2872:
2282:
232:
1717:
1299:
137:
2294:
2306:
2270:
1311:
1705:
1693:
532:, a middle subzone characterized by the "classic" zone fauna which was already well-established, and an upper zone with reduced diversity. This informal three-part subdivision scheme was later labelled with letters (as subzones A, B, and C from oldest to youngest) until it was formalized with robust
809:
Subzone (Subzone B) is the thickest and historically the most well-studied portion of the
Assemblage Zone. It is primarily exposed in the Eastern Cape south of Lesotho. Subzone B reaches up to 500 m thick at the stratotype between Queenstown and Lady Frere, thinning northwards until it disappears
4277:
Ottone, Eduardo G.; Monti, Mariana; Marsicano, Claudia A.; de la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Naipauer, Maximiliano; Armstrong, Richard; Mancuso, Adriana C. (2014-12-01). "A new Late
Triassic age for the Puesto Viejo Group (San Rafael depocenter, Argentina): SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating and biostratigraphic
798:. Although the subzone thickens further south (to up to 100 m) towards Aliwal North, fossils diminish in abundance. Sediments of Subzone A are likely present in the Eastern Cape, though a lack of sufficient fossil material prevents it from being distinguished from younger strata.
3472:
Rubidge, Bruce S.; Day, Michael O.; Barbolini, Natasha; Hancox, P. John; Choiniere, Jonah N.; Bamford, Marion K.; Viglietti, Pia A.; McPhee, Blair W.; Jirah, Sifelani (2016), "Advances in
Nonmarine Karoo Biostratigraphy: Significance for Understanding Basin Development",
3384:
Abdala, Fernando; Hancox, P. John; Neveling, Johann (2005-03-11). "Cynodonts from the
Uppermost Burgersdorp Formation, South Africa, and their bearing on the biostratigraphy and correlation of the TriassicCynognathusAssemblage Zone".
525:
In the mid-1990s, new discoveries of additional outcrops presented the possibility that the
Cynognathus Assemblage Zone could be subdivided further. A 1995 paper split it into three subzones: a lower subzone characterized by
4024:
Abdala, Fernando; Marsicano, Claudia A.; Smith, Roger M.H.; Swart, Roger (2013-04-01). "Strengthening
Western Gondwanan correlations: A Brazilian Dicynodont (Synapsida, Anomodontia) in the Middle Triassic of Namibia".
3788:
Botha-Brink, Jennifer; Smith, Roger M. H. (November 2011). "Osteohistology of the
Triassic archosauromorphs such as Prolacerta, Proterosuchus, Euparkeria, and Erythrosuchus from the Karoo Basin of South Africa".
2860:, which has been applied in a global context. These formations may be late Anisian in age, a suggestion supported by radiometric dating which positions the Upper Ermaying Formation at around 244 Ma.
2685:
Assemblage Zone is considered to have been emplaced from approximately 249 to 244 Ma, in the later part of the Early
Triassic and early part of the Middle Triassic. Based on the presence of
3675:"Confirmation of the occurrence of Cynognathus Zone (Kannemeyeria-Diademodon Assemblage-zone) deposits (uppermost Beaufort Group) in the northeastern Orange Free State, South Africa"
1108:
Subzone (Subzone C) is the youngest subzone, and has the most restricted exposures and fossil content. Its base is defined by the first appearance of the trirachodontid
3774:
3659:
3455:
3749:"Re-evaluation of the postcranial skeleton of the Triassic dicynodont Kannemeyria simocephalus from the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (Subzone B) of South Africa"
4187:
CRUICKSHANK, A. R. I. (June 1965). "On a specimen of the
Anomodont reptile Kannemeyeria latifrons (Broom) from the Manda Formation of Tanganyika, Tanzania".
4078:
Abdala, Fernando; Smith, Roger M. H. (2009-09-12). "A Middle
Triassic cynodont fauna from Namibia and its implications for the biogeography of Gondwana".
877:
is the common denominator, with its fossils found throughout Subzones A – C, confirming its place as the index taxon of the biozone as a whole. The large
2797:. These formations are often considered early Anisian in age (earliest Middle Triassic, about 247 Ma). However, there is some debate over their age; one
3981:
Hancox, P.J; Rubidge, B.S (2001-01-01). "Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group".
3916:"Guttigomphus avilionis gen. et sp. nov., a trirachodontid cynodont from the upper Cynognathus Assemblage Zone, Burgersdorp Formation of South Africa"
4134:"Updated geology and vertebrate paleontology of the Triassic Ntawere Formation of northeastern Zambia, with special emphasis on the archosauromorphs"
4558:
3704:
Botha, Jennifer; Chinsamy, Anusuya (2001-01-19). "Growth patterns deduced from the bone histology of the cynodonts Diademodon and Cynognathus".
1128:
still persist, though they are far more rare than in the previous subzone. Other species with utility for correlation include the temnospondyl
2905:
2786:
2732:
Subzone is correlated with a wide variety of geological formations. Similar cynodont and dicynodont species are known from the Lower
3490:
3597:
4491:"The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriforms"
794:
near Bethlehem, it reaches around 50 m in thickness. Exposures of this subzone rapidly decrease to the east, disappearing around
3832:
Sobral, Gabriela; Sookias, Roland B.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Smith, Roger; Butler, Richard J.; Müller, Johannes (2016-07-01).
3105:"Researches on the Structure, Organization, and Classification of the Fossil Reptilia. Part IX., Section 4. On the Gomphodontia"
4568:
3834:"New information on the braincase and inner ear of Euparkeria capensis Broom: implications for diapsid and archosaur evolution"
3064:"Researches on the Structure, Organisation, and Classification of the Fossil Reptilia. Part IX., Section 1. On the Therosuchia"
2805:
to around 236 Ma (early Carnian), much younger than previously suggested purely based on tetrapod biostratigraphy. The classic
873:
is far more common than trirachodontids. However, by the contact with Subzone C, trirachodontids had become the dominant taxa.
926:
have been uncovered from limited areas corresponding to Subzones B - C. Aquatic life is well represented: numerous species of
4573:
4563:
189:
4446:
Liu, Jun; Ramezani, Jahandar; Li, Lu; Shang, Qing-Hua; Xu, Guang-Hui; Wang, Yan-Yin; Yang, Jia-Sheng (January 2018).
4448:"High-precision temporal calibration of Middle Triassic vertebrate biostratigraphy: U-Pb zircon constraints for the
2857:
2813:
4490:
3717:
3398:
3361:
Keyser, A. W. (1979). A review of the biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group in the Karoo Basin of South Africa.
332:
Assemblage Zone is the youngest of the eight biozones found in the Beaufort Group, and is considered to be late
4226:
Seeley, 1894 (Therapsida: Cynodontia) in the Triassic of South America and its biostratigraphic implications".
736:
518:
one in his revision of the biozones in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1995, he formalized the biozone under the name "
2895:
1060:
507:
divisions were approved by paleontologists of the time and were left largely unchanged for several decades.
3632:
Merrill, van der Walt; Michael, Day; Bruce, Rubidge; K., Cooper, Antony; Inge, Netterberg (December 2010).
3428:
Merrill, van der Walt; Michael, Day; Bruce, Rubidge; K., Cooper, Antony; Inge, Netterberg (December 2010).
2714:
2823:
Subzone may be correlated with the upper parts of the Omingonde, Ntawere, and Manda Formations in Africa.
1082:
1046:
667:
3768:
3653:
3449:
2900:
2260:
1850:
823:
787:
764:
219:
4335:
4394:
4347:
4287:
4235:
4145:
4133:
4087:
4034:
3990:
3845:
3526:
3220:
3165:
3116:
2965:
2832:
2828:
649:
637:
315:
2877:
2733:
2698:
1066:
701:
1901:
1270:
4583:
4259:
4169:
4111:
3963:
3814:
3729:
3550:
3410:
3244:
3189:
3134:
3085:
3044:
2989:
2890:
2885:
2802:
2774:
2466:
1977:
1110:
1036:
978:
922:
631:
622:
Assemblage Zone correlates with the Burgersdorp Formation in the upper Tarkastad Subgroup of the
382:
3914:
Rayner, Romy R.; Butler, Richard J.; Kammerer, Christian F.; Choiniere, Jonah N. (2022-12-16).
2721:
Stage (latest Early Triassic, about 249-247 Ma) based on correlation with nearby marine fauna.
385:
in 1856. However, it was not until 1892 that it was observed that the geological strata of the
4523:
4428:
4410:
4363:
4313:
4251:
4204:
4161:
4103:
4060:
4006:
3955:
3937:
3896:
Dilkes, D. W. (1995). The rhynchosaur Howesia browni from the Lower Triassic of South Africa.
3879:
3861:
3806:
3756:
3721:
3686:
3641:
3542:
3486:
3437:
3402:
3350:
Vertebrate biozonation of the Beaufort Group with special reference to the western Karoo Basin
3287:
3275:
3236:
3181:
3036:
2981:
2756:
2741:
2281:
1490:
1130:
1088:
705:
312:
174:
3674:
4578:
4513:
4503:
4467:
4418:
4402:
4355:
4303:
4295:
4243:
4196:
4153:
4132:
Peecook, Brandon R.; Steyer, J. Sébastien; Tabor, Neil J.; Smith, Roger M. H. (2017-11-29).
4095:
4050:
4042:
3998:
3945:
3927:
3869:
3853:
3798:
3713:
3534:
3478:
3394:
3228:
3173:
3124:
3075:
3028:
3020:
2973:
2845:
2790:
2764:
2346:
1787:
1375:
1055:
1010:
Subzone. Dicynodonts are absent, unlike every other zone and subzone in the Beaufort Group.
990:
986:
864:
782:
Subzone (Subzone A) is most well-exposed and fossiliferous in northeast Free State, between
694:
678:
603:
323:
4383:"A new horned and long-necked herbivorous stem-archosaur from the Middle Triassic of India"
434:
Under Seeley's system, the "highly specialized theriodonts" zone corresponds to the modern
2582:
2536:
2488:
2343:
2193:
2135:
1892:
1482:
983:
902:
860:
610:
fossils are found consistently throughout, the current name for the biozone was retained.
606:
by Subzone C. This meant that these species were not ideal index taxa for the biozone. As
341:
178:
49:
4398:
4351:
4291:
4239:
4149:
4091:
4038:
3994:
3849:
3530:
3352:. Geological Survey, Department of Mineral And Energy Affairs, Republic of South Africa.
3224:
3169:
3120:
2969:
4518:
4423:
4382:
4200:
3950:
3915:
3874:
3833:
3611:
3328:
Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, South Africa) and its palaeogeographical implications"
3009:"On the Discovery of the Fossil Remains of Bidental and other Reptiles in South Africa"
2077:
1326:
1076:
811:
709:
623:
583:
was less common than previously considered, so they instead renamed the biozone to the
508:
401:
386:
374:
333:
319:
163:
45:
4359:
4002:
4552:
4471:
4447:
4173:
4115:
3967:
3818:
3554:
3414:
3323:
3248:
3193:
3048:
2993:
2949:
2613:
2376:
2321:
2274:
1754:
1686:
1544:
1460:
1243:
927:
887:
856:
697:
471:
88:
41:
17:
4263:
3733:
3634:"A new GIS-based biozone map of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa"
3430:"A new GIS-based biozone map of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa"
1716:
1298:
747:. Outcrops then thin out to between 200 and 100 metres (660 and 330 ft) around
136:
3024:
2491:
2171:
2068:
1955:
1721:
1598:
1517:
1452:
1383:
1353:
1303:
1292:
1116:
1002:
996:
938:
905:
882:
748:
744:
602:
was found throughout the biozone it had been usurped as a dominant taxon by larger
572:
560:
537:
533:
528:
479:
455:
443:
439:
397:
304:
276:
237:
215:
4157:
3633:
3429:
3261:
Kitching, J. W. (1970). A short review of the Beaufort zoning in South Africa. In
735:
Assemblage Zone, reaching approximately 600 metres (2,000 ft), occur between
4299:
3802:
3575:"Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group. South African Commission for Stratigaphy"
3538:
3482:
3477:, Regional Geology Reviews, Springer International Publishing, pp. 141–149,
3304:
Kitching, J. W. (1984). A reassessment of the biozonation of the Beaufort Group.
2816:, part of a heavily-debated global system of Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy.
2649:
2591:
2263:
2238:
2144:
2010:
1853:
1816:
1204:
1071:
840:
827:
752:
645:
640:
varying from maroon to reddish, blueish-green, and greyish-green in colour. The
554:
513:
495:
487:
463:
350:
328:
300:
263:
247:
63:
4406:
4222:
Martinelli, Agustín G.; Fuente, Marcelo De La; Abdala, Fernando (2009-09-12). "
3599:
Biostratigraphic and sedimentological investigation of the contact between the
3032:
2293:
3232:
3177:
2867:
2769:
2760:
2752:
2560:
2499:
2439:
2354:
2310:
2286:
2112:
2019:
1980:
1862:
1732:
1709:
1190:
1136:
946:
910:
878:
869:
830:
in the Eastern Cape. It reaches up to 150 m at its stratotype in Sterkstroom.
791:
756:
740:
721:
675:
590:
542:
427:
420:
413:
108:
73:
4414:
4367:
4317:
4255:
4208:
4165:
4107:
4064:
4046:
4010:
3941:
3865:
3810:
3760:
3725:
3690:
3645:
3546:
3441:
3406:
3291:
3240:
3185:
3040:
2985:
4381:
Sengupta, Saradee; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati (2017-08-21).
2794:
2718:
2622:
2385:
2298:
1988:
1683:
1571:
1430:
1315:
942:
930:
916:
795:
760:
717:
686:
656:
548:
358:
337:
113:
57:
4527:
4432:
3959:
3883:
3129:
3104:
3080:
3063:
2977:
2305:
2269:
659:
which appear greenish-grey when fresh and brownish-yellow when eroded out.
27:
Biozone which correlates to the Burgersdorp Formation of the Beaufort Group
3748:
1310:
1064:
is a common component of the fauna, living alongside its smaller relative
867:
are found throughout the Assemblage Zone. In Subzone B, the diademodontid
4247:
4099:
3574:
3209:"II.—The Zones of the Beaufort Beds of the Karroo System in South Africa"
2854:
2810:
2749:
1928:
1765:
1757:
1634:
934:
891:
852:
713:
690:
682:
653:
641:
634:
566:
355:
293:
103:
98:
83:
78:
68:
3932:
3857:
3505:
Hancox, P. John; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (May 2013). "
4508:
4308:
4055:
3747:
Romala, Govender; John, Hancox, Phillip; M., Yates, Adam (April 2008).
2737:
2529:
2412:
2211:
2046:
1704:
1197:
848:
783:
768:
728:
504:
447:
438:
Assemblage Zone. Seeley's proposed biozones were subdivided further by
405:
378:
345:
296:
152:
118:
93:
4531:
1692:
1030:, the base of Subzone B sees the first appearance of fellow cynodonts
3138:
3089:
2745:
2706:
1697:
1661:
949:
895:
845:
671:
664:
390:
370:
3467:
3465:
3322:
Hancox, P.J.; Shishkin, M.A.; Rubidge, B.S.; Kitching, J.W. (1995).
3208:
3153:
3008:
1163:
3068:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B
4498:
2836:
2755:. These correlations can be extended beyond Africa, as far as the
1168:
1022:
Subzone (Subzone B) corresponds to traditional conceptions of the
898:
393:
2954:
Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa"
2798:
972:
Assemblage Zone. Its base is defined by the first appearance of
660:
322:, which is part of the fossiliferous and geologically important
724:
areas in the more northerly occurring outcrops of the biozone.
3513:, dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from subzone C of the
822:
Subzone (Subzone C) has limited exposures in the vicinity of
708:, but with seasonal rain and flooding due to the presence of
4336:"Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology"
1054:
Subzone also has the highest diversity of fish, plants, and
348:) in age (around 247 Ma). The name of the biozone refers to
3718:
10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0705:gpdftb]2.0.co;2
3673:
Kitching, J.W.; Welman, J.; Groenewald, G.H. (1991-01-01).
3399:
10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0192:cftubf]2.0.co;2
3109:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B
3475:
Origin and Evolution of the Cape Mountains and Karoo Basin
1058:
reptiles in the entire Assemblage Zone. The erythrosuchid
2948:
Hancox, P.J.; Neveling, J.; Rubidge, B.S. (2020-06-01).
890:
species can be found throughout the biozone. Apart from
3154:"V.—On the Permian and Triassic Faunas of South Africa"
2206:
1629:
1238:
670:
are also observed in some areas. Complete, articulated
2681:
Based on tentative biostratigraphic correlations, the
1140:
sp., which co-occur in the lower part of the subzone.
579:
From the late 1970s onwards, some authors argued that
2717:(a local lithological unit), is assigned to the late
1120:, the only species which are common in this subzone.
1050:
is the most common temnospondyl in this subzone. The
886:
appears in Subzone B alongside other anomodonts, and
685:
layers while complete skulls are mainly found in the
3517:
Assemblage Zone (Middle Triassic) of South Africa".
908:
and archosauromorph reptiles. Plant fossils such as
3607:
assemblage zones (Beaufort group: Karoo supergroup)
270:
258:
253:
243:
225:
211:
206:
198:
185:
170:
158:
148:
32:
4340:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
968:Subzone (Subzone A) is the oldest subzone in the
3263:Second Gondwana Symposium Proceedings and Papers
2801:below the Rio Seco de la Quebrada Formation was
704:. The environment during time of deposition was
594:Assemblage Zone. However, later work found that
3363:Geocongress, Geological Society of South Africa
1026:Assemblage Zone. Alongside abundant fossils of
1006:are also common and distinctive fossils of the
763:. Thin outcrops are also found in areas in the
598:fossils were absent from Subzone A, and while
3348:Keyser, A. W., & Smith, R. M. H. (1978).
8:
4189:Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London
3773:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3658:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3454:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
408:, which he named (from oldest to youngest):
361:which occurs throughout the entire biozone.
3013:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
2843:is found in the Upper Ermaying Formation ("
2670:A procolophonine procolophonid parareptile
2643:A procolophonine procolophonid parareptile
2809:Assemblage Zone has been equated with the
844:Assemblage Zone holds a rich diversity of
135:
29:
4517:
4507:
4422:
4307:
4054:
3949:
3931:
3873:
3128:
3079:
2554:Indeterminate procolophonid parareptiles
976:, as well as the trirachodontid cynodont
716:layers. A lack of well developed channel
540:in 2020. Subzone A was formalized as the
4280:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
4278:correlations across southern Gondwana".
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2209:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1632:
1309:
1297:
1241:
2917:
851:, of which it is most renowned for its
389:could be differentiated based on their
377:rocks that encompass the current eight
3766:
3651:
3447:
396:. The initial undertaking was done by
4329:
4327:
4127:
4125:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3379:
3377:
3375:
2943:
2941:
2724:The classic faunal assemblage of the
693:were likely deposited in low-energy,
426:Zone of "highly specialized group of
7:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2906:Triassic land vertebrate faunachrons
2785:fossils have even been found in the
2748:, and the lower Lifua Member of the
1220:Uncertain or tentative taxa are in
4228:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4201:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1965.tb00941.x
4138:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4080:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3791:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3706:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3519:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3387:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3007:Bain, Andrew Geddes (1845-02-01).
25:
3983:Journal of African Earth Sciences
3610:(Doctoral thesis). Archived from
2787:Río Seco de la Quebrada Formation
1180:Taxon falsely reported as present
700:environments alongside sand-rich
4472:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.170808
3679:South African Journal of Geology
3332:South African Journal of Science
3324:"A threefold subdivision of the
3280:South African Journal of Science
2958:South African Journal of Geology
2870:
2406:An erythrosuchid archosauriform
674:are frequently found encased in
230:
4334:Lucas, Spencer G (1998-11-01).
2697:Subzone is correlated with the
1185:Dubious taxon or junior synonym
894:, the biozone is rich in other
202:up to 1,968.5 feet (600 m)
4559:South African assemblage zones
3025:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1845.001.01.72
994:. The temnospondyl amphibians
933:, fishes, rare occurrences of
564:Subzone, and subzone C as the
1:
4360:10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00117-5
4158:10.1080/02724634.2017.1410484
4003:10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00081-1
3207:Watson, D. M. S. (May 1914).
2773:fauna") of Russia, and Lower
1070:and several species of early
4300:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.08.008
3803:10.1080/02724634.2011.621797
3539:10.1080/02724634.2013.723551
3483:10.1007/978-3-319-40859-0_14
2214:of the Burgersdorp Formation
1637:of the Burgersdorp Formation
1246:of the Burgersdorp Formation
1131:Paracyclotosaurus morganorum
1040:. Dicynodonts reappear with
2713:fauna", exemplified by the
2267:
1690:
1296:
1147:
720:provides evidence for more
450:(from oldest to youngest):
4600:
4489:Ezcurra, Martín D (2016).
4407:10.1038/s41598-017-08658-8
3838:Royal Society Open Science
3596:J, Neveling (2016-09-22).
3152:Broom, R. (January 1906).
2858:Land Vertebrate Faunachron
2814:Land Vertebrate Faunachron
2616:procolophonid parareptile
2585:procolophonid parareptile
2165:A trirachodontid cynodont
2040:A trirachodontid cynodont
1949:A trirachodontid cynodont
1922:A trirachodontid cynodont
1810:A trirachodontid cynodont
552:Subzone, subzone B as the
354:, a large and carnivorous
307:. It is equivalent to the
274:Harry Govier Seeley (1892)
3233:10.1017/S001675680019675X
3178:10.1017/S001675680012271X
2106:A bauriid therocephalian
1763:
1381:
1154:
1150:
1042:Kannemeyeria simocephalus
883:Kannemeyeria simocephalus
630:Assemblage Zone contains
511:retained the name of the
134:
40:
4047:10.1016/j.gr.2012.07.011
2950:"Biostratigraphy of the
2853:defines the base of the
1152:
1052:Trirachodon-Kannemeyeria
1028:Cynognathus crateronotus
1020:Trirachodon-Kannemeyeria
974:Cynognathus crateronotus
351:Cynognathus crateronotus
142:Cynognathus crateronotus
3753:Palaeontologia Africana
3638:Palaeontologia Africana
3579:Biostratigraphic Series
3573:RUBIDGE, B. S. (1995).
3434:Palaeontologia Africana
2896:Geology of South Africa
2827:is also known from the
2275:Erythrosuchus africanus
1061:Erythrosuchus africanus
446:proposed the following
442:between 1906 and 1909.
162:Burgersdorp Formation (
4569:Middle Triassic Africa
4460:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
3265:(Vol. 1, pp. 309-312).
3130:10.1098/rstb.1895.0001
3103:Seeley, H. G. (1895).
3081:10.1098/rstb.1894.0021
3062:Seeley, H. G. (1894).
2978:10.25131/sajg.123.0016
2314:
2302:
2290:
2278:
1725:
1722:Ufudocylcops mukanelai
1713:
1701:
1319:
1307:
1228:taxa are discredited.
1117:Ufudocyclops mukanelai
1083:Eohyosaurus wolvaardti
1047:Xenotosuchus africanus
1003:Parotosuchus haughtoni
952:have been discovered.
4574:Triassic South Africa
4564:Early Triassic Africa
4224:Diademodon tetragonus
2901:Santa Maria Formation
2821:Cricodon-Ufudocyclops
2803:radiometrically dated
2715:Petropavlovskya Svita
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
1719:
1710:Diademodon tetragonus
1707:
1695:
1313:
1301:
1032:Diademodon tetragonus
309:Burgersdorp Formation
18:Burgersdorp Formation
4248:10.1671/039.029.0315
4100:10.1671/039.029.0303
3276:"Inside front cover"
2829:Yerrapalli Formation
2695:Langbergia-Garjainia
2677:Age and correlations
2460:A basal rhynchosaur
2433:A basal rhynchosaur
1828:Langbergia-Garjainia
1304:Jammerbergia formops
1008:Langbergia-Garjainia
4399:2017NatSR...7.8366S
4352:1998PPP...143..347L
4292:2014JSAES..56..186O
4240:2009JVPal..29..852M
4150:2017JVPal..37S...8P
4092:2009JVPal..29..837A
4039:2013GondR..23.1151A
3995:2001JAfES..33..563H
3933:10.7717/peerj.14355
3858:10.1098/rsos.160072
3850:2016RSOS....360072S
3531:2013JVPal..33..655H
3225:1914GeoM....1..203W
3213:Geological Magazine
3170:1906GeoM....3...29B
3158:Geological Magazine
3121:1895RSPTB.186....1S
3033:2027/uc1.c034667778
2970:2020SAJG..123..217H
2878:Paleontology portal
2734:Omingonde Formation
2699:Yarenskian Gorizont
2287:Euparkeria capensis
1134:and the dicynodont
1114:and the dicynodont
1067:Euparkeria capensis
587:Assemblage Zone or
400:who subdivided the
398:Harry Govier Seeley
381:were discovered by
373:to be found in the
42:Stratigraphic range
4509:10.7717/peerj.1778
4387:Scientific Reports
2891:Geology of Namibia
2886:Geology of Lesotho
2849:fauna") of China.
2775:Ermaying Formation
2315:
2303:
2291:
2279:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1320:
1316:Laidleria gracilis
1308:
1175:Reclassified taxon
1111:Cricodon metabolus
1037:Trirachodon berryi
979:Langbergia modisei
522:Assemblage Zone".
383:Andrew Geddes Bain
313:lithostratigraphic
4502:. 4e1778: e1778.
4027:Gondwana Research
3286:(2). 1979-02-01.
2825:Paracyclotosaurus
2757:Fremouw Formation
2742:Ntawere Formation
2674:
2673:
2528:An indeterminate
2311:Mesosuchus browni
2200:
2199:
1623:
1622:
1619:A mastodonsaurid
1538:A mastodonsaurid
1511:A mastodonsaurid
1491:Paracyclotosaurus
1424:A mastodonsaurid
1404:A mastodonsaurid
1232:
1231:
1223:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1089:Mesosuchus browni
283:
282:
175:Molteno Formation
16:(Redirected from
4591:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4536:
4530:. Archived from
4521:
4511:
4495:
4476:
4475:
4450:Sinokannemeyeria
4443:
4437:
4436:
4426:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4331:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4129:
4120:
4119:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4058:
4033:(3): 1151–1162.
4021:
4015:
4014:
3989:(3–4): 563–577.
3978:
3972:
3971:
3953:
3935:
3911:
3905:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3797:(6): 1238–1254.
3785:
3779:
3778:
3772:
3764:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3657:
3649:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3570:
3559:
3558:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3469:
3460:
3459:
3453:
3445:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3381:
3370:
3359:
3353:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3319:
3313:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3272:
3266:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2945:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2846:Sinokannemeyeria
2791:Mendoza Province
2765:Donguz Formation
2299:Garjainia madiba
2207:
1978:kannemeyeriiform
1630:
1565:A trematosaurid
1239:
1221:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1148:
991:Garjainia madiba
324:Karoo Supergroup
299:utilized in the
236:
234:
233:
139:
130:
60:
30:
21:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4549:
4548:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4493:
4488:
4485:
4480:
4479:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4131:
4130:
4123:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4023:
4022:
4018:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3895:
3891:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3765:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3650:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3617:
3615:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3572:
3571:
3562:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3471:
3470:
3463:
3446:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3383:
3382:
3373:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3343:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3303:
3299:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3260:
3256:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2947:
2946:
2919:
2914:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2833:Denwa Formation
2679:
2537:Procolophonidae
2379:archosauriform
2205:
1962:K. simocephalus
1823:C. crateronotus
1628:
1237:
1219:
1162:
1146:
1098:
1056:archosauromorph
1016:
958:
865:trirachodontids
836:
834:Biostratigraphy
710:crevasse splays
616:
604:trirachodontids
367:
342:Middle Triassic
311:, the youngest
290:Assemblage Zone
275:
231:
229:
193:Assemblage Zone
179:Stormberg Group
144:
129:
128:
127:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
55:
54:
52:
36:Assemblage Zone
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4597:
4595:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4438:
4373:
4346:(4): 347–384.
4323:
4269:
4234:(3): 852–862.
4214:
4195:(2): 149–157.
4179:
4144:(sup1): 8–38.
4121:
4086:(3): 837–851.
4070:
4016:
3973:
3906:
3889:
3824:
3780:
3739:
3712:(4): 705–711.
3696:
3665:
3624:
3588:
3560:
3525:(3): 655–676.
3497:
3491:
3461:
3420:
3393:(1): 192–199.
3371:
3354:
3341:
3314:
3297:
3267:
3254:
3219:(5): 203–208.
3199:
3144:
3095:
3054:
3019:(1): 317–318.
2999:
2964:(2): 217–238.
2916:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2865:
2862:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2658:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2631:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2586:
2583:procolophonine
2579:
2569:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2508:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2485:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2394:
2389:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2363:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2347:archosauriform
2340:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2266:
2257:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2180:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2153:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2122:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2086:
2081:
2078:Microgomphodon
2073:
2072:
2065:
2055:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2028:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1974:
1964:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1910:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1871:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1825:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1788:trirachodontid
1784:
1774:
1772:C. kannemeyeri
1769:
1761:
1760:
1755:epicynodontian
1751:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1689:
1687:therocephalian
1680:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1607:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1580:
1578:V. plurimidens
1575:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1526:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1439:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1392:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1376:mastodonsaurid
1372:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1335:
1330:
1327:Batrachosuchus
1322:
1321:
1295:
1289:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1097:
1094:
1077:Howesia browni
1015:
1012:
987:archosauriform
957:
954:
945:trackways and
888:therocephalian
861:diademodontids
835:
832:
702:river channels
624:Beaufort Group
615:
612:
509:James Kitching
501:
500:
492:
484:
476:
468:
460:
432:
431:
424:
417:
414:Pareiasaurians
402:Beaufort Group
387:Beaufort Group
375:Beaufort Group
366:
363:
334:Early Triassic
320:Beaufort Group
281:
280:
272:
268:
267:
260:
256:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
227:
223:
222:
213:
209:
208:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
187:
183:
182:
172:
168:
167:
164:Beaufort Group
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
132:
131:
124:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
61:
38:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4596:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4537:on 2017-12-02
4533:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4442:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4273:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3907:
3904:(3), 665-686.
3903:
3899:
3898:Palaeontology
3893:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3844:(7): 160072.
3843:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3625:
3614:on 2018-07-31
3613:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3492:9783319408583
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:T. perforates
2596:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:T. spinigenis
2565:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:Subzone (A),
2516:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:procolophonid
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:M. crassidens
2471:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:erythrosuchid
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2322:Erythrosuchus
2319:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:E. wolvaardti
2243:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:Genus / Taxon
2219:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2194:stahleckeriid
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2136:shansiodontid
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:Subzone (A),
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:M. oligocynus
2082:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2069:eucynodontian
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1893:diademodontid
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:Subzone (B),
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:D. tetragonus
1867:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1838:Subzone (B),
1837:
1833:
1830:Subzone (A),
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1698:Bauria cynops
1694:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:Genus / Taxon
1642:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:A brachyopid
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1545:Trematosuchus
1542:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1497:P. morganorum
1495:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:trematosaurid
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1461:Microposaurus
1458:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1347:A brachyopid
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1252:Genus / Taxon
1251:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:Temnospondyls
1240:
1235:Temnospondyls
1234:
1227:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:
993:
992:
988:
985:
984:erythrosuchid
981:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
955:
953:
951:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
929:
925:
924:
919:
918:
913:
912:
907:
904:
903:procolophonid
900:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
843:
842:
833:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
727:The thickest
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
668:conglomerates
666:
662:
658:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:
633:
629:
625:
621:
613:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:
589:Kannemeyeria-
586:
582:
577:
575:
574:
569:
568:
563:
562:
557:
556:
551:
550:
545:
544:
539:
538:type sections
535:
531:
530:
523:
521:
517:
515:
510:
506:
498:
497:
493:
490:
489:
485:
482:
481:
477:
474:
473:
472:Kistecephalus
469:
466:
465:
461:
458:
457:
453:
452:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
429:
425:
422:
418:
415:
411:
410:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
364:
362:
360:
357:
353:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:
325:
321:
317:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
295:
291:
289:
278:
273:
269:
266:
265:
261:
257:
252:
249:
246:
242:
239:
228:
224:
221:
217:
214:
210:
205:
201:
197:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
151:
147:
143:
138:
133:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
59:
56:249–244
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
19:
4539:. Retrieved
4532:the original
4497:
4483:Bibliography
4466:(1): 16–24.
4463:
4459:
4454:Yonghesuchus
4453:
4449:
4441:
4390:
4386:
4376:
4343:
4339:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4141:
4137:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4030:
4026:
4019:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3769:cite journal
3752:
3742:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3682:
3678:
3668:
3654:cite journal
3637:
3627:
3616:. Retrieved
3612:the original
3606:
3602:
3601:Lystrosaurus
3598:
3591:
3582:
3578:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3507:Angonisaurus
3506:
3500:
3474:
3450:cite journal
3433:
3423:
3390:
3386:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3349:
3344:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3262:
3257:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3164:(1): 29–30.
3161:
3157:
3147:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3074:: 987–1018.
3071:
3067:
3057:
3016:
3012:
3002:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2806:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2740:, the Lower
2730:Kannemeyeria
2729:
2725:
2723:
2711:Parotosuchus
2710:
2703:Parotosuchus
2702:
2694:
2691:Parotosuchus
2690:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2667:Subzone (B)
2665:Kannemeyeria
2664:
2660:
2656:T. oppressus
2655:
2648:
2640:Subzone (B)
2638:Kannemeyeria
2637:
2633:
2629:T. contritus
2628:
2621:
2614:theledectine
2609:Subzone (B)
2607:Kannemeyeria
2606:
2602:
2597:
2590:
2578:Subzone (B)
2576:Kannemeyeria
2575:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2551:Subzone (A)
2548:
2544:
2525:Subzone (B)
2523:Kannemeyeria
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2498:
2484:Subzone (B)
2482:Kannemeyeria
2481:
2477:
2472:
2465:
2457:Subzone (B)
2455:Kannemeyeria
2454:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2430:Subzone (B)
2428:Kannemeyeria
2427:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2403:Subzone (A)
2400:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2372:Subzone (B)
2370:Kannemeyeria
2369:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2339:Subzone (B)
2337:Kannemeyeria
2336:
2332:
2328:E. africanus
2327:
2320:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2256:Subzone (B)
2254:Kannemeyeria
2253:
2249:
2244:
2237:
2210:
2189:Subzone (C)
2187:Ufudocyclops
2186:
2182:
2178:U. mukanelai
2177:
2172:Ufudocyclops
2170:
2162:Subzone (B)
2160:Kannemeyeria
2159:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2131:Subzone (C)
2129:Ufudocyclops
2128:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2103:Subzone (B)
2101:Kannemeyeria
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2064:Subzone (B)
2062:Kannemeyeria
2061:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2037:Subzone (A)
2034:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2006:Subzone (B)
2004:Kannemeyeria
2003:
1999:
1995:K. frerensis
1994:
1987:
1973:Subzone (B)
1971:Kannemeyeria
1970:
1966:
1961:
1956:Kannemeyeria
1954:
1946:Subzone (C)
1944:Ufudocyclops
1943:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1919:Subzone (C)
1917:Ufudocyclops
1916:
1912:
1908:G. avilionis
1907:
1902:Guttigomphus
1900:
1888:Subzone (C)
1886:Ufudocyclops
1885:
1881:
1878:Kannemeyeria
1877:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1854:cynognathian
1846:Subzone (C)
1844:Ufudocyclops
1843:
1839:
1836:Kannemeyeria
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1807:Subzone (C)
1805:Ufudocyclops
1804:
1800:
1796:C. metabolus
1795:
1783:Subzone (B)
1781:Kannemeyeria
1780:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1750:Subzone (B)
1748:Kannemeyeria
1747:
1743:
1739:B. frerensis
1738:
1731:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1679:Subzone (B)
1677:Kannemeyeria
1676:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1633:
1616:Subzone (B)
1614:Kannemeyeria
1613:
1609:
1605:X. africanus
1604:
1599:Xenotosuchus
1597:
1589:Subzone (B)
1587:Kannemeyeria
1586:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1562:Subzone (A)
1559:
1555:
1550:
1543:
1535:Subzone (A)
1532:
1528:
1524:P. haughtoni
1523:
1518:Parotosuchus
1516:
1508:Subzone (C)
1506:Ufudocyclops
1505:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1478:Subzone (B)
1476:Kannemeyeria
1475:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1448:Subzone (B)
1446:Kannemeyeria
1445:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1421:Subzone (A)
1418:
1414:
1410:K. kitchingi
1409:
1401:Subzone (A)
1398:
1394:
1389:
1384:Kestrosaurus
1382:
1371:Subzone (B)
1369:Kannemeyeria
1368:
1364:
1359:
1354:Jammerbergia
1352:
1344:Subzone (B)
1342:Kannemeyeria
1341:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1314:
1302:
1288:Subzone (A)
1285:
1281:
1277:B. poikilops
1276:
1271:Bathignathus
1269:
1242:
1225:
1216:
1159:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1106:Ufudocyclops
1105:
1101:
1099:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1072:rhynchosaurs
1065:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1007:
1001:
997:Kestrosaurus
995:
989:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
959:
939:ichnofossils
928:temnospondyl
921:
915:
909:
906:parareptiles
901:, including
881:
874:
868:
857:Cynognathids
839:
837:
820:Ufudocyclops
819:
815:
807:Kannemeyeria
806:
802:
800:
779:
775:
773:
767:that border
749:Aliwal North
745:Eastern Cape
732:
726:
632:argillaceous
627:
619:
617:
607:
599:
596:Kannemeyeria
595:
588:
585:Kannemeyeria
584:
580:
578:
573:Ufudocyclops
571:
565:
561:Kannemeyeria
559:
553:
547:
541:
529:Kestrosaurus
527:
524:
519:
512:
502:
494:
486:
480:Lystrosaurus
478:
470:
462:
456:Pareiasaurus
454:
440:Robert Broom
435:
433:
368:
349:
327:
308:
305:South Africa
287:
286:
284:
279:(1906, 1909)
277:Robert Broom
262:
254:Type section
238:South Africa
216:Eastern Cape
191:Lystrosaurus
190:
141:
50:Mid Triassic
33:
4393:(1): 8366.
4309:11336/85022
4286:: 186–199.
4056:11336/11481
3605:Cynognathus
3515:Cynognathus
3326:Cynognathus
3312:(1), 12-13.
2952:Cynognathus
2807:Cynognathus
2779:Cynognathus
2726:Trirachodon
2705:fauna") of
2683:Cynognathus
2661:Trirachodon
2650:Thelerpeton
2634:Trirachodon
2603:Trirachodon
2592:Theledectes
2572:Trirachodon
2519:Trirachodon
2492:parareptile
2478:Trirachodon
2467:Myocephalus
2451:Trirachodon
2424:Trirachodon
2377:euparkeriid
2366:Trirachodon
2361:E. capensis
2333:Trirachodon
2264:rhynchosaur
2250:Trirachodon
2239:Eohyosaurus
2196:dicynodont
2156:Trirachodon
2145:Trirachodon
2138:dicynodont
2097:Trirachodon
2058:Trirachodon
2013:dicynodont
2000:Trirachodon
1967:Trirachodon
1874:Trirachodon
1832:Trirachodon
1817:Cynognathus
1777:Trirachodon
1744:Trirachodon
1673:Trirachodon
1610:Trirachodon
1583:Trirachodon
1472:Trirachodon
1442:Trirachodon
1437:L. gracilis
1365:Trirachodon
1338:Trirachodon
1226:crossed out
1205:Morphotaxon
1122:Cynognathus
1024:Cynognathus
970:Cynognathus
923:Schizoneura
875:Cynognathus
841:Cynognathus
828:Sterkstroom
812:Thaba 'Nchu
803:Trirachodon
753:Burgersdorp
733:Cynognathus
681:within the
654:feldspathic
646:interbedded
638:successions
628:Cynognathus
620:Cynognathus
608:Cynognathus
581:Cynognathus
555:Trirachodon
520:Cynognathus
514:Cynognathus
496:Cynognathus
488:Procolophon
464:Endothiodon
436:Cynognathus
428:theriodonts
421:Dicynodonts
404:into three
340:) to early
329:Cynognathus
301:Karoo Basin
288:Cynognathus
264:Cynognathus
248:Karoo Basin
34:Cynognathus
4553:Categories
4541:2019-03-14
4452:Fauna and
3926:: e14355.
3618:2018-07-31
3511:Shansiodon
3338:: 143–144.
3306:Paleo News
2912:References
2851:Shansiodon
2841:Shansiodon
2831:and Upper
2783:Diademodon
2777:of China.
2770:Eryosuchus
2761:Antarctica
2753:Manda Beds
2561:Teratophon
2545:Langbergia
2511:Langbergia
2500:Palacrodon
2440:Mesosuchus
2397:Langbergia
2355:Euparkeria
2113:Shansiodon
2089:Langbergia
2031:Langbergia
2026:L. modisei
2020:Langbergia
1981:dicynodont
1935:I. hancoxi
1863:Diademodon
1733:Bolotridon
1556:Langbergia
1529:Langbergia
1453:laidleriid
1415:Langbergia
1395:Langbergia
1390:K. dreyeri
1360:J. formops
1293:brachyopid
1282:Langbergia
1222:small text
1191:Ichnotaxon
1144:Paleobiota
1137:Shansiodon
1126:Diademodon
962:Langbergia
947:vertebrate
911:Dicroidium
879:dicynodont
870:Diademodon
792:stratotype
776:Langbergia
765:Free State
757:Steynsburg
741:Lady Frere
737:Queenstown
722:lacustrine
718:sandstones
695:meandering
676:calcareous
657:sandstones
650:lenticular
600:Diademodon
591:Diademodon
543:Langbergia
534:index taxa
369:The first
220:Free State
4584:Olenekian
4415:2045-2322
4368:0031-0182
4318:0895-9811
4256:0272-4634
4209:0370-0461
4174:133878741
4166:0272-4634
4116:129096876
4108:0272-4634
4065:1342-937X
4011:1464-343X
3968:254818320
3942:2167-8359
3866:2054-5703
3819:130744235
3811:0272-4634
3761:0078-8554
3726:0272-4634
3691:1012-0750
3646:0078-8554
3555:128538910
3547:0272-4634
3442:0078-8554
3415:130311691
3407:0272-4634
3292:0038-2353
3249:130747924
3241:1469-5081
3194:129265956
3186:1469-5081
3049:128602890
3041:0370-291X
2994:225828531
2986:1012-0750
2795:Argentina
2750:Tanzanian
2719:Olenekian
2687:Garjainia
2623:Thelephon
2549:Garjainia
2515:Garjainia
2506:P. browni
2446:M. browni
2419:H. browni
2401:Garjainia
2392:G. madiba
2386:Garjainia
2151:T. berryi
2093:Garjainia
2071:cynodont
2035:Garjainia
2011:kingoriid
1989:Kombuisia
1895:cynodont
1856:cynodont
1790:cynodont
1668:B. cynops
1635:Synapsids
1626:Synapsids
1572:Vanastega
1560:Garjainia
1551:T. sobeyi
1533:Garjainia
1431:Laidleria
1419:Garjainia
1399:Garjainia
1333:B. browni
1286:Garjainia
1160:Color key
1096:Subzone C
1014:Subzone B
966:Garjainia
956:Subzone A
943:arthropod
931:amphibian
917:Dadoxylon
892:synapsids
855:fossils.
796:Bergville
790:. At the
788:Bethlehem
780:Garjainia
761:Rouxville
706:semi-arid
691:mudstones
687:sandstone
642:mudstones
614:Lithology
576:Subzone.
549:Garjainia
419:Zone of "
412:Zone of "
359:therapsid
338:Olenekian
316:formation
259:Named for
199:Thickness
171:Underlies
4528:27162705
4433:28827583
4264:83776819
3960:36545384
3884:27493766
3734:85818945
3369:, 13-31.
3115:: 1–57.
2864:See also
2855:Perovkan
2839:, while
2811:Nonesian
2212:Reptiles
2203:Reptiles
2183:Cricodon
2125:Cricodon
2053:L. fuzzi
1940:Cricodon
1929:Impidens
1913:Cricodon
1882:Cricodon
1840:Cricodon
1801:Cricodon
1766:Cricodon
1758:cynodont
1502:Cricodon
1467:M. casei
1102:Cricodon
1044:, while
982:and the
935:molluscs
853:cynodont
816:Cricodon
810:east of
729:outcrops
714:mudstone
683:mudstone
635:mudstone
567:Cricodon
448:biozones
406:biozones
379:biozones
356:cynodont
294:tetrapod
271:Named by
207:Location
186:Overlies
4579:Anisian
4519:4860341
4424:5567049
4395:Bibcode
4348:Bibcode
4288:Bibcode
4236:Bibcode
4146:Bibcode
4088:Bibcode
4035:Bibcode
3991:Bibcode
3951:9762250
3875:4968458
3846:Bibcode
3685:(2–3).
3585:: 1–45.
3527:Bibcode
3221:Bibcode
3166:Bibcode
3117:Bibcode
2966:Bibcode
2799:ash bed
2738:Namibia
2709:. The "
2541:indet.
2530:diapsid
2413:Howesia
2232:Images
2226:Subzone
2223:Species
2047:Lumkuia
1684:bauriid
1655:Images
1649:Subzone
1646:Species
1264:Images
1258:Subzone
1255:Species
1198:Ootaxon
950:burrows
849:species
824:Molteno
784:Senekal
769:Lesotho
743:in the
731:of the
712:in the
698:fluvial
679:nodules
672:fossils
505:biozone
371:fossils
365:History
346:Anisian
318:in the
297:biozone
226:Country
159:Unit of
153:Biozone
125:↓
4526:
4516:
4431:
4421:
4413:
4366:
4316:
4262:
4254:
4207:
4172:
4164:
4114:
4106:
4063:
4009:
3966:
3958:
3948:
3940:
3882:
3872:
3864:
3817:
3809:
3759:
3732:
3724:
3689:
3644:
3553:
3545:
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3440:
3413:
3405:
3290:
3247:
3239:
3192:
3184:
3137:
3088:
3047:
3039:
2992:
2984:
2746:Zambia
2707:Russia
2693:, the
2121:. sp.
1662:Bauria
937:, and
920:, and
896:fossil
863:, and
846:fossil
814:. The
759:, and
689:. The
665:pebble
663:-rich
626:. The
503:These
391:fossil
326:. The
244:Extent
235:
212:Region
4535:(PDF)
4499:PeerJ
4494:(PDF)
4260:S2CID
4170:S2CID
4112:S2CID
3964:S2CID
3920:PeerJ
3815:S2CID
3730:S2CID
3551:S2CID
3411:S2CID
3245:S2CID
3190:S2CID
3139:91793
3135:JSTOR
3090:91788
3086:JSTOR
3045:S2CID
2990:S2CID
2837:India
2261:basal
2229:Notes
1851:basal
1652:Notes
1261:Notes
1217:Notes
1169:Taxon
899:fauna
648:with
444:Broom
292:is a
46:Early
4524:PMID
4429:PMID
4411:ISSN
4364:ISSN
4314:ISSN
4252:ISSN
4205:ISSN
4162:ISSN
4104:ISSN
4061:ISSN
4007:ISSN
3956:PMID
3938:ISSN
3880:PMID
3862:ISSN
3807:ISSN
3775:link
3757:ISSN
3722:ISSN
3687:ISSN
3660:link
3642:ISSN
3603:and
3543:ISSN
3509:and
3487:ISBN
3456:link
3438:ISSN
3403:ISSN
3288:ISSN
3237:ISSN
3182:ISSN
3037:ISSN
2982:ISSN
2819:The
2781:and
2689:and
1124:and
1100:The
1034:and
1018:The
1000:and
960:The
838:The
826:and
801:The
786:and
774:The
739:and
661:Clay
652:and
644:are
618:The
536:and
499:beds
491:beds
483:beds
475:beds
467:beds
459:beds
394:taxa
285:The
149:Type
64:PreꞒ
4514:PMC
4504:doi
4468:doi
4419:PMC
4403:doi
4356:doi
4344:143
4304:hdl
4296:doi
4244:doi
4197:doi
4193:176
4154:doi
4096:doi
4051:hdl
4043:doi
3999:doi
3946:PMC
3928:doi
3870:PMC
3854:doi
3799:doi
3714:doi
3535:doi
3479:doi
3395:doi
3229:doi
3174:doi
3125:doi
3113:186
3076:doi
3072:185
3029:hdl
3021:doi
2974:doi
2962:123
2835:of
2789:of
2759:of
2744:of
2736:of
2342:An
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1092:).
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