Knowledge

Stormberg Group

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Galton, Peter M.; Heerden, Jacques (April 1998). "Anatomy of the prosauropod dinosaurBlikanasaurus cromptoni (Upper Triassic, South Africa), with notes on the other tetrapods from the lower Elliot Formation".
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Position of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in South Africa and Lesotho : a multidisciplinary approach aimed at improving the chronostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Elliot Formation, Stormberg
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Smith, R.; Kitching, J. (June 1997). "Sedimentology and vertebrate taphonomy of the Tritylodon Acme Zone: a reworked palaeosol in the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation, Karoo Supergroup, South Africa".
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Barrett, Paul M. (1 September 2004). "Sauropodomorph dinosaur diversity in the upper Elliot Formation (Massospondylus range zone : Lower Jurassic) of South Africa : research letter".
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Catuneanu; Hancox; Rubidge (December 1998). "Reciprocal flexural behaviour and contrasting stratigraphies: a new basin development model for the Karoo retroarc foreland system, South Africa".
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of the Paleo-pacific plate beneath the Gondwanan Plate, which had also resulted in the creation of the Gondwanide mountain range. At this time a divergent plate boundary was forming the
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Rossouw, G. J.; Shone, Russell W.; Kitching, James W.; Raath, Michael A. (1990). "Dinosaur tracks in Triassic Molteno sediments: the earliest evidence of dinosaurs in South Africa?".
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Bordy, Emese M.; John Hancox, P.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (March 2004). "Fluvial style variations in the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic Elliot formation, main Karoo Basin, South Africa".
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Anderson, J. M.; Cairncross, B. (1 December 1995). "Palaeoecology of the Triassic Molteno Formation, Karoo Basin, South Africa – sedimentological and palaeontological evidence".
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Turner, B. R. (1 December 1977). "Fluviatile cross-bedding patterns in the Upper Triassic Molteno Formation of the Karoo (Gondwana) Supergroup in South Africa and Lesotho".
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Smith, R.M.H.; Eriksson, P.G.; Botha, W.J. (January 1993). "A review of the stratigraphy and sedimentary environments of the Karoo-aged basins of Southern Africa".
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Sciscio, Lara; de Kock, Michiel; Bordy, Emese; Knoll, Fabien (November 2017). "Magnetostratigraphy across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in the main Karoo Basin".
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Bordy, E. M. (1 September 2005). "The contact of the Molteno and Elliot formations through the main Karoo Basin, South Africa: a second-order sequence boundary".
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Bordy, E. M. (1 September 2005). "The contact of the Molteno and Elliot formations through the main Karoo Basin, South Africa: a second-order sequence boundary".
2260: 1346:"The sauropodomorph biostratigraphy of the Elliot Formation of southern Africa: Tracking the evolution of Sauropodomorpha across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary" 3713: 2227: 309:
Simplified geological map of the outcrops of Karoo Supergroup rocks in Southern Africa. The Stormberg Group is represented by the green key on the map.
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Johnson, M.R. (1991). "Sandstone petrography, provenance and plate tectonic setting in Gondwana context of the southeastern Cape-Karoo Basin".
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Turner, Brian R. (1978). "Trace Fossils from the Upper Triassic Fluviatile Molteno Formation of the Karoo (Gondwana) Supergroup, Lesotho".
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system at the beginning of the Stormberg deposition. This crustal uplift had been underway millions of years prior due to the
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The stratigraphy and sedimentary history of the Molteno formation in the main Karroo basin of South Africa and Lesotho
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McPhee, Blair W.; Benson, Roger B.J.; Botha-Brink, Jennifer; Bordy, Emese M.; Choiniere, Jonah N. (October 2018).
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have been discovered. In the lower sections diverse fossil plants are also found as well as preserved dinosaur
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Depositional framework and control of coal distribution and quality, Van Dyks Drift area Northern Karoo basin
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Anderson, HM (1974). "A brief review of the flora of the Molteno 'formation' (Triassic), South Africa".
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or exposures of the Stormberg Group West of 24ÂşE. This was because orogenic loading in the south by the
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Sediment deposition of the Stormberg Group took place in a terrestrial environment that was seasonally
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system. This resulted in the deposition zones shifting to the eastern and northeastern regions of the
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Bamford, Marion K. (January 2004). "Diversity of the Woody Vegetation of Gondwanan Southern Africa".
1390: 1282:(Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic: Hettangian) of Lesotho". 1217: 1181: 1109: 1042: 1007: 972: 937: 852: 559: 3681: 3655: 3541: 3382: 2136: 2029: 1985: 1960: 1831: 1809: 1697: 1687: 1647: 699: 679: 296: 634:
The Stormberg Group is correlated with several geological groups and formations in other parts of
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in South Africa. It is the uppermost geological group representing the final phase of preserved
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Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Molteno formation in the Elliot-Indwe area, Cape Province
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Triassic/Jurassic geological group in the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa
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and exposures of the Stormberg Group are found in several localities in
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McPhee, Blair; Bordy, Emese; Sciscio, Lara; Choiniere, Jonah (2017).
691: 619: 608: 428: 1253:"Bone histology and growth trajectory of the prosauropod dinosaur 375:
in the lower sections of the Stormberg was similar to that of the
331:. The Stormberg Group rocks are considered to range between Lower 210: 469:, heralding the earliest stages of the break-up of the Gondwanan 671: 420: 368: 214: 3595: 3567: 3423: 2244: 2157: 1919: 1571: 1533: 582:. These formations are listed below (from oldest to youngest): 1296:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0238:NCSOLD]2.0.CO;2
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settings. The upper Stormberg rocks changes back to being
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List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
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List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
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is one of the four geological groups that comprises the
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Knoll, Fabien (8 July 2002). "Nearly complete skull of
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Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East)
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that lack fining-upward sequences, thus pointing to an
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deposits where sediments were deposited in low-energy
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of the in the Triassic and Early Jurassic connected
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Tectonic evolution of the Barberton greenstone belt
1891: 1718: 1632: 1591: 292: 287: 277: 247: 225: 220: 202: 184: 179: 171: 161: 151: 133: 123: 113: 21: 1174:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 395:changes towards the centre of the Stormberg as 3445:Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope 2223:Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa) 558:The Stormberg Group is composed of three main 2261:Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt 1545: 562:that are found in numerous localities across 8: 399:become more common, pointing to a change to 3674: 3592: 3564: 3455: 3420: 3082: 2806: 2271: 2241: 2228:Department of Mineral Resources and Energy 2154: 1991: 1916: 1588: 1568: 1552: 1538: 1530: 303: 18: 1402: 1361: 1129: 438:its associated rocks were deposited in a 1081:(PhD Thesis). University of Cape Town. 762: 434:As the Stormberg Group is part of the 379:. Both places feature coarser-grained 7: 3714:Geologic formations of South Africa 793:Christie, ADM (22 September 2016). 770:Cairncross, B (22 September 2016). 175:up to 4,593.176 feet (1,400 m) 3450:Geological Society of South Africa 1284:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 736:RĂ­o Seco de la Quebrada Formations 607:The Stormberg Group contains many 488:caused changes in position of the 14: 2002:List of volcanoes in South Africa 965:Journal of African Earth Sciences 3673: 3662: 3661: 3649: 3635: 3547:Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker 1319:South African Journal of Science 1147:South African Journal of Geology 1055:10.1046/j.1365-2117.1998.00078.x 1000:South African Journal of Geology 985:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2004.02.004 903:South African Journal of Geology 878:Turner, BR (22 September 2016). 845:South African Journal of Geology 818:South African Journal of Geology 746:, the group correlates with the 264: 252: 2832:Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone 720:Ischigualasto-Villa UniĂłn Basin 3709:Geologic formations of Lesotho 3440:Evolutionary Studies Institute 2837:Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone 453:) in the south influenced the 1: 2822:Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone 2817:Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone 2218:Minerals Council South Africa 2075:1620 Robben Island earthquake 1467:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70314-2 1350:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 1194:10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00143-5 3749:Paleontology in South Africa 3425:Research and administration‎ 3098:Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone 2842:Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone 1210:Paläontologische Zeitschrift 950:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90164-L 724:Quebrada del Barro Formation 638:. Some examples include the 449:-controlled crustal uplift ( 3093:Cynognathus Assemblage Zone 2827:Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone 3765: 2121:Vredefort impact structure 2111:Morokweng impact structure 2085:2006 Mozambique earthquake 1251:Chinsamy, Anusuya (1993). 3629: 3602: 3591: 3574: 3563: 3522:Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer 3430: 3419: 3403:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte 2266:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte 2251: 2240: 2164: 2153: 2047:Barberton Greenstone Belt 1926: 1915: 1578: 1567: 1404:10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.063 728:Marayes-El Carrizal Basin 642:in the northern parts of 484:mountains from the early 302: 26: 3143:Coelophysis rhodesiensis 2012:Pilanesberg Game Reserve 1663:Table Mountain Sandstone 1599:Bushveld Igneous Complex 1255:Massospondylus carinatus 1122:10.1016/j.gr.2017.07.009 716:Los Colorados Formations 393:depositional environment 373:depositional environment 3744:Paleontology in Lesotho 3656:South Africa portal 3492:Charles Kimberlin Brain 2080:1969 Tulbagh earthquake 1795:Abrahamskraal Formation 1749:Sundays River Formation 1673:Abrahamskraal Formation 1561:Geology of South Africa 1509:Palaeontologia Africana 1482:Journal of Paleontology 1428:Palaeontologia Africana 732:Quebrada de los FĂłsiles 3507:Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan 3435:Council for Geoscience 3398:West Coast Fossil Park 2090:2014 Orkney earthquake 1971:Terra Australis Orogen 1921:‎Tectonics and orogeny 1734:Buffelskloof Formation 1363:10.4202/app.00377.2017 1076:Sciscio, Lara (2016). 915:10520/AJA10120750_1265 2017:Prince Edward Islands 1573:Geological formations 830:10520/AJA10120750_463 684:Candelária Formations 674:, United States, the 560:geological formations 339:) to Lower Jurassic ( 3734:Sandstone formations 3729:Siltstone formations 3579:Geology of Cape Town 3537:John Talbot Robinson 3487:Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra 2193:Coal in South Africa 2184:Banket (mining term) 1881:Normandien Formation 1624:Transvaal Supergroup 1389:(19): 3143–3151.e7. 419:represent preserved 3719:Mudstone formations 3542:George William Stow 3383:Cradle of Humankind 2137:Bellsbank meteorite 2030:Finsch diamond mine 1986:Witwatersrand Basin 1961:Makhonjwa Mountains 1832:Whitehill Formation 1810:Middleton Formation 1698:Whitehill Formation 1688:Ganigobis Formation 1648:Ganigobis Formation 1459:2004GondR...7..153B 1395:2018CBio...28E3143M 1222:1998PalZ...72..163G 1186:1997PPP...131...29S 1159:10520/EJC-943825b44 1114:2017GondR..51..177S 1047:1998BasR...10..417C 1012:2005SAJG..108..351B 977:2004JAfES..38..383B 942:1993JAfES..16..143S 888:20.500.11892/108799 857:2005SAJG..108..351B 700:Argentine Northwest 297:Stormberg Mountains 28:Stratigraphic range 3642:Geology portal 3517:Alfred W. Crompton 3482:Andrew Geddes Bain 2766:Pristerognathoides 2206:Titanium in Africa 2201:Platinum in Africa 2197:Iron ore in Africa 2040:Koffiefontein mine 2035:Jagersfontein Mine 1946:Gondwanide orogeny 1844:Bushveld Sandstone 1815:Teekloof Formation 1744:Kirkwood Formation 1693:Teekloof Formation 1604:Fig Tree Formation 1230:10.1007/BF02987824 803:20.500.11892/83933 797:(Masters Thesis). 780:20.500.11892/83920 774:(Masters Thesis). 742:. In southernmost 355:correlations, and 349:lithostratigraphic 146:Clarens Formations 3691: 3690: 3625: 3624: 3607:Pothole (geology) 3587: 3586: 3569:Regional articles 3559: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3512:H. Basil S. Cooke 3415: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3188:Heterodontosaurus 3106: 3105: 2850: 2849: 2781:Promoschorhynchus 2236: 2235: 2211:Uranium in Africa 2159:‎Mineral deposits 2149: 2148: 2145: 2144: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1876:Molteno Formation 1871:Katberg Formation 1849:Clarens Formation 1805:Katberg Formation 1800:Balfour Formation 1768:Drakensberg Group 1756:Kalahari Deposits 1678:Balfour Formation 1609:Komatii Formation 1447:Gondwana Research 1325:(9–10): 501–503. 1102:Gondwana Research 1020:10.2113/108.3.351 865:10.2113/108.3.351 748:Fremouw Formation 698:sequences of the 597:Clarens Formation 587:Molteno Formation 523:Geographic extent 514:Drakensberg Group 391:environment. The 377:Katberg Formation 313: 312: 156:Drakensberg Group 3756: 3724:Shale formations 3677: 3676: 3665: 3664: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3640: 3639: 3593: 3565: 3456: 3421: 3083: 2807: 2736:Macroscelesaurus 2616:Cistecephaloides 2601:Blattoidealestes 2425:Cistecephaloides 2328:Deltacephalaspis 2272: 2242: 2155: 1992: 1917: 1866:Elliot Formation 1854:Elliot Formation 1785:Karoo Supergroup 1619:Onverwacht Group 1589: 1569: 1554: 1547: 1540: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1406: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1216:(1–2): 163–177. 1204: 1198: 1197: 1169: 1163: 1162: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1133: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1073: 1067: 1066: 1030: 1024: 1023: 995: 989: 988: 960: 954: 953: 936:(1–2): 143–169. 925: 919: 918: 898: 892: 891: 875: 869: 868: 840: 834: 833: 813: 807: 806: 790: 784: 783: 767: 740:San Rafael Block 690:in southeastern 668:Colorado Plateau 664:Chinle Formation 592:Elliot Formation 436:Karoo Supergroup 353:biostratigraphic 321:Karoo Supergroup 307: 270: 268: 267: 258: 256: 255: 128:Karoo Supergroup 109: 46: 19: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3739:Tuff formations 3704:Stormberg Group 3694: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3650: 3648: 3634: 3621: 3612:Steep structure 3598: 3583: 3570: 3551: 3475:Paleontologists 3470: 3454: 3426: 3407: 3371: 3367:Vulpes skinneri 3340: 3319: 3303: 3299:Ptychoceratodus 3264:Acanthohoplites 3252: 3228:Ptychoceratodus 3102: 3081: 3032:Ptychoceratodus 3007:Platycraniellus 2932:Ictidosuchoides 2846: 2805: 2786:Scalopocephalus 2771:Pristerognathus 2686:Homodontosaurus 2574: 2500:Ictidosuchoides 2440:Dicynodontoides 2420:Charassognathus 2383: 2362: 2338:Gondwanascorpio 2301: 2270: 2247: 2232: 2160: 2141: 2125: 2094: 2061: 1990: 1976:Transvaal Basin 1956:Kalahari Craton 1951:Kaapvaal Craton 1922: 1903: 1887: 1839:Stormberg Group 1778:Uitenhage Group 1729:Uitenhage Group 1714: 1658:Bokkeveld Group 1628: 1587: 1574: 1563: 1558: 1528: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1383:Current Biology 1376: 1375: 1371: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1144: 1143: 1139: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1032: 1031: 1027: 997: 996: 992: 962: 961: 957: 927: 926: 922: 900: 899: 895: 877: 876: 872: 842: 841: 837: 824:(2–3): 137–54. 815: 814: 810: 792: 791: 787: 769: 768: 764: 760: 636:southern Africa 632: 605: 556: 525: 465:, southwest of 427:processes in a 365: 317:Stormberg Group 308: 265: 263: 262: 253: 251: 108: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 41: 40: 38: 22:Stormberg Group 17: 12: 11: 5: 3762: 3760: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3696: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3659: 3645: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3532:James Kitching 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3462: 3460: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3362:Panthera shawi 3359: 3354: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3284:Macroscaphites 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3238:Sefapanosaurus 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3213:Massospondylus 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3158:Erythrotherium 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3089: 3087: 3080: 3079: 3077:Zorillodontops 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 3002:Plateosauravus 2999: 2994: 2989: 2987:Olivierosuchus 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2967:Microgomphodon 2964: 2959: 2957:Melanorosaurus 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2907:Erythrotherium 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2862:Batrachosuchus 2858: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2804: 2803: 2801:Uranocentrodon 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2716:Lanthanostegus 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2646:Cynariognathus 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2606:Brachyprosopus 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2579:Beaufort Group 2576: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2400:Alopecognathus 2397: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2287:Onychopterella 2284: 2278: 2276: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2245: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2176: 2171: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2116:Tswaing crater 2113: 2108: 2106:Kalkkop crater 2102: 2100: 2099:Impact craters 2096: 2095: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2071: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1998: 1996: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1941:Ellisras Basin 1938: 1936:Cape Fold Belt 1933: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1901: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1790:Beaufort Group 1782: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1773:Enon Formation 1770: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1739:Enon Formation 1736: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1639:Carboniferous 1636: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1595: 1593: 1592:Palaeoarchaean 1586: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1542: 1534: 1527: 1526: 1499: 1488:(5): 959–963. 1472: 1453:(1): 153–164. 1437: 1418: 1369: 1336: 1331:10520/EJC96290 1309: 1290:(2): 238–243. 1270: 1261:Modern Geology 1243: 1199: 1180:(1–2): 29–50. 1164: 1153:(4): 452–478. 1137: 1092: 1068: 1041:(4): 417–439. 1035:Basin Research 1025: 1006:(3): 351–364. 990: 971:(4): 383–400. 955: 920: 909:(3): 241–252. 893: 882:(PhD Thesis). 870: 851:(3): 351–364. 835: 808: 785: 761: 759: 756: 656:Etjo Sandstone 631: 628: 604: 601: 600: 599: 594: 589: 555: 552: 524: 521: 510:Early Jurassic 506:Early Triassic 498:foreland basin 471:supercontinent 463:Atlantic Ocean 443:foreland basin 364: 361: 311: 310: 300: 299: 294: 290: 289: 285: 284: 279: 275: 274: 249: 245: 244: 227: 223: 222: 218: 217: 204: 200: 199: 186: 182: 181: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 166:Beaufort Group 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 118:Geologic group 115: 111: 110: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 47: 36:Early Jurassic 24: 23: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3761: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3670: 3669: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3573: 3566: 3562: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3466:Hans Merensky 3464: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3422: 3418: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3393:Scylacorhinus 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3331:Africanacetus 3329: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3203:Litargosuchus 3201: 3199: 3198:Lesothosaurus 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3173:Gigantoscelus 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3123:Abrictosaurus 3121: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3042:Scaloposaurus 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3027:Proterosuchus 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3017:Progalesaurus 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2942:Lepidodendron 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2917:Euskelosaurus 2915: 2913: 2912:Eucnemesaurus 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2902:Erythrosuchus 2900: 2898: 2897:Ericiolacerta 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2867:Blikanasaurus 2865: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2751:Pelictosuchus 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2726:Lepidodendron 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2696:Ictidochampsa 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2641:Cryptocynodon 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2591:Anomocephalus 2589: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2560:Thliptosaurus 2558: 2556: 2555:Theriognathus 2553: 2551: 2550:Stereosternum 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2535:Scylacosaurus 2533: 2531: 2530:Procynosuchus 2528: 2526: 2525:Odontocyclops 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2505:Lepidodendron 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2495:Ictidognathus 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2460:Dwykaselachus 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2430:Crapartinella 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2405:Anomocephalus 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2379:Lepidodendron 2377: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2367:Carboniferous 2365: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2318:Antarctilamna 2316: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2246:Paleontology‎ 2243: 2239: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2179:Witwatersrand 2177: 2175: 2174:Merensky Reef 2172: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2156: 2152: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1918: 1914: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1614:Moodies Group 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1503: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1476: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1422: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1340: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1313: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1280:Lesothosaurus 1274: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1247: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1203: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1168: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1096: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1029: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 994: 991: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 959: 956: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 924: 921: 916: 912: 908: 904: 897: 894: 889: 885: 881: 874: 871: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 839: 836: 831: 827: 823: 819: 812: 809: 804: 800: 796: 789: 786: 781: 777: 773: 766: 763: 757: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 712:Ischigualasto 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 629: 627: 625: 621: 618: 614: 610: 602: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 583: 581: 578:provinces in 577: 573: 572:KwaZulu-Natal 569: 565: 561: 553: 551: 549: 546:provinces in 545: 541: 540:KwaZulu-Natal 537: 534:, and in the 533: 529: 522: 520: 518: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 476:There are no 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 441: 437: 432: 431:environment. 430: 426: 423:deposited by 422: 418: 415:-rich. These 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 389:braided river 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 362: 360: 358: 357:palynological 354: 350: 346: 345:stratigraphic 342: 341:Pliensbachian 338: 334: 330: 326: 325:sedimentation 322: 318: 306: 301: 298: 295: 291: 286: 283: 280: 276: 273: 261: 250: 246: 243: 239: 235: 234:KwaZulu-Natal 231: 228: 224: 219: 216: 212: 208: 205: 201: 198: 194: 190: 187: 183: 178: 174: 170: 167: 164: 160: 157: 154: 150: 147: 143: 139: 136: 132: 129: 126: 122: 119: 116: 112: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 45: 42:237–182  37: 33: 32:Late Triassic 29: 25: 20: 3680: 3666: 3647: 3633: 3527:Andre Keyser 3502:Alfred Brown 3497:Robert Broom 3289:Nqwebasaurus 3279:Kangnasaurus 3243:Sphenosuchus 3168:Geranosaurus 3148:Dracovenator 3128:Antetonitrus 3072:Ufudocyclops 3057:Tetracynodon 3047:Scymnosaurus 2952:Lystrosaurus 2937:Kannemeyeria 2892:Elliotherium 2791:Silpholestes 2741:Moschorhinus 2721:Leontosaurus 2691:Icticephalus 2681:Euchambersia 2631:Colobodectes 2621:Choerosaurus 2586:Aelurosaurus 2565:Trochosaurus 2545:Simorhinella 2540:Scymnosaurus 2485:Glossopteris 2470:Eunotosaurus 2348:Serenichthys 2333:Diplacanthus 2313:Africanaspis 2057:Karoo-Ferrar 1838: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1386: 1382: 1372: 1353: 1349: 1339: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1246: 1213: 1209: 1202: 1177: 1173: 1167: 1150: 1146: 1140: 1131:10261/338607 1105: 1101: 1095: 1077: 1071: 1038: 1034: 1028: 1003: 999: 993: 968: 964: 958: 933: 929: 923: 906: 902: 896: 879: 873: 848: 844: 838: 821: 817: 811: 794: 788: 771: 765: 688:Paraná Basin 644:South Africa 633: 613:South Africa 606: 603:Paleontology 580:South Africa 576:Eastern Cape 557: 548:South Africa 544:Eastern Cape 526: 475: 433: 385:alluvial fan 366: 316: 314: 288:Type section 260:South Africa 230:Eastern Cape 3357:Homo naledi 3345:Pleistocene 3294:Paranthodon 3269:Algoasaurus 3248:Tritheledon 3233:Pulanesaura 3163:Fabrosaurus 3138:Coelophysis 3086:Assemblages 3067:Trirachodon 3062:Thrinaxodon 3012:Procolophon 2997:Pentasaurus 2982:Noteosuchus 2972:Micropholis 2947:Lydekkerina 2887:Dinanomodon 2877:Cynognathus 2810:Assemblages 2776:Procolophon 2761:Pristerodon 2756:Polycynodon 2711:Ictidostoma 2706:Ictidodraco 2671:Eohyosaurus 2666:Eodicynodon 2661:Dinanomodon 2611:Broomistega 2480:Glanosuchus 2465:Endothiodon 2450:Dinanomodon 2415:Bulbasaurus 2343:Priscomyzon 2067:Earthquakes 2052:Drakensberg 2007:Pilanesberg 1931:Algoa Basin 1899:Algoa Group 1822:Dwyka Group 1725:Cretaceous 1704:Ordovician 1683:Dwyka Group 1643:Dwyka Group 1521:10539/16154 1108:: 177–192. 1087:11427/20847 708:Los Rastros 676:Santa Maria 630:Correlation 566:and in the 554:Subdivision 519:commenced. 512:, when the 502:Karoo Basin 421:dune fields 329:Karoo Basin 282:Karoo Basin 3698:Categories 3459:Geologists 3388:Planolites 3352:Boskop Man 3257:Cretaceous 3223:Pegomastax 3208:Lycorhinus 3193:Ledumahadi 3183:Gyposaurus 3133:Arcusaurus 3052:Shansiodon 3037:Regisaurus 3022:Prolacerta 2962:Mesosuchus 2922:Galesaurus 2882:Diademodon 2872:Bolotridon 2676:Emyduranus 2651:Cynosaurus 2626:Clelandina 2515:Mesosaurus 2510:Lycosuchus 2475:Galechirus 2455:Dinogorgon 2435:Cynosaurus 2282:Notiodella 2275:Ordovician 2169:Kimberlite 2130:Meteorites 2021:Diatremes 1827:Ecca Group 1708:Soom Shale 758:References 752:Antarctica 654:, and the 640:Tuli Basin 568:Free State 536:Free State 508:until the 482:Gondwanide 459:subduction 451:orogenesis 417:sandstones 405:lacustrine 381:sandstones 363:Background 359:analyses. 347:position, 238:Free State 3336:Nummulite 3315:Nummulite 3308:Paleogene 3274:Baculites 2992:Orosaurus 2977:Myosaurus 2796:Tamboeria 2746:Paliguana 2731:Lycideops 2701:Ictidodon 2656:Diictodon 2636:Compsodon 2596:Basilodon 2490:Hofmeyria 2445:Diictodon 2410:Basilodon 2395:Abdalodon 2374:Dadoxylon 2358:Umzantsia 2297:Soomaspis 2292:Promissum 1995:Volcanism 1981:Witteberg 1862:Triassic 1764:Jurassic 1654:Devonian 1633:Paleozoic 1515:: 89–95. 1267:: 319–29. 1238:128464155 680:Caturrita 624:trackways 517:volcanics 504:from the 490:forebulge 413:sandstone 397:mudstones 337:Olenekian 293:Named for 207:Sandstone 197:siltstone 193:claystone 180:Lithology 172:Thickness 152:Underlies 134:Sub-units 3682:Glossary 3668:Category 3178:Gryponyx 3153:Eocursor 3118:Aardonyx 3111:Jurassic 2855:Triassic 2570:Youngina 2520:Moschops 2353:Tutusius 2323:Bainella 2306:Devonian 2025:Big Hole 1892:Cenozoic 1719:Mesozoic 1669:Permian 1413:30270189 1304:85790601 1063:56420970 744:Gondwana 730:and the 704:Chañares 696:Triassic 694:and the 652:Zimbabwe 648:Botswana 617:dinosaur 528:Outcrops 494:foredeep 486:Triassic 478:outcrops 467:Gondwana 455:foreland 440:retroarc 333:Triassic 221:Location 189:Mudstone 162:Overlies 3617:Swazian 3324:Neogene 2927:Howesia 2388:Permian 1494:1303840 1455:Bibcode 1434:: 1–10. 1391:Bibcode 1218:Bibcode 1182:Bibcode 1110:Bibcode 1043:Bibcode 1008:Bibcode 973:Bibcode 938:Bibcode 853:Bibcode 738:of the 726:of the 718:of the 666:of the 660:Namibia 620:fossils 609:fossils 564:Lesotho 532:Lesotho 496:in the 425:aeolian 409:fluvial 401:fluvial 327:of the 272:Lesotho 248:Country 242:Lesotho 185:Primary 138:Molteno 124:Unit of 3218:Ngwevu 1492:  1411:  1302:  1236:  1061:  722:, the 702:; the 692:Brazil 650:, and 615:where 574:, and 542:, and 429:desert 371:. The 278:Extent 269:  257:  240:, and 226:Region 144:& 142:Elliot 3597:Other 3376:Other 1490:JSTOR 1300:S2CID 1257:Owen" 1234:S2CID 1079:Group 1059:S2CID 447:fault 211:shale 203:Other 1409:PMID 734:and 714:and 682:and 672:Utah 492:and 445:. A 387:and 369:arid 351:and 315:The 215:tuff 114:Type 50:Preęž’ 1517:hdl 1463:doi 1399:doi 1358:doi 1327:hdl 1323:100 1292:doi 1226:doi 1190:doi 1178:131 1155:hdl 1126:hdl 1118:doi 1083:hdl 1051:doi 1016:doi 1004:108 981:doi 946:doi 911:hdl 884:hdl 861:doi 849:108 826:hdl 799:hdl 776:hdl 750:of 670:in 658:of 3700:: 1513:27 1511:. 1486:52 1484:. 1461:. 1449:. 1432:17 1430:. 1407:. 1397:. 1387:28 1385:. 1381:. 1356:. 1354:62 1352:. 1348:. 1321:. 1298:. 1288:22 1286:. 1265:18 1263:. 1259:. 1232:. 1224:. 1214:72 1212:. 1188:. 1176:. 1151:98 1149:. 1124:. 1116:. 1106:51 1104:. 1057:. 1049:. 1039:10 1037:. 1014:. 1002:. 979:. 969:38 967:. 944:. 934:16 932:. 907:80 905:. 859:. 847:. 822:94 820:. 754:. 710:, 706:, 678:, 646:, 626:. 570:, 550:. 538:, 473:. 236:, 232:, 213:, 209:, 195:, 191:, 140:, 100:Pg 44:Ma 30:: 1553:e 1546:t 1539:v 1523:. 1519:: 1496:. 1469:. 1465:: 1457:: 1451:7 1415:. 1401:: 1393:: 1366:. 1360:: 1333:. 1329:: 1306:. 1294:: 1240:. 1228:: 1220:: 1196:. 1192:: 1184:: 1161:. 1157:: 1134:. 1128:: 1120:: 1112:: 1089:. 1085:: 1065:. 1053:: 1045:: 1022:. 1018:: 1010:: 987:. 983:: 975:: 952:. 948:: 940:: 917:. 913:: 890:. 886:: 867:. 863:: 855:: 832:. 828:: 805:. 801:: 782:. 778:: 403:- 335:( 105:N 95:K 90:J 85:T 80:P 75:C 70:D 65:S 60:O 55:ęž’ 39:~ 34:-

Index

Stratigraphic range
Late Triassic
Early Jurassic
Ma
Preęž’
ęž’
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Geologic group
Karoo Supergroup
Molteno
Elliot
Clarens Formations
Drakensberg Group
Beaufort Group
Mudstone
claystone
siltstone
Sandstone
shale
tuff
Eastern Cape

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