663:, but with a different appearance. The premaxilla is not preserved, but the remaining portion of the maxilla forms most of the side of the snout, exhibiting a rugose surface anteriorly and reaching the dorsal limit below the dorsomedially positioned nasal boss. The paired nasals do not have a large exposure on the skull roof, and the anterior portion is not preserved. The prefrontal is a large bone forming the anterodorsal and dorsal margins of the orbit, and above the orbit, it forms a prominent supraorbital boss, thinning anteriorly and extending to the lateral side of the skull as far as the nasal boss. The lacrimal has a large exposure anterior to the orbit, with a prominent rectangular fossa on its anterodorsal side bordering the prefrontal dorsally and the maxilla anteriorly. The zygomatic arch is thick and poorly defined, with unclear sutural contacts between the elements. The postorbital is narrow when viewed from the side, and its sutural borders are unclear. The moderately complete skull and lower jaw of Bullacephalus provide valuable information about its morphology and classification. The position of the temporal opening, posteroventral to the orbit, is a common feature among therapsids, and the presence of three pachyostosis bony bosses is a distinguishing characteristic of Burnetiamorpha. The rugose surface of the anterior portion of the maxilla suggests that Bullacephalus may have had a powerful bite. The nasal boss and the prominent supraorbital boss of the prefrontal are also notable features of Bullacephalus' skull, which may have served as attachment points for powerful jaw muscles. The rectangular fossa on the anterodorsal side of the lacrimal is another interesting feature of Bullacephalus' skull. This fossa may have been a site of attachment for the lacrimal gland. Alternatively, it may have been a site of attachment for muscles that control the opening and closing of the eye.The poor definition of the zygomatic arch and the unclear sutural borders of the postorbital are areas where further study is needed. These features may provide additional clues about the evolutionary relationships between Bullacephalus and other therapsids. Despite the missing anterior portions of the snout and lower jaw, the moderately complete skull and lower jaw of Bullacephalus are still valuable specimens for understanding the morphology and classification of this unique therapsid. Further study of Bullacephalus and other Burnetiamorpha will undoubtedly shed more light on the evolutionary history of therapsids and the complex ecosystems in which they lived.
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The specimen of
Bullacephalus is a moderately complete skull and lower jaw, with some missing anterior portions of the snout and lower jaw and badly weathered left side and skull roof posterior to the pineal foramen. The temporal opening is situated posteroventral to the orbit, and three pachyostosis
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and other therapsids, its placement within the
Burnetiamorpha suborder has shed some light on its evolutionary history. The Burnetiamorpha were a group of therapsids that appeared during the late Permian period and were widespread across Gondwana, the southern supercontinent that included present-day
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was discovered, has been an important site for therapsid fossils, but much of the area remains unexplored. Further discoveries in this region and other areas around the world may provide new insights into the evolution and diversification of therapsids, as well as other groups of extinct animals.
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can even be characterized as having a, “skull moderately to greatly pachyostotic; swollen boss present above the postorbital bar formed by the postfrontal and postorbital; deep linear sculpturing of the snout; exclusion of the jugal from the lateral temporal fenestra” (Day et al., 2016). These
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helping researchers understand the basic morphology. This specific therapsid could be distinguished by the short snout, septomaxilla, and has a short facial exposure between nasal and maxilla, along with many other skull characteristics. Its unique morphology, particularly its short snout and
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is one of the most enigmatic members of this group, and its discovery has raised questions about the biogeography and evolutionary history of the
Burnetiamorpha. (Liu, J., Rubidge, B., & Li, J., 2009). Further research into the morphology, phylogenetics, and ecology of
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has helped to refine the taxonomic classification of therapsids. Prior to its discovery, there was uncertainty regarding the relationship between different groups of therapsids, particularly the
Burnetiamorpha and the Biarmosuchia. However, the distinctive features of
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comes from the Latin words "bullatus," meaning "bossed" or "knobbed," and "cephalus," meaning "head." This name refers to the distinctive bony knob on the top of the therapsid's skull, which contributes to the history of this genus. This stem based taxon includes
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rocks in South Africa are well-known for their abundant Permo-Triassic therapsid fossils, which have allowed for biostratigraphic subdivision of the group into eight assemblage zones. In 1993, during fieldwork for biostratigraphic research in the lower
Beaufort
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Day, M. O., Smith, R. M., Benoit, J., Fernandez, V., & Rubidge, B. S. (2018). A new species of burnetiid (Therapsida, Burnetiamorpha) from the early wuchiapingian of South Africa and implications for the evolutionary ecology of the family
Burnetiidae.
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has generated considerable interest among paleontologists due to its unique morphology and uncertain taxonomic classification. It is a part of the
Burnetiamorpha suborder. Currently, the
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Day, M., Rubidge, B., & Abdala, F. (2016). A new mid-permian burnetiamorph therapsid from the main Karoo Basin of South Africa and a phylogenetic review of
Burnetiamorpha.
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Smith, R. M., Rubidge, B. S., & Sidor, C. A. (2006). A new burnetiid (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Upper
Permian of South Africa and its biogeographic implications.
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These discoveries will also help to refine our understanding of the history of life on Earth and the processes that have shaped the diversity of organisms that exist today.
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has also highlighted the importance of continued exploration and excavation in areas that have yielded few therapsid fossils. The Beaufort Group of South Africa, where
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Therapsids have spongy bone skull roof, palatal process of premaxilla are long, diverticulum of naris adding them to the Burnetiamorph. Furthermore, the discovery of
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SIDOR, Christian. (2003). The Naris and palate of Lycaenodon longiceps (Therapsida: BIARMOSUCHIA), with comments on their early evolution in the Therapsida.
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Kammerer, C., & Sidor, C. (2020). A new burnetiid from the mid-permian of zambia and a reanalysis of Burnetiamorph Relationships (project).
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This species is known from a complete skull and lower jaw that was discovered during the fieldwork of the Lower Beaufort group in the southern
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Sidor, C. A., Hopson, J. A., & Keyser, A. W. (2004). A new burnetiamorph therapsid from the Teekloof Formation, Permian, of South Africa.
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Rubidge, B. S., & Kitching, J. W. (2003). A new burnetiamorph (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Lower Beaufort Group of South Africa.
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and other Burnetiamorpha will likely continue to yield insights into the evolution of therapsids and the complex history of life on Earth.
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problems than the one identified. If this material is in the proposed rewrite and cannot be easily removed, the rewrite may not be usable.
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Rubidge, B.S.; Kitching, J.W. (2003). "A new burnetiamorph (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Lower Beaufort Group of South Africa".
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suggest that it is a member of the Burnetiamorpha, and provides a bridge between this group and the Biarmosuchia. The discovery of
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Kruger, Ashley; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Abdala, Fernando; Chindebvu, Elizabeth Gomani; Jacobs, Louis L. (2015-10-29).
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was named in 2003. It is known from a relatively complete skull and lower jaw, discovered in the
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septomaxilla, have led researchers to speculate about its feeding habits and ecological niche.
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Kruger, A., Rubidge, B. S., Abdala, F., Chindebvu, E. G., & Jacobs, L. L. (2015).
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from South Africa. (Kruger et al., 2015). Some researchers have suggested that
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indicates its phylogenetic position as the most basal anomodont.
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indicates its phylogenetic position as the most basal anomodont"
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Liu, J., Rubidge, B., & Li, J. (2009). A new specimen of
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Sidor, C. A., & Welman, J. (2003). A second specimen of
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-4983.00294
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-4983.00294
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Despite the limited amount of fossil material available,
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Africa, South America, Australia, India, and Antarctica.
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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Day, Michael; Rubidge, Bruce; Abdala, Fernando (2016).
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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Rubidge, Bruce S.; Kitching, James W. (January 2003).
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Rubidge, Bruce S.; Kitching, James W. (January 2003).
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Liu, Jun; Rubidge, Bruce; Li, Jinling (2009-07-29).
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249:period, approximately 250 million years ago.
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1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1652:
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1637:
1636:Bullacephalus
1633:
1629:
1624:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1590:
1583:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1557:
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1555:Pembecephalus
1552:
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1542:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1531:
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1524:
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1517:
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1513:Leucocephalus
1510:
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1503:
1501:
1500:
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1399:
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1388:Hipposauridae
1385:
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1366:
1364:
1363:
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1298:Nikkasauridae
1295:
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1281:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
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1252:Herpetoskylax
1249:
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1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:Palaeontology
1015:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
974:
973:Lende chiweta
965:
962:
956:
951:
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939:
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931:
927:
923:
921:
912:
909:
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883:Palaeontology
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873:
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839:
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829:
824:
820:
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811:Palaeontology
805:
802:
791:
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783:
780:
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772:
769:
765:
761:
757:
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749:Palaeontology
746:
743:
739:
736:
732:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
710:
706:
702:
701:lende chiweta
698:
695:
691:
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684:
680:
675:
674:
673:
672:
671:
670:
666:
664:
662:
658:
649:
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636:
635:Bullacephalus
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:Bullacephalus
604:
600:
599:Bullacephalus
592:
590:
588:
587:Bullacephalus
583:
582:Bullacephalus
578:
577:Bullacephalus
574:
570:
566:
561:
557:
549:
547:
544:
543:Bullacephalus
540:
539:Bullacephalus
536:
535:Bullacephalus
531:
530:Bullacephalus
526:
525:Bullacephalus
522:
517:
516:Bullacephalus
499:
489:
482:
478:
472:
468:
461:
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437:
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221:
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217:biarmosuchian
214:
210:
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196:
194:
185:
182:
181:Binomial name
178:
174:
173:
167:
164:
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159:
153:
152:
151:Bullacephalus
145:
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138:
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41:
36:
32:
26:
25:Bullacephalus
22:
19:
1635:
1560:
1553:
1548:Paraburnetia
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1451:Lemurosaurus
1449:
1442:
1435:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1374:
1369:Ivantosaurus
1367:
1360:
1340:
1335:Biarmosuchus
1333:
1313:
1306:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1259:Ictidorhinus
1257:
1250:
1243:
1231:Biarmosuchia
1206:Biarmosuchia
1204:
1180:Biarmosuchia
1132:
1123:
1095:Biarmosuchia
1021:
1017:
1007:
982:
978:
972:
964:
929:
925:
919:
911:
886:
882:
872:
845:
841:
831:
814:
810:
804:
789:
785:
778:
774:
767:
763:
759:
752:
748:
741:
734:
730:
723:
719:
715:
708:
704:
700:
693:
689:
682:
678:
653:
634:
630:
627:Paraburnetia
626:
622:
618:
615:Lemurosaurus
614:
610:
606:
598:
596:
586:
581:
576:
572:
568:
553:
542:
538:
534:
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521:Ictidorhinus
520:
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501:}}
495:{{
491:}}
485:{{
448:
413:
409:
391:
382:and must be
354:
330:
311:
291:
275:page history
265:
247:Late Permian
243:South Africa
232:Late Permian
227:
207:
206:
205:
192:
187:
171:
170:
150:
149:
124:Biarmosuchia
104:
91:
31:Late Permian
24:
18:
1562:Proburnetia
1541:Pachydectes
1534:Niuksenitia
1483:Burnetiidae
1472:Lophorhinus
1405:Hipposaurus
1308:Nikkasaurus
1245:Alrausuchus
661:Proburnetia
643:Anomadontia
639:Biarmoschia
631:Pachydectes
623:Lophorhinus
573:Proburnetia
228:B. jacksoni
224:Burnetiidae
137:Burnetiidae
1735:Categories
1527:Nierkoppia
1492:Bondoceras
1376:Kamagorgon
1266:Lycaenodon
1189:see below↓
1137:Therapsida
667:References
384:verifiable
220:therapsids
117:Suborder:
111:Therapsida
1520:Mobaceras
1465:Lobalopex
1273:Rubidgina
1168:Synapsida
1153:Synapsida
1128:Synapsida
1111:Kingdom:
1038:0031-0239
999:0272-4634
946:0962-8452
903:0031-0239
864:0567-7920
619:Lobalopex
514:The name
435:yourself.
165:Species:
98:Synapsida
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
1665:10669936
1651:Q4996667
1645:Wikidata
1611:Category
1506:Burnetia
1444:Isengops
1119:Chordata
1117:Phylum:
1113:Animalia
657:Burnetia
611:Burnetia
593:Taxonomy
569:Burnetia
130:Family:
85:Chordata
81:Phylum:
75:Animalia
61:Domain:
1704:4128239
1691:1250735
1678:4817726
1315:Reiszia
955:2842672
479:}} ~~~~
318:deleted
237:of the
190:†
169:†
143:Genus:
1717:335884
1036:
997:
952:
944:
901:
862:
629:, and
483:Place
469:. ~~~~
1686:IRMNG
1458:Lende
1280:Ustia
1133:Clade
1124:Clade
556:Karoo
286:, or
213:genus
105:Clade
92:Clade
1673:GBIF
1166:see
1034:ISSN
995:ISSN
942:ISSN
899:ISSN
860:ISSN
659:and
571:and
402:and
158:2003
1660:EoL
1026:doi
987:doi
950:PMC
934:doi
930:277
891:doi
850:doi
819:doi
768:277
241:of
215:of
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