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planning, land management, volunteer support or through employment of bush regeneration practitioners. In NSW the level of coordination of bush regeneration programs through local governments is high, although in some other areas at present a lack of coordination is a serious concern in bush regeneration on public land, with only 40% of councils liaising with other councils. In such areas there may be a need for strategic management at a regional scale through
Natural Resource Management Boards or non government organisations such as
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137:, which are involved in bushcare programs across wider areas. There is increasing interest in using species traits and the grouping of species by their traits into functional types to both predict plant community responses to environmental change and to address hypothesis about the mechanisms underlying these responses.
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herbivory can be just as important, depending on the ecosystem being restored. In recent years research and on-ground management has begun to recognize the importance of ecosystem processes rather ecosystem composition and structure and research into other ways of facilitating native plant recruitment is increasing.
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The aim of their work was to clear small niches adjacent to healthy native vegetation such that the each area will regenerate from in-situ soil seed banks or be re-colonised and stabilised by the regeneration of native plants, replacing an area previously occupied by weeds. The
Bradley method follows
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approach by encouraging the native vegetation to self-reestablish. The
Bradleys used their method to successfully clear weeds from a 16 hectares (40 acres) reserve in Ashton Park, part of Sydney Harbour National Park, NSW. The process demonstrated that, following a period of consecutive 'follow up'
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Invasive plant species are often the greatest threat to remnant vegetation, and therefore bush regeneration is closely associated with weed abatement activities. Weed management as one aim of bush regeneration, is used to increase native plant recruitment. The management of factors such as fire and
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The increased awareness and consideration of
Australia's biodiversity by citizens has incrementally increased pressure on local governments to adopt conservation programs for remnant vegetation on council land. Most peri urban councils now have some involvement in bush regeneration, either through
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takes the pressure off the natives under favourable conditions. Native seeds and spores are ready in the ground and the natural environment favours plants that have evolved in it. The balance is tipped back towards regeneration. Keep it that way, by always working where the strongest area of bush
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in modern bush regeneration is a notable deviation from the ideals of the
Bradley sisters. In addition, rather than 'minimal disturbance', a more favoured and ecologically sound trend since the 1990s has been towards more 'appropriate disturbance' as many Australian plant communities require some
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The aim of bush regeneration, also known as 'natural area restoration', is to restore and maintain ecosystem health by facilitating the natural regeneration of indigenous flora, this is usually achieved by selectively reducing the competitive interaction with invasive species, or mitigation of
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to disturbance is evident, enabling regenerators to clear weed in a fairly extensive manner to trigger rainforest recovery. This is borne out by a thriving rainforest regeneration industry in northern NSW Australia, modelled on the pioneering work of John
Stockard at
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The adoption of minimal disturbance bush regeneration increased in the decades that followed the work of the
Bradleys. Their principles have guided bushcare programs in Australia, although the inclusion of
206:) and this should be taken into consideration with bush regeneration, for example by not clearing invasive species until adequate habitat alternatives have been established nearby with native vegetation.
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Problems can occur when insufficient follow-up is conducted as the success of bush regeneration is dependent on allowing the native vegetation to regenerate in the area where weeds have been removed.
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level of perturbation to trigger germination from long-buried seed banks. This has led to a range of additional disturbance-based techniques (such as burns and
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developed a series of weed control techniques through a process of trial and error. Their work was the beginning of minimal disturbance bush regeneration in
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129:(Stockard 1991, Stockard 1999). The rule of thumb in all cases is to constrain clearing to that area that matches the project's follow up resources.
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of remnant vegetation areas, such as through the minimisation of negative disturbances, both exogenous such as exotic weeds and endogenous such as
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treatments of diminishing time requirement, subsequent maintenance was needed only once or twice a year, mainly in vulnerable spots such as
38:. It may also attempt to recreate conditions of pre-European arrival, for example by simulating endogenous disturbances such as fire. Bush
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and introducing species into an area where soil, water, or fire regimes have shifted the type of plant appropriate to the area (e.g. a
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Prober; Thiele (2005). "Restoring
Australia's temperate grasslands and grassy woodlands: integrating function and diversity".
116:) being included in the regenerator's 'tool kit' in dry forest and grassland areas. Field experience has found that, even in
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The original
Bradley method of bush regeneration focuses on facilitating native plant recruitment from the
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minimise disturbance to the natural conditions (e.g. minimise soil disturbance and off-target damage).
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don't overclear, let the regenerative ability of the bush set the pace of clearance (Bradley 1988).
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Stenhouse (2004). "Local government conservation and management of native bushland in
Australia".
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in an area by providing conditions conducive to the recruitment and survival of native plants.
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Currently the term 'bush regeneration' includes activities other than weed removal, such as
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which provide regeneration potential to expand these areas and reclaim areas as bushland.
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Recovery Plan for the Southern Brown Bandicoot in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia
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The priority securing of the best quality vegetation aids in preserving areas of top
495:. Adelaide: Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia. Archived from
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558:"The Bradley Method of Eliminating Exotic Plants From Natural Reserves"
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Biography - Eileen Burton Bradley - Australian Dictionary of Biography
400:"Plant traits as predictors of performance in ecological restoration"
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303:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
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Organisations offering community training in bush regeneration
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Weed species can be important habitat for native fauna (e.g.
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banks, roadsides, and clearings, to be maintained weed-free.
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Reserves where volunteer groups undertake bush regeneration
537:. Invasive Plants Association of Wisconsin. Archived from
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negative influences such as weeds or erosion. See also
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Weeding a little at a time from the bush towards the
528:"The Bradley Method for Control of Invasive Plants"
323:. Redfern: The Open Training and Education Network.
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Bush Regeneration: Recovering Australian Landscapes
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451:(1). Ecological Society of Australia: 16–27.
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228:Campbelltown Council, NSW, Streamcare Group
42:attempts to protect and enhance the floral
16:Type of ecological restoration in Australia
432:. National Trust of Australia (NSW). 1986.
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385:"The Regeneration of Wingham Brush, NSW"
234:Chapter, California Native Plant Society
418:– via British ecological society.
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567:. California Exotic Pest Plant Council
556:Fuller, T.C.; G.D. Barbe (Fall 1997).
445:Ecological Management and Restoration
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486:Haby, Nerisa; Long, Kirsten (2005).
297:"Bradley, Eileen Burton (1911–1976)"
349:(2). Springer Scientific: 209–222.
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624:Nature conservation in Australia
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457:10.1111/j.1442-8903.2005.00215.x
416:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00762.x
278:Local Council bushcare programs
266:Mermaid Pool, Manly Vale Sydney
430:Conservation of Urban Bushland
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251:George Kendall Riverside Park
170:or sowing seeds, as follows:
67:. The Bradley method urges a
535:Plants out of Place (pp 5-6)
319:Buchanan, Robin A. (1989).
84:secure the best areas first
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474:. Sydney: Lansdowne Press.
404:Journal of Applied Ecology
355:10.1007/s00267-004-0231-6
198:is important habitat for
398:Pywell, Richard (2003).
343:Environmental Management
256:Whites Creek (Annandale)
204:southern brown bandicoot
179:meets the weakest weeds.
80:three main principles,
24:natural area restoration
240:, Queensland, Australia
213:List of bushcare groups
166:, rather than planting
61:Joan and Eileen Bradley
629:Ecological restoration
472:Bringing back the bush
470:Bradley, Joan (1988).
261:Puckeys Estate Reserve
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32:ecological restoration
26:, is the term used in
619:Ecological techniques
565:CALEPPC News (pp 7-8)
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238:Wild Mountains Trust
59:In the early 1960s
517:Further references
20:Bush regeneration
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22:, a form of
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613:Categories
571:2006-09-06
548:2006-09-06
506:2010-01-01
284:References
196:blackberry
185:replanting
122:resilience
118:rainforest
272:Australia
232:San Diego
168:seedlings
158:Technique
120:areas, a
109:herbicide
28:Australia
363:15559945
202:and the
164:seedbank
141:Purposes
30:for the
371:8458760
50:History
36:erosion
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561:(PDF)
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500:(PDF)
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367:S2CID
200:wrens
176:weeds
74:creek
359:PMID
453:doi
412:doi
351:doi
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