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who came several times to the help and the conquest of the Holy Land, in the honor of the son of the Virgin Mary and of all the
Christian people. And the said Arghun informs the King of France as his brother that he himself and his army are ready and equipped to go to the conquest of the Holy Land and to be together with the King of France in this rightful service.
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Buscarel made multiple other trips back and forth between the
Ilkhanate and Europe, acting as an ambassador for various Mongol rulers in turn. He represented Ghazan in 1303, carrying a message which reiterated Hulagu's promise that the Mongols would give Jerusalem to the Franks in exchange for help
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First of all, Arghun informs the King of France as a brother that, in all parts of the Orient among the
Tartars, the Saracens and any other people, the greatness, power and faithfulness of the Kingdom of France has a certain renown, as well as the King of France, his Barons and his powerful Knights,
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If you send your warriors as promised and conquer Egypt, worshipping the sky, then I shall give you
Jerusalem. If any of our warriors arrive later than arranged, all will be futile and no one will benefit. If you care to please give me your impressions, and I would also be very willing to accept any
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sent letters to King Philip IV of France, the Pope, and Edward I of
England, again through an embassy by Buscarel, who himself wrote a translation of Oljeitu's letter. The message explained that internal conflicts between the Mongols were over, and promised the delivery of 100,000 horses to the
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And I, Buscarel, in respect to this message from Arghun, say that if you, King of France, come in person to accomplish this rightful service, Arghun will bring with him two
Christian Georgian kings under his lordship, who will be able to bring with them more than 20,000 horsemen.
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Crusaders upon their arrival in the Holy Land. Also, as had the previous
Ilkhanate rulers, Oljeitu offered a military collaboration between the Christian nations of Europe and the Mongols against the Mamluks, but again, the attempts at forming an alliance were unsuccessful.
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I also say that, since Arghun has heard that it was very difficult for the King of France and his Barons to bring with them across the sea all the horses needed for their knights and their men, the King of France will receive from Arghun 20,000 to 30,000 horses as a gift.
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Similarly, if you, King of France, so desires, Arghun will have all Turkey (Seljoukid
Anatolia) prepare for you and for this rightful service animal meats, oxen, cows and camels, grains and flour, and any other available food according to your wish and
219:
Buscarel then travelled to
England to bring Arghun's message to Edward I, arriving in London on 5 January 1290. Edward answered enthusiastically to the project, but deferred the decision about the date to the Pope, failing to make a clear commitment.
175:), saying that if the warriors of Il Khaan invade Egypt you would support them. We would also lend our support by going there at the end of the Tiger year's winter , worshipping the sky, and settle in Damascus in the early spring .
134:, are known to have played similar roles at the Mongol court, as hundreds of Western adventurers entered into the service of Mongol rulers. Buscarel's journey was the third attempt by Arghun to form an alliance with the Europeans.
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The 1305 letter of
Oljeitu brought by Buscarello to King Philip IV of France. The translation by Buscarel was written on the back. This huge roll measures 302 by 50 centimetres (9.91 ft Ă— 1.64 ft)
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I send this to you by Myckeril and say: All will be known by the power of the sky and the greatness of kings. This letter was scribed on the sixth of the early summer in the year of the Ox at Ho’ndlon."
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Under the power of the eternal sky, the message of the great king, Arghun, to the king of France..., said: I have accepted the word that you forwarded by the messengers under Saymer Sagura (
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against the Muslim Mamluks. In 1303, the Mongols did attempt to invade Syria in great strength (about 80,000 troops), but were defeated at Homs on 30 March 1303, and at the decisive
164:, dated 1289. The seal is that of the Great Khan, with Chinese script "輔國安民之寶", meaning "Seal of the upholder of the State and the purveyor of peace to the People".
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Buscarel was in Rome between 15 July and 30 September 1289, and in Paris in November–December 1289. Via Buscarel, Arghun informed the European nobles, such as King
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family. The first mention of him is in 1274, in relation to the arming of a galley. The next is from 1279, which records that he was in the city of
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if they would come to the Holy Land. Arghun also promised that he would deliver Jerusalem to the Europeans if Egypt was successfully conquered:
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between the Mongols and the Europeans against the Muslims, but despite many back-and-forth communications, the attempts were never successful.
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Buscarello also remitted to Philip a memorandum in French describing the details of the proposed combined action:
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Little is known of Buscarello except for his work as an ambassador, and that he was a member of the powerful
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After his meeting with Edward, Buscarello returned to Persia, accompanied by the English envoy
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Handwritten translation by Buscarello de Ghizolfi of the 1305 letter of the Mongol ruler
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59:. He was a Mongol ambassador to Europe from 1289 to 1305, serving the Mongol rulers
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Buscarello had a son, Argone de Ghizolfi, whom he named "Arghun" after his patron.
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sent a mission to Europe, with Buscarel as ambassador. Other adventurers, such as
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Letter from Arghun to Philippe le Bel. Dated 11 May 1289. France royal archives
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samples of French opulence that you care to burden your messengers with.
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Letter of Arghun to King Philip IV, with detail, in the
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in the 13th century while it was part of the Mongol
388:"Histoire des Croisades III", René Grousset, p.713.
307:I conti dell’ambasciata al chan di Persia nel 1292
561:Buscarello de Ghizolfi (article by Jean Richard)
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71:. The goal of the communications was to form a
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214:Memorandum from Buscarel to Philippe le Bel.
311:Atti della SocietĂ Ligure di Storia Patria
520:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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470:Histoire des Croisades III, 1188-1291
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492:The Mongols and the West: 1221-1410
251:In April 1305, Ghazan's successor
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415:Mostaert and Cleaves, pp. 56-57,
51:, was a European who settled in
581:13th-century Italian diplomats
472:(in French). Editions Perrin.
313:Vol. 13, 1877-84, pp. 539-590.
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518:The Crusades, c. 1071-c. 1291
287:, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6, pg. 569.
537:Histoire de l'Empire Mongol
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586:Christians of the Crusades
448:Editions Payot&Rivages
162:classical Mongolian script
596:People from the Ilkhanate
576:13th-century Italian Jews
379:Quoted in Grousset, p.712
166:French National Archives.
535:Roux, Jean-Paul (1993).
367:August 8, 2007, at the
225:Sir Geoffrey de Langley
281:Buscarello de Ghizolfi
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73:Franco-Mongol alliance
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539:(in French). Fayard.
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279:Jean Richard (1990) “
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343:Peter Jackson, p.178
285:Encyclopædia Iranica
128:Tommaso Ugi di Siena
111:("Quiver carrier").
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591:13th-century births
352:Jean Richard, p.468
143:Edward I of England
139:Philip IV of France
49:Buscarel of Gisolfe
39:Philip IV of France
18:Buscarel of Gisolfe
422:2008-04-04 at the
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118:Ambassador
173:Bar Sauma
151:Crusaders
122:In 1289,
105:his guard
79:Biography
67:and then
57:Ilkhanate
516:(1999).
490:(2005).
468:(1935).
442:(2007).
420:Archived
365:Archived
212:—
209:request.
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85:Ghisolfi
37:to King
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253:Oljeitu
109:Qortchi
101:Officer
69:Oljeitu
35:Oljeitu
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362:Source
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97:Arghun
65:Ghazan
61:Arghun
53:Persia
260:Notes
541:ISBN
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141:and
130:and
89:Ayas
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