:Senate chamber 3707: 3702: 3697: 3695:Botanic Garden 3691: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3648:office lottery 3645: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3610: 3604: 3602: 3595: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3566: 3559: 3556:Columbus Doors 3552: 3545: 3538: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3510: 3503: 3496: 3488: 3481: 3474: 3472:Visitor Center 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3453: 3452: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3419: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3385: 3378: 3371: 3364: 3362:Public Printer 3358: 3356: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3332:Adams Building 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3289: 3287: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3152: 3150: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3074: 3072: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3015: 3010: 3009: 3008: 2998: 2992: 2990: 2980: 2979: 2969: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2929: 2924: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2853:Senate history 2850: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2728:ranking member 2720: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2691:Standing Rules 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2666:Reconciliation 2663: 2658: 2653: 2651:Nuclear option 2648: 2643: 2640:Senate Journal 2636: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2578:Line-item veto 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2543:Reconciliation 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2441: 2436: 2434:Budget process 2431: 2426: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2355:Naturalization 2352: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2317: 2312: 2306: 2304: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2196: 2194:Quaker members 2191: 2189:Muslim members 2186: 2181: 2179:Jewish members 2176: 2171: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2077:Jewish members 2074: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2040: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1977: 1975:Gerrymandering 1972: 1967: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1830: 1828: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1535: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1497: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1417: 1410: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1383: 1378: 1366: 1361: 1349: 1340: 1339:March 13, 2012 1331: 1315: 1314:External links 1312: 1310: 1309: 1295: 1265: 1237: 1218: 1193: 1188:whitehouse.gov 1175: 1170:Bloomberg L.P. 1157: 1139: 1114: 1088: 1069: 1047: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 985: 982: 979: 978: 975: 972: 968: 967: 963: 960: 956: 955: 951: 948: 944: 943: 939: 936: 932: 931: 927: 924: 920: 919: 915: 912: 908: 907: 903: 900: 896: 895: 891: 888: 884: 883: 879: 876: 872: 871: 867: 864: 860: 859: 855: 852: 848: 847: 843: 840: 836: 835: 831: 828: 824: 823: 819: 816: 812: 811: 807: 804: 800: 799: 795: 792: 788: 787: 783: 780: 776: 775: 771: 768: 764: 763: 759: 756: 752: 751: 747: 744: 740: 739: 736: 733: 719: 716: 705: 704: 703:$ 672 billion 701: 694: 693: 692:$ 419 billion 690: 684: 683: 682:$ 645 billion 680: 674: 673: 670: 664: 663: 662:FY2019 amount 660: 630:Main article: 627: 624: 612:Main article: 609: 606: 594:Main article: 591: 588: 544:Main article: 541: 538: 516: 513: 435:reconciliation 410: 407: 383:sequester cuts 367:31 U.S.C. 327: 324: 322: 321:Annual process 319: 310:Main article: 307: 304: 290: 289: 286: 280:Transportation 276: 275: 272: 265: 264: 261: 254: 253: 252:$ 4.8 billion 250: 244: 243: 240: 226: 225: 222: 212: 211: 208: 202: 201: 198: 175: 174: 171: 164: 163: 160: 154: 153: 150: 136: 135: 132: 122: 121: 120:FY2019 amount 118: 81:Main article: 78: 75: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3797: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3684: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3467:Statuary Hall 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3322:Poet Laureate 3320: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3280: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3264:Reading Clerk 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3104:Congr. Ethics 3102: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2836:House history 2834: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2788:Subcommittees 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2773:List (Senate) 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2706:Treaty Clause 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2501:Joint session 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2486:Enrolled bill 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2286: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2174:Hindu members 2172: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2135:current House 2133: 2131: 2130:Issues Caucus 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1970:Apportionment 1968: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: β†’  1461: 1458: β†  1457: 1453: 1451: 1450:Joint session 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1305: 1299: 1296: 1283: 1276: 1269: 1266: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1222: 1219: 1207: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1179: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1161: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 987: 983: 976: 973: 970: 969: 964: 961: 958: 957: 952: 950:Net Interest 949: 946: 945: 940: 937: 934: 933: 928: 925: 922: 921: 916: 913: 910: 909: 904: 901: 898: 897: 892: 889: 886: 885: 880: 877: 874: 873: 868: 865: 862: 861: 856: 853: 850: 849: 844: 841: 838: 837: 832: 829: 826: 825: 820: 817: 814: 813: 808: 805: 802: 801: 796: 793: 790: 789: 784: 781: 778: 777: 772: 769: 766: 765: 760: 757: 754: 753: 748: 745: 742: 741: 737: 734: 731: 730: 727: 724: 717: 715: 713: 702: 699: 696: 695: 691: 689: 686: 685: 681: 679: 676: 675: 671: 669: 666: 665: 661: 658: 657: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 633: 625: 623: 621: 615: 608:Apportionment 607: 605: 603: 597: 589: 587: 583: 581: 577: 572: 569: 564: 561: 557: 553: 547: 539: 537: 533: 531: 527: 523: 514: 512: 509: 507: 503: 498: 493: 491: 487: 484:did pass the 481: 479: 473: 471: 466: 462: 457: 455: 451: 447: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 408: 406: 404: 400: 395: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 325: 320: 318: 313: 305: 303: 301: 297: 287: 285: 281: 278: 277: 273: 270: 267: 266: 262: 260: 256: 255: 251: 249: 246: 245: 241: 239: 235: 231: 228: 227: 223: 221: 217: 214: 213: 209: 207: 204: 203: 199: 196: 190: 186: 180: 177: 176: 172: 169: 166: 165: 161: 159: 156: 155: 151: 149: 145: 141: 138: 137: 133: 131: 127: 124: 123: 119: 116: 115: 112: 108: 106: 102: 98: 97:subcommittees 94: 90: 84: 76: 74: 72: 68: 64: 60: 59:Richard Nixon 55: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 3751:Capitol Hill 3617: 3568: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3483: 3476: 3447: 3387: 3380: 3373: 3366: 2975:Capitol Hill 2945: 2938: 2931: 2890: 2768:List (House) 2763:List (Joint) 2733:Of the Whole 2639: 2632: 2631:Jefferson's 2518:Magic minute 2433: 2271:Slave owners 2254:2000–present 2200:Sikh members 2198: 2105:LGBT members 2031:Black Caucus 1807:118th (2023) 1802:117th (2021) 1797:116th (2019) 1792:115th (2017) 1787:114th (2015) 1782:113th (2013) 1777:112th (2011) 1772:111th (2009) 1767:110th (2007) 1762:109th (2005) 1757:108th (2003) 1752:107th (2001) 1747:106th (1999) 1742:105th (1997) 1737:104th (1995) 1732:103rd (1993) 1727:102nd (1991) 1722:101st (1989) 1717:100th (1987) 1298: 1286:. 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Index

Budget resolution
Congress
President of the United States
United States federal budget
Budget and Accounting Act of 1921
Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
Richard Nixon
Congressional Budget Office
Office of Management and Budget
Watergate scandal
Discretionary spending
House
Senate Appropriations Committees
subcommittees
Appropriation bill
Agriculture
Food and Drug Administration
Commerce
Justice
Science
Defense
Energy
Financial Services
judicial branch
Executive Office of the President
District of Columbia
Homeland Security
Interior
Environment
Labor

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