573:
589:
in any case, the
Hungarians had no intention of reoccupying the Etelköz, now held by the Pechenegs as far as the Danube delta. They tried to preserve peaceful relations with the Pechenegs so that they would be free to concentrate on more westerly targets. The Pechenegs, for their part, preferred to raid the richer lands of the Bulgarians and Byzantines rather than the poorer Carpathian Basin, which was in a state of some turmoil due to the Hungarian conquest. Thus the anti-Hungarian alliance of the Bulgarians and the Byzantine empire gradually fell apart, and the two old enemies, the Hungarians and the Pechenegs, pursued a rapprochement in the face of growing Bulgarian might.
730:
142:
250:
216:
2434:
293:
230:
1030:. The campaign resulted in Jacob Svetoslav again accepting Stephen's suzerainty and was reinstalled in Vidin, while Stephen began to use the title "King of Bulgaria" in his charters thereafter. Historian Dániel Bácsatyai, who considered that the civil war between Béla IV and Stephen took place in 1267, presented an alternative chronology of the events. He argued the Hungarians invaded the Byzantine Empire at the turn of 1264 and 1265, in the same time when thousand of Tatars and the army of Konstantin Tih crossed the frozen Lower Danube to invade the realm of
876:
2210:
593:
464:
2664:
615:, but most likely under Bulgarian rule), the Hungarians would need to ally themselves with the Pechenegs against the Bulgarians. The painful consequences of the alliance of Bulgarians and Pechenegs in 895 were still fresh in the Hungarians' memory. As long as the Pechenegs remained hostile, the Hungarians would not dare to provoke Simeon by seizing his lands north of the Carpathians and the Danube.
2420:
36:
1050:, as his regent. At the time, Jacob Svetoslav still held Vidin as a Hungarian vassal. The Kingdom of Hungary fell into constant feudal anarchy, when baronial groups fought for supreme power, which has led to the marginalization of foreign policy towards Bulgaria for decades to come. Possibly in 1273, Hungarian rule in Barancs, west of Jacob Svetoslav's domain, was put to an end by two
2601:
602:– a medieval Hungarian manuscript which is one of the main sources for the Hungarian conquest. However, it mixes ascertainably correct facts, inaccuracies and information that cannot be confirmed from other sources. Some parts are considered by most modern authors as simply inventions (by the author or by his predecessors) to contradict Frankish and other chronicles.
2205:
548:
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414:
1058:. Cut off from his Hungarian suzerains and facing the menace of a Bulgarian attack from the east, Jacob Svetoslav once again submitted to Bulgarian rule. Queen Elizabeth, who administered Macsó since 1279, had sent troops to claim Barancs in 1282–1284, but her forces were repelled and her vassal lands plundered in retaliation. Elizabeth's successor,
2200:
761:, Ahtum's seat. Although many soldiers were required to participate in the defense of the town, Ahtum was occupied with the war to the north. After several months he died in battle when his troops were defeated by the Hungarians. As a result of the war, Bulgarian influence to the northwest of the Danube diminished.
895:, Béla's son-in-law. Béla IV adopted the title of King of Bulgaria, but he only used it occasionally in the subsequent years. According to historian Dániel Bácsatyai, all four diplomas where this title appears are objectionable in terms of authenticity. In late 1256, Michael Asen was assassinated by a group of
695:
Zombor also presented himself at
Constantinople, but he came in his own right, and not as an envoy of the ruling prince. He, too, had himself baptized, but his political goal was different from that of Bulcsú. Zombor was interested not in western raids but in the anti-Bulgarian plans of the Byzantine
625:
had acted earlier, but if not, he must have seized this chance to occupy southern
Transylvania. In breaking the Bulgars' resistance, the Hungarians were helped not only by their Pecheneg allies but also by the internal struggle — exacerbated by Byzantine meddling — over the succession to Czar Simeon,
588:
repeatedly noted that the
Hungarians feared the Pechenegs, who were used by the Bulgarians to keep the Hungarians in check. When, early in the 10th century, Byzantine envoys urged the Hungarian leaders to attack the Pechenegs, their proposal was rejected on the grounds that it carried too many risks;
526:
decisively defeated the
Hungarians. The ensuing, massive withdrawal by the Hungarians ended in the 'conquest', or rather settlement, of what became the Hungarian's permanent homeland. Soon after the Bulgarian victory, the Simeon stopped the negotiations and in the summer of 896 the Byzantine army was
606:
In 913, Simeon launched the first in a series of military campaigns by which he seized from the
Byzantines most of the Balkan Peninsula; six years later, he exchanged his title of Great Khan for that of Czar. He was not a man to let the salt mines and gold deposits of southern Transylvania pass into
983:
Rostislav died in 1262. Stephen's relationship with his father Béla IV deteriorated in the early 1260s. Following a brief skirmish in the autumn of 1262, Stephen forced his father to cede all the lands of the
Kingdom of Hungary to the east of the Danube to him – including Transylvania and Severin –
690:
to
Constantinople, to renew the peace treaty; the envoys attached so much importance to the task that they had themselves baptized. It is likely that this gesture was motivated by Bulcsú's decision to launch new western raids; therefore he wanted to protect his rear from Byzantine attack. Some time
498:
That same year, in 894, Hungarian warriors advanced into the
Carpathian Basin and Pannonia to aid the Moravians in their fight against the Bulgarians' Frankish allies. When they learned of Svatopluk's death, the Hungarians pulled back, though only as far as the region of the Upper Tisza. In spring
444:
received assistance from the
Hungarians who advanced as far as Vienna. Two years later, Svatopluk suffered a punishing blow from the Bulgarians. In 892, when Svatopluk once again refused to pay obeisance to the Franks, his Hungarian allies continued to aid him, but the Bulgarians retaliated again.
903:
as the new ruler of Bulgaria. To further his claims, Kaliman forcibly married Michael's widow, the daughter of Rostislav, but he could not consolidate power and was killed almost immediately. To protect his daughter, Rostislav now, early in 1257, invaded Bulgaria with Hungarian reinforcements; it
831:
pursued an independent foreign policy since the 1220s. He invaded Bulgaria and besieged Vidin in 1228 or 1232, but he could not capture the fortress. Nevertheless, he captured the fortress of Severin during a military campaign against Bulgaria in 1231. Around the same time, he set up a new border
713:
Since the fall of the Bulgarian capital Preslav in 971 the Bulgarian and the Byzantine Empires were in a state of constant war. The Byzantine–Bulgarian conflict reached its height in 1003 with the involvement of Hungary. At that time the governor of the northwestern parts of Bulgaria was Duke
1008:
in late 1264. In response, fearing Bulgarian retribution and lack of Hungarian support should Béla IV come out victorious, Jacob Svetoslav submitted himself to Tsar Konstantin Tih in early 1265. They crossed the Danube and raided the Hungarian fortresses north of the river, which belonged to
534:
When the Hungarians arrived to settle in the Carpathian Basin, they encountered little resistance on the part of the Bulgarians. The small but noteworthy communities implanted by the Bulgarians in Transylvania and between the Tisa and Danube did not even have the option of fleeing from the
1013:
in March 1265, ending the civil war. Following their peace, younger king Stephen invaded Bulgaria in the summer of 1266, as a punitive expedition for Jacob Svetoslav's betrayal and the Bulgarians' attack during the civil war. He routed the Bulgarians in five battles; his confidant
667:
s' enhanced power that they launched the first Hungarian campaigns against Byzantium, cutting through the weakening defenses of the Bulgarians. According to Byzantine chronicles, the first campaign occurred in 934; it ended in a peace treaty between Emperor
980:, because he withdrew to Tărnovo. The Hungarian army left Bulgaria before the end of the year, but the campaign restored northwestern Bulgaria to Rostislav. Dániel Bácsatyai considers the military expedition perhaps ended only in the first half of 1262.
491:), was ferried across the Danube by the Byzantines and attacked Simeon's Bulgarians from the rear. Simeon suspended his campaign against Byzantium to turn against the Hungarians. Defeated by the Hungarians, he sought refuge in the castle at Drastar (
908:
and recovered his daughter; though it is sometimes stated that he briefly seized Tărnovo, but it seems that he probably never actually gained possession of the city. Rostislav retreated to Vidin where he established himself, taking the title of
700:
s also considered the Bulgarians, from whom they had seized the territories that lay north of the Danube and the Carpathians, to be their principal enemy. The Árpádian ruling princes would have been satisfied with Byzantine neutrality, but the
972:. In a retaliation for Konstantin's previous attack, Béla IV and Stephen jointly invaded Bulgaria in the spring of 1261. Hungarian troops stormed into Bulgaria under the command of Duke Stephen himself. They recaptured Vidin and besieged
382:. Their raids against Bulgaria continued until the middle of the century when peace was restored. Both countries sustained friendly relations until 1003 when another war broke out, further diminishing Bulgarian power in Eastern Europe.
753:. As a result of the conflict, the marriage between Gavril Radomir and the Hungarian princess was dissolved. The Hungarians then attacked Ahtum, who had directly backed the pretenders for the Hungarian crown. Stephen I convinced
722:, who was defeated by the Hungarians in 930s. Ahtum commanded a strong army and firmly defended the northwestern borders of the Empire. He also built many churches and monasteries through which he spread Christianity in
1038:
of the Serbs against the Duchy of Macsó in 1268 or early 1269. The historian saw the efforts of Emperor Michael VIII to sever the Balkan states from the sphere of influence of the Kingdom of Hungary behind both events.
1062:
invaded Barancs with Hungarian assistance in the second half of 1284 or early 1285, but could not defeat the brothers. The Hungarian auxiliary troops, consisted of Transylvanian and Cuman contingents, were led by
991:
sought assistance from Stephen after his domains, which were situated in the regions south of Vidin, were overrun by Byzantine troops in the second half of 1263. Stephen sent reinforcements under the command of
456:'s envoys that the Franks could no longer count on his military aid in the Carpathian Basin; the Bulgarians were only prepared to halt salt deliveries to the enemy. The Frank delegation was still there when
2033:
960:, fought the invaders off. Lawrence ordered the hanging of several Bulgarian prisoners of war along the Danube. Following the defeat at Kressenbrunn, after which the Hungarians were forced to renounce
741:
to the daughter of the Hungarian ruler had established friendly relation between the two strongest states in the Danube area, the relationship deteriorated after Géza's death. The Bulgarians supported
808:(now Braničevo in Serbia), and other fortresses. Emeric made preparations for a campaign against Bulgaria, but he disbanded his army upon Pope Innocent's demand. The Pope, who had been negotiating a
956:. Taking advantage of Rostislav's absence, Konstantin Tih broke into his realm and reoccupied Vidin. He also sent an army to attack the Banate of Severin, but the arriving Hungarian commander,
840:. There are conflicting narratives regarding Béla's campaign in the Hungarian and Bulgarian historiography. According to the former, Duke Béla invaded Bulgaria in 1228, possibly because Tsar
1018:
led Stephen's army to successfully besiege and capture Tărnovo, also plundering the surrounding areas. Meanwhile, the main army seized Vidin and other forts, while another army commanded by
1004:
fought with his own army corps and gained victories in "Greek land". Stephen granted Vidin to Jacob Svetoslav who accepted his suzerainty. The conflict of Béla IV and Stephen sparked into a
374:
The first clashes occurred in the late 9th century, in which the Hungarians were pushed west. Later, during the 10th century, the Hungarians overran the Bulgarian dukes in what is now
757:, Ahtum's right-hand man, to help in the attack. When the conspiracy was uncovered Hanadin fled and joined the Hungarian forces. At the same time, a strong Byzantine army besieged
437:
sent mounted troops to help defeat Rastislav. This retaliation began an ongoing conflict which lasted for 25 years, pitting Hungarians and Moravians against Bulgarians and Franks.
1034:. According to Bácsatyai, Stephen's attack against Bulgaria took place in 1269, after Jacob Svetoslav's betrayal in the previous year. He connected the events with the parallel
864:
and Petăr Nikov, Béla's invasion took place in the spring of 1232, capturing Belgrade and Barancs and unsuccessfully besieging Vidin. The Hungarians simultaneously stormed into
572:
2706:
633:
Having seized southern Transylvania from the Bulgarians, Bogát's warriors and their servants settled down in Slavic villages along the lower reaches of the Küküllő rivers.
2701:
984:
and adopted the title of younger king. Thereafter, Stephen pursued an independent foreign policy, affecting the Bulgarian–Hungarian affairs too. A Bulgarian nobleman,
1280:
Makkai, László (1994b). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.).
812:
with Kaloyan, sent a royal crown to him, but Emeric imprisoned the papal legate who was delivering the crown to Bulgaria when the legate was passing through Hungary.
856:, who was captured during the campaign. Ivan Asen's brother Alexander plundered the surrounding region and tried to block the supply routes of the Hungarian army.
53:
2433:
2534:
1927:
1918:
929:
were proclaimed tsar too in Tărnovo. Rostislav Mikhailovich invaded Bulgaria with Hungarian assistance in the summer of 1259. Béla's eldest son and heir
868:(future Wallachia), conquering its western part, where the Banate of Severin was established. Zlatarski considered the latter attack took place in 1233.
506:
After the Hungarians retreated, Simeon pretended to agree to negotiations – but the Byzantine envoy Leo Chirosphact who arrived to the Bulgarian capital
696:
court. The latter had never given up its ambition to crush the Bulgarians and restore the old imperial borders on the Sava and Lower Danube rivers. The
559:
With the emergence of the Árpád dynasty after Kurszán's death, a new clan ruled over the Hungarians. There is no indication of the time when the ruling
2569:
503:, defeated the Bulgarian army. Having hurriedly made peace with Byzantium, the Bulgarians concentrated their forces to defeat Liüntika's Hungarians.
2539:
941:. The outcome of the campaign is uncertain, and the Hungarians achieved only moderate success (next year, some Bulgarians had participated in the
607:
Hungarian hands without a fight. In order to conquer the rest of Transylvania as well as the region between the Maros, Tisza, and Danube rivers ('
815:
In the early 1210s, Andrew II occupied Belgrade and Barancs, which had been lost to Bulgaria under Emeric. Andrew's army defeated the Cumans at
860:
led his troops against Alexander's army and achieved several minor victories. According to the Bulgarian historiography, based on the works of
569:
must have been in charge of eastern and southern affairs, for he directed the raids against Byzantium and Bulgaria in April 934 and April 943.
100:
2284:
2260:
1364:
1343:
1249:
1163:
535:
Hungarians, who came in overwhelming force. Likewise the Moravians came under Hungarian rule but continued to use their burial grounds (e.g.
72:
2299:
1005:
79:
729:
348:
233:
141:
2410:
784:
in the early 13th century, which gave rise to conflicts between the two countries. In a letter written in 1203, Tsar Kaloyan informed
483:, and they agreed to form an alliance. As a result, a Hungarian force (an army of the Hungarians' Kabar auxiliaries, and possibly the
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2477:
1289:
1270:
1230:
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86:
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and the Hungarians. Another campaign, in 943, was terminated in similar fashion, and the Byzantines probably had to pay tribute.
612:
2711:
2209:
1911:
1000:
to Bulgaria. The Voivode routed the Byzantines and drove them out of Bulgaria. Crossing the border, another Hungarian knight
68:
57:
793:
440:
The Hungarian Conquest was one of the factors that upset this military balance. In 881, prior to the Conquest, the Moravian
249:
215:
2442:
2314:
1076:
733:
Tsar Symeon I of Bulgaria defeating the Byzantine army, led by Procopius Crenites and Curtacius the Armenian in Macedonia
2235:
887:
to cede Belgrade and Barancs in 1255. Michael Asen accepted Hungarian suzerainty and married an unidentified daughter of
2619:
2324:
2169:
281:
2240:
2343:
900:
2255:
584:
The blows suffered at the hands of the Pechenegs and Bulgarians in 895–896 induced great caution in the Hungarians.
2400:
2186:
2174:
1896:
1088:
957:
738:
292:
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46:
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2250:
2191:
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2159:
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had occupied five districts in Bulgaria, and Kaloyan demanded the Pope's intervention. Taking advantage of the
528:
394:
93:
904:
seems he was using her as an excuse to acquire the Bulgarian throne for himself. He appeared at the gates of
417:
A motion map of the Hungarian conquest. Note that the northern borders of the Bulgarian Empire are uncertain.
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2467:
2452:
2223:
2218:
2149:
1996:
1935:
1043:
997:
789:
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The opportunity came with the formation (ca. 932) of a Pecheneg–Hungarian alliance. It is possible that the
386:
344:
336:
2634:
2559:
2507:
2304:
1990:
1931:
1336:
The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century
942:
922:
888:
805:
519:
441:
332:
510:
was put in custody and Simeon deliberately prolonged the peace talks. In the meantime he allied with the
2564:
2472:
2348:
1195:Érszegi, Géza; Solymosi, László (1981). "Az Árpádok királysága, 1000–1301 ". In Solymosi, László (ed.).
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824:
309:
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after a failed negotiation attempt between Ladislaus IV and Darman near the Hungarian–Serbian border.
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2517:
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2100:
2015:
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457:
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313:
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258:
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2378:
2289:
2154:
2130:
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2115:
1047:
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993:
769:
669:
630:
Zombor, with the opportunity to occupy the land lying between the Maros, Tisza, and Danube rivers.
523:
453:
434:
254:
1222:
The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
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to adopt a policy divergent from that of the ruling prince who had dispatched his nephew, and the
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2358:
2319:
2135:
2105:
2038:
1978:
1093:
1055:
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319:
272:
146:
Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria defeating the Byzantine and Hungarian armies, led by Procopius Crenites
2204:
934:
892:
1399:
1259:
Makkai, László (1994a). "szörényi bánság ". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.).
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2447:
2368:
2353:
2338:
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1360:
1339:
1322:
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2009:
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2199:
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168:
1242:
The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185–1280
17:
2680:
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977:
926:
914:
905:
869:
857:
773:
637:
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921:), and the Hungarians recognized him with this title. Opposing to Rostislav's claim,
848:
in the northernmost part of his realm along the border with Hungary. A contingent of
820:
684:
561:
340:
823:
agreed to pay a yearly tribute to the kings of Hungary in early 1227. Andrew's son,
2554:
1147:
1064:
841:
837:
828:
809:
723:
676:
475:'s envoy Niketas Skleros met on the Lower Danube with the Hungarian ruling princes
375:
331:
were a series of conflicts that occurred during the 9th–14th centuries between the
2419:
1173:
1035:
433:, king of Eastern Francia, retaliated by forging an alliance with the Bulgarians.
1220:
648:
by 948, for that was when Emperor Constantine recorded that the Bulgarian cities
1973:
849:
777:
719:
608:
500:
484:
476:
297:
263:
35:
1313:
Senga, Toru (1988). "Béla királyfi bolgár, halicsi és osztrák hadjárataihoz ".
2644:
2492:
746:
515:
480:
1326:
1139:
1042:
The death of Stephen V in 1272 meant that he was succeeded by his infant son
872:
placed the date of Béla's war against Bulgaria at the turn of 1231 and 1232.
565:
transferred their headquarters and residence to the middle Maros valley. The
2584:
1126:
Bácsatyai, Dániel (2021). "Bolgár-magyar háborúk az 1250–1260-as években ".
865:
742:
552:
511:
268:
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around 1199. The Kingdom of Hungary was also expanding southwards over the
754:
649:
1355:
Családi ügy: IV. Béla és István ifjabb király viszálya az 1260-as években
547:
389:, both states fought numerous conflicts for control over the provinces of
2609:
801:
653:
622:
492:
390:
368:
364:
551:
The duchies of Glad and Salan within the Bulgarian Empire. The lands of
514:
and simultaneously launched attacks on the Hungarian encampments in the
448:
The situation took a decisive turn in September 892, when the Bulgarian
413:
184:
Many long lasting wars led to vast territorial expansions of both states
27:
Set of conflicts between the Bulgarian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary
2050:
1968:
1026:
was entrusted to lead an army which successfully besieged and occupied
819:. The Cuman tribes dwelling to the east of the Olt as far as the river
507:
488:
360:
2056:
2044:
1051:
1027:
356:
499:
895, Árpád followed with his army and, after some skirmishes on the
976:
on the Lower Danube, but they were unable to bring Konstantin to a
467:
The Bulgarians flee to Silistra after the defeat by the Hungarians.
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2028:
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462:
412:
398:
286:
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1779:
1777:
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to lead the Hungarian auxiliary troops consisted of knights from
644:, and Danube rivers must have come under the rule of a Hungarian
2110:
1178:
The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526
626:
who died in 927. This may have presented Bogát's successor, the
1900:
1197:
Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig
29:
2599:
2432:
2418:
2004:
De facto independent Bulgarian states from the Second Empire
421:
In 862, at the invitation of their ally the Moravian leader
952:
to join the campaign of his father-in-law, Béla IV against
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1359:(in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete.
1009:
Stephen's realm. Stephen routed his father's army in the
351:. The nearly 500-year conflict encompassed the region of
1301:
A magyar nemzet története az Árpád-házi királyok alatt,
836:(Szörény), in the lands between the Carpathians and the
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1500:
1823:
1821:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1589:
1587:
737:
Although marriage of the heir to the Bulgarian throne
1487:
1485:
1225:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1201:(in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 79–187.
1151:
1046:, with the widowed consort and mother of the boy,
844:attempted to hinder the conversion of Cumans into
948:In the following year (1260), Rostislav left the
187:Eventual alliance against Ottoman Imperial threat
1154:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250
1812:
1783:
1656:
1566:
1530:
883:Béla IV – now as King of Hungary – forced Tsar
879:Bulgaria in the second half of the 13th century
134:
2016:Despotate of Dobruja (Principality of Karvuna)
1265:(in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 657.
1261:Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század)
522:the Bulgarians led by Simeon I and his father
1912:
705:s sought an alliance against the Bulgarians.
8:
1134:(5). Magyar Történelmi Társulat: 1025–1054.
199:Both states had numerous territorial changes
2535:Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School
385:In 1185, after the re-establishment of the
2707:Wars involving the Second Bulgarian Empire
1919:
1905:
1897:
1321:(1–2). Magyar Történelmi Társulat: 36–51.
675:In 948, a sudden turn of events compelled
555:were located to the north of Glad's duchy.
355:, or what is known today as north-western
140:
131:
2702:Wars involving the First Bulgarian Empire
1875:
1863:
1756:
1744:
1711:
1668:
800:in Hungary, Kaloyan invaded and captured
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1944:
1699:
1605:
1452:
546:
2540:Painting of the Tarnovo Artistic School
1839:
1617:
1464:
1381:
1107:Andreev, Jordan; Milcho Lalkov (1996).
796:between Emeric and his younger brother
772:occupied the region between the rivers
378:and conquered the eastern parts of the
1542:
1851:
1629:
1578:
1554:
1506:
1476:
1284:. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243.
7:
1887:
1827:
1800:
1768:
1732:
1680:
1641:
1593:
1518:
1491:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1022:defeated the Bulgarians in Vrchov.
899:s, who installed his first cousin,
471:In response, the Byzantine Emperor
409:Hungarian conquest (War of 894–896)
2411:Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin
460:ascended to the Bulgarian throne.
25:
487:), led by Árpád's son, Liüntika (
2674:
2662:
2437:Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander
2300:Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 854
2208:
2203:
2198:
1432:Legenda Saneti Gerhardi episcopi
1411:Legenda Saneti Gerhardi episcopi
749:as rulers instead of Géza's son
576:Hungarian warriors in Bulgaria (
291:
248:
228:
214:
34:
2485:Prominent writers and scholars:
539:) into the early 10th century.
45:needs additional citations for
1158:. Cambridge University Press.
968:, Stephen was re-installed as
425:, the Hungarians first raided
1:
2315:Battle of the Gates of Trajan
1109:The Bulgarian Khans and Tsare
1077:Hungarian occupation of Vidin
1400:History of Hungary, 955–1196
1240:Madgearu, Alexandru (2017).
660:lay near Hungary's borders.
1813:Érszegi & Solymosi 1981
1784:Érszegi & Solymosi 1981
1657:Érszegi & Solymosi 1981
1567:Érszegi & Solymosi 1981
1531:Érszegi & Solymosi 1981
1389:History of Hungary, 895–970
586:Constantine Porphyrogenetos
452:informed the Frankish king
2758:
2401:Uprising of Asen and Peter
1308:(in Hungarian). Athenaeum.
1180:. I.B. Tauris Publishers.
1089:Bulgaria-Hungary relations
371:and southwestern Ukraine.
339:Bulgarian Empires and the
69:"Bulgarian–Hungarian wars"
2657:
2570:Holy Forty Martyrs Church
2396:Uprising of Georgi Voyteh
1942:
1071:Conflicts in 14th century
765:Conflicts in 13th century
543:Conflicts in 10th century
242:
207:
150:
139:
2742:14th century in Bulgaria
2737:13th century in Bulgaria
2732:12th century in Bulgaria
2727:11th century in Bulgaria
2722:10th century in Bulgaria
2391:Uprising of Peter Delyan
2246:Bulgarian–Hungarian wars
2236:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
1353:Zsoldos, Attila (2007).
1338:. Koninklijke Brill NV.
1111:(in Bulgarian). Abagar.
1032:Michael VIII Palaiologos
933:entrusted his confidant
329:Bulgarian–Hungarian wars
135:Bulgarian–Hungarian Wars
18:Bulgarian-Hungarian Wars
2717:9th century in Bulgaria
2468:Preslav Literary School
2453:Early Cyrillic alphabet
2332:Second Bulgarian Empire
2285:Siege of Constantinople
2241:Croatian–Bulgarian wars
2143:Second Bulgarian Empire
1997:Second Bulgarian Empire
1936:Second Bulgarian Empire
1443:Venedikov, pp. 151–152.
1334:Spinei, Victor (2009).
1282:History of Transylvania
998:Voivode of Transylvania
958:Lawrence, son of Kemény
931:Stephen, Duke of Styria
718:, the grandson of Duke
636:The region between the
611:'s domain according to
345:Principality of Hungary
158:880–1380 AD (500 Years)
2712:Wars involving Hungary
2635:Archbishopric of Ohrid
2605:
2508:Constantine of Preslav
2438:
2423:
2305:Battle of Southern Buh
2273:First Bulgarian Empire
2261:Bulgarian–Serbian wars
2256:Bulgarian–Ottoman wars
2094:First Bulgarian Empire
1991:First Bulgarian Empire
1932:First Bulgarian Empire
1299:Pauler, Gyula (1899).
943:Battle of Kressenbrunn
918:
889:Rostislav Mikhailovich
880:
734:
603:
581:
556:
520:battle of Southern Buh
468:
429:. The following year,
418:
243:Commanders and leaders
2603:
2473:Ohrid Literary School
2436:
2422:
2349:Battle of Klokotnitsa
2325:Battle of Dyrrhachium
1878:, pp. 1050–1052.
1866:, pp. 1040–1046.
966:Ottokar II of Bohemia
878:
732:
663:It was a sign of the
595:
575:
550:
466:
416:
282:Constantine Tikh Asen
2529:Art and architecture
2443:Bulgarian literature
2364:Battle of Rusokastro
2344:Battle of Adrianople
2251:Bulgarian–Latin wars
1217:Fine, John V. A. Jr.
970:Duke of Transylvania
919:imperator Bulgarorum
782:Carpathian Mountains
458:Simeon I of Bulgaria
54:improve this article
2669:Bulgaria portal
2503:Chernorizets Hrabar
2463:Old Church Slavonic
2379:Battle of Nicopolis
2369:Battle of Chernomen
2290:Battle of Marcellae
2034:Great Boyar Council
1890:, pp. 181–183.
1771:, pp. 175–176.
1545:, pp. 145–146.
1479:, pp. 405–406.
1054:–Bulgarian nobles,
1036:unsuccessful attack
827:, who administered
770:Kaloyan of Bulgaria
670:Peter I of Bulgaria
435:Boris I of Bulgaria
317:Magister Laurentius
2681:History portal
2630:Bulgarian Orthodox
2606:
2518:Evtimiy of Tarnovo
2439:
2424:
2406:Uprising of Ivaylo
2359:Battle of Velbazhd
2320:Battle of Kleidion
2310:Battle of Achelous
2039:Council of Preslav
1979:Old Great Bulgaria
1422:Venedikov, p. 150.
1094:History of Hungary
1056:Darman and Kudelin
881:
735:
604:
596:The first page of
582:
557:
469:
419:
349:Kingdom of Hungary
234:Kingdom of Hungary
2689:
2688:
2652:
2651:
2448:Glagolitic script
2354:Battle of Skafida
2339:Battle of Tryavna
2192:Bulgarian economy
2187:Bulgarian coinage
1842:, pp. 94–98.
1632:, pp. 44–47.
1366:978-963-9627-15-4
1345:978-90-04-17536-5
1251:978-9-004-32501-2
1165:978-0-521-89452-4
1011:Battle of Isaszeg
1002:Alexander Karászi
846:Roman Catholicism
834:Banate of Severin
790:Emeric of Hungary
786:Pope Innocent III
367:and northwestern
325:
324:
203:
202:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2749:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2625:Eastern Orthodox
2620:Christianisation
2547:Famous examples:
2523:Gregory Tsamblak
2498:Clement of Ohrid
2374:Siege of Tarnovo
2295:Battle of Pliska
2212:
2207:
2202:
2170:Michael Shishman
2088:Important rulers
2018:(1337/1346–1413)
2012:(1371–1396/1422)
2010:Tsardom of Vidin
1999:(1185–1396/1422)
1945:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1645:
1639:
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1603:
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1456:
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1435:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1370:
1349:
1330:
1317:(in Hungarian).
1309:
1295:
1276:
1255:
1236:
1212:
1191:
1169:
1157:
1143:
1130:(in Hungarian).
1122:
1060:Stephen Dragutin
1016:Egidius Monoszló
950:Balkan Peninsula
599:Gesta Hungarorum
578:Chronicon Pictum
518:. In the bloody
431:Louis the German
387:Bulgarian Empire
353:Southeast Europe
295:
252:
232:
220:Bulgarian Empire
218:
152:
151:
144:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2615:Slavic Paganism
2598:
2550:
2531:
2513:John the Exarch
2488:
2458:Cyrillic script
2431:
2416:
2387:
2385:Major uprisings
2280:Battle of Ongal
2269:
2232:
2197:
2183:
2090:
2025:
1987:
1965:
1938:
1925:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1759:, p. 1038.
1755:
1751:
1747:, p. 1037.
1743:
1739:
1731:
1718:
1714:, p. 1036.
1710:
1706:
1698:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1671:, p. 1028.
1667:
1663:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1352:
1346:
1333:
1312:
1298:
1292:
1279:
1273:
1258:
1252:
1239:
1233:
1215:
1209:
1194:
1188:
1172:
1166:
1146:
1125:
1119:
1106:
1102:
1085:
1073:
989:Jacob Svetoslav
885:Michael II Asen
862:Vasil Zlatarski
767:
711:
691:after 952, the
545:
450:Prince Vladimir
411:
380:Pannonian Plain
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
284:
280:
275:
271:
266:
261:
257:
253:
238:
222:
195:
171:
169:Western Balkans
145:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2671:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2640:Roman Catholic
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Great Basilica
2557:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2481:
2480:
2478:Royal charters
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2427:
2425:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2224:Bulgarian navy
2221:
2219:Bulgarian army
2214:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2175:Ivan Alexander
2172:
2167:
2165:Konstantin Tih
2162:
2157:
2152:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2023:Administration
2021:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1880:
1876:Bácsatyai 2021
1868:
1864:Bácsatyai 2021
1856:
1854:, p. 107.
1844:
1832:
1830:, p. 179.
1817:
1815:, p. 161.
1805:
1803:, p. 177.
1788:
1786:, p. 159.
1773:
1761:
1757:Bácsatyai 2021
1749:
1745:Bácsatyai 2021
1737:
1735:, p. 174.
1716:
1712:Bácsatyai 2021
1704:
1702:, p. 248.
1685:
1683:, p. 161.
1673:
1669:Bácsatyai 2021
1661:
1659:, p. 155.
1646:
1644:, p. 159.
1634:
1622:
1620:, p. 193.
1610:
1608:, p. 206.
1598:
1596:, p. 129.
1583:
1581:, p. 387.
1571:
1569:, p. 139.
1559:
1547:
1535:
1533:, p. 131.
1523:
1521:, p. 102.
1511:
1509:, p. 383.
1496:
1481:
1469:
1467:, p. 657.
1457:
1455:, p. 207.
1445:
1436:
1424:
1415:
1403:
1392:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1350:
1344:
1331:
1310:
1296:
1290:
1277:
1271:
1256:
1250:
1237:
1231:
1213:
1207:
1192:
1186:
1170:
1164:
1144:
1123:
1117:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1024:Panyit Miskolc
978:pitched battle
927:Konstantin Tih
925:then a boyar,
870:Vasil Gyuzelev
854:Bogomer Ludány
832:province, the
766:
763:
739:Gavril Radomir
710:
707:
544:
541:
529:Boulgarophygon
427:Lower Pannonia
410:
407:
347:and later the
323:
322:
289:
245:
244:
240:
239:
237:
236:
225:
223:
213:
210:
209:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
191:
190:
189:
188:
185:
177:
173:
172:
166:
164:
160:
159:
156:
148:
147:
137:
136:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2754:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:Saint Theodor
2602:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:Boyana Church
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2267:Major battles
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1700:Madgearu 2017
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1606:Madgearu 2017
1602:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1557:, p. 95.
1556:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1494:, p. 55.
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1453:Madgearu 2017
1449:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1434:, p. 492–493.
1433:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1291:963-05-6703-2
1287:
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
41:
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2565:Round Church
2555:Madara Rider
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2160:Ivan Asen II
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1840:Zsoldos 2007
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1618:Makkai 1994b
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1465:Makkai 1994a
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1065:George Baksa
1044:Ladislaus IV
1041:
982:
964:in favor of
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842:Ivan Asen II
838:Lower Danube
829:Transylvania
814:
810:church union
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724:Transylvania
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677:Transylvania
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376:Transylvania
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208:Belligerents
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107:
97:
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64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2150:Ivan Asen I
2083:(1393–1396)
2077:(1393–1396)
2071:(1185–1393)
2029:Aristocracy
1974:South Slavs
1543:Spinei 2009
1020:Gregory Péc
939:Zala County
858:Denis Türje
852:was led by
709:War of 1003
501:Great Plain
194:Territorial
2696:Categories
2645:Bogomilism
2493:Saint Naum
2429:Literature
2065:(992–1018)
2043:Capitals:
1993:(681–1018)
1852:Engel 2001
1630:Senga 1988
1579:Curta 2006
1555:Engel 2001
1507:Curta 2006
1477:Curta 2006
1174:Engel, Pál
1100:References
935:Csák Hahót
788:that King
537:Maroskarna
527:routed at
110:March 2015
80:newspapers
2585:Baba Vida
2580:Tsarevets
2230:Conflicts
2075:Nicopolis
2059:(972–992)
2053:(893–972)
2047:(681–893)
1951:Military
1888:Fine 1994
1828:Fine 1994
1801:Fine 1994
1769:Fine 1994
1733:Fine 1994
1681:Fine 1994
1642:Fine 1994
1594:Fine 1994
1519:Fine 1994
1492:Fine 1994
1413:, p. 489.
1376:Footnotes
1327:0039-8098
1244:. BRILL.
1219:(1994) .
1140:0039-8098
1048:Elizabeth
1006:civil war
825:Duke Béla
794:civil war
751:Stephen I
553:Menumorut
512:Pechenegs
442:Svatopluk
423:Rastislav
395:Braničevo
306:Andrew II
302:Stephen I
269:Menumorut
2610:Tengrism
2596:Religion
2126:Simeon I
2101:Asparukh
1954:Culture
1315:Századok
1176:(2001).
1150:(2006).
1128:Századok
1083:See also
850:Székelys
802:Belgrade
776:and the
654:Belgrade
613:Anonymus
493:Silistra
485:Székelys
401:and the
391:Belgrade
369:Bulgaria
365:Moldavia
259:Simeon I
163:Location
2590:Cherven
2181:Economy
2155:Kaloyan
2131:Peter I
2121:Boris I
2116:Omurtag
2069:Tarnovo
2051:Preslav
1969:Bulgars
1930:on the
954:Bohemia
906:Tărnovo
901:Kaliman
866:Vlashko
806:Barancs
755:Hanadin
747:Koppány
658:Sirmium
580:, 1358)
524:Boris I
516:Etelköz
508:Preslav
489:Levente
481:Kurszán
403:Severin
361:Romania
320:Louis I
314:Stephen
310:Béla IV
255:Boris I
196:changes
94:scholar
2136:Samuel
2106:Tervel
2057:Skopje
2045:Pliska
1985:States
1963:Origin
1948:State
1928:Topics
1363:
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1184:
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1115:
1028:Pleven
986:Despot
962:Styria
798:Andrew
688:Bulcsú
656:, and
650:Orșova
562:gyulas
473:Leo VI
454:Arnulf
357:Serbia
343:, the
337:Second
273:Samuil
176:Result
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2081:Vidin
2063:Ohrid
1052:Cuman
923:Mitso
915:Latin
897:boyar
821:Siret
817:Vidin
774:Cerna
759:Vidin
743:Gyula
726:.
716:Ahtum
703:gyula
698:gyula
693:gyula
685:harka
681:gyula
665:gyula
646:gyula
638:Mureș
628:gyula
623:Bogát
620:gyula
567:gyula
477:Árpád
399:Vidin
333:First
298:Árpád
287:Gelou
285:Duke
278:Ahtum
276:Duke
267:Duke
262:Duke
101:JSTOR
87:books
2111:Krum
1934:and
1361:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1323:ISSN
1286:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1182:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1136:ISSN
1113:ISBN
911:Tsar
745:and
720:Glad
642:Tisa
609:Glad
479:and
335:and
327:The
264:Glad
155:Date
73:news
1319:122
1303:II.
1132:155
974:Lom
945:).
778:Olt
679:'s
495:).
56:by
2698::
1820:^
1791:^
1776:^
1719:^
1688:^
1649:^
1586:^
1499:^
1484:^
996:,
917::
891:,
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652:,
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531:.
405:.
397:,
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1920:e
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117:(
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108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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