Beer in England - Knowledge (XXG)

1688:. Prior to stainless steel casks, beer was delivered in wooden barrels, which were lowered to the cellar via a trap-door on the footpath using two ropes wound about the barrels midriff (a parbuckle) to lower the barrel gently down the cellar's ramp. They then had to stand on their sides for a few days so the sediment would settle to the bottom of the belly of the barrel, after which they would be "tapped" by punching the pre-cut centre of the (traditionally cork) bung (at the lower edge of the barrel end) into the barrel by hitting the tapered brass "tap" with a mallet. One could then attach the pipe connector onto the tap, so that the cellarman could turn the tap on when ready. In a similar manner, one would punch through the centre of a bung on the upper side of the barrel's belly with a hardwood spile (tapered peg). The hardwood spile prevents air access. Once the barrel is in use, the spile is replaced with a "soft" spile, traditionally made from softwood, but nowadays from bonded-together (woody) fibres. The soft spile prevents a vacuum forming at the upper surface of the beer: it allows sufficient air in for the beer engine to work, but keeps dust, flies and other mischief-makers out. 2722: 741: 2624: 2569: 824: 2339: 2189:. The dimples prevent the glass slipping out of the fingers in a washing-up bowl, and the design of the glass emphasises strength, also to withstand frequent manual washing. These design features became less important when manual washing was superseded by machine washing. from the 1960s onwards. Dimpled glasses are now rarer than the other types and are regarded as more traditional. This sort of glass is also known as a "Handle" due to the handle on the glass. They are popular with the older generation and people with restricted movement in their hands which can make holding a usual pint glass difficult. 624: 574: 336: 2209: 2270: 1239: 921: 531: 418: 2101: 2221: 1479:. A much repeated story has it that 18th century London drinkers liked to blend aged (up to 18 months) and fresh beers into a mixture known as three threads, and that a certain Ralph Harwood came up with an "entire" beer that reproduced the taste of the mixture in a single brew, and that this "Entire" was the ancestor of porter and stout. However, modern beer scholars tend to doubt the veracity of the story. Nevertheless, a few latter-day Entires are produced (e.g. 30: 1615: 2233: 2197: 6024: 2847: 1320: 2245: 1975: 230: 1426: 1672:, giving it a limited shelf-life. It lacks artificial carbonation, instead dissolved gas is produced by ongoing fermentation, the gas coming out of solution forming bubbles in the glass. These dispense methods are associated with ale, although there is no technical barrier to serving lager or stout the same way. Most pubs use hand pumps ("beer engines") to draw the beer, whereas stillages are commonly employed at 2297:, where hops are added during the fermentation phase in addition to those that went into the initial boil. Worcestershire and Herefordshire has also been a major hop-growing area. The jargon of the areas is distinguished from that of Kent in certain words. Thus in Kent the drying house is known as an oast-house, in Worcestershire as a kiln, a hop-field is called a hop-garden, in Worcestershire a hop-yard. 2494:) independently of the brewer, but then to take a mortgage loan from a brewery, either to finance the purchase of the pub initially, or to refurbish it, and be required as a term of the loan to observe the solus tie. A growing trend in the late 20th century was for the brewery to run their pubs directly, employing a salaried manager (who perhaps could make extra money by commission, or by selling food). 2122: 1024: 737:. Newly popular foreign brands included Beck's from Germany, Heineken and Grolsch from the Netherlands, Leffe and Hoegaarden from Belgium, Peroni from Italy, San Miguel from the Philippines, Budweiser and Sierra Nevada from the US and Corona Extra from Mexico. A number of bars specialise in imported beer, with food and decor to match, Belgian and Bavarian themes being the most common. 2861: 710: 1870: 1256:

and hence did not have some of the tart and even slightly sour flavour of ales that were subject to long aging, which was considered a desirable attribute of premium ales. The dark colour characteristic of modern-day milds can come from either the use of roast malt or caramelised sugars, usually both. These ingredients lead to differences in flavour characteristics.

2139: 4994: 432:. Before 1700, London brewers sent out their beer very young and any aging was either performed by the publican or a dealer. Porter was the first beer to be aged at the brewery and despatched in a condition fit to be drunk immediately. It was the first beer that could be made on any large scale, and the London porter brewers, such as 780:" brewpub. The Firkin chain consisted of pubs offering cask ale brewed on the premises, or at another brewpub in the chain. The chain expanded to more than 100 pubs over its twenty-year history, considerably adding to the number of brewpubs in England. After a number of changes of ownership, brewing operations were wound up in 2001. 1629:, although the temperature can naturally fluctuate with the seasons. Proponents of English beer say that it relies on subtler flavours than that of other nations, and these are brought out by serving it at a temperature that would make other beers seem harsh. Where harsher flavours do exist in beer (most notably in those brewed in 1650: 1905:

is a national institution. At one time certain pubs, known as alehouses, were allowed to sell only beer. Now most pubs are licensed to sell a range of drinks, with beer making up a significant proportion. The range of beer available in a given establishment can vary from a few mass-market products to

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Mild is often thought to be partly a survival of the older style of hop-less brewing (hops were introduced in the 16th century), partly as a cheaper alternative to bitter (for a long time mild was a penny a pot, and bitter beer tuppence), and partly a sustaining but relatively unintoxicating beverage

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of 3 per cent to 3.6 per cent, though there are lighter hued examples, as well as stronger more traditional examples reaching 6 per cent abv and higher. The term "mild" originally had nothing to do with strength or level of hop bitterness, but rather as a label for beers that were not "vatted" (aged)

1187:, a strong and well-hopped beer, was designed to "survive the sea voyage to India", modern authorities consider this to be a myth. Twentieth century IPAs were equivalent to a typical bitter, although there has been a tendency to return to 18th century strengths (5.5 per cent upwards), hop rates, e.g. 916:

showed that there were more than 700 real-ale brewers in the UK at the time of publication — the highest number since the Second World War and four times as many since the founding of Camra. Iain Loe, a spokesman for Camra, explained a preference for moderate alcohol levels and a perception that real

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Almost any kind of beer can be delivered in this format, although it tends to be mainly associated with imported, stronger, and speciality beers. The keykeg format is suitable for transporting beer internationally, unlike traditional cask ales, allowing pubs and other outlets to offer a cosmopolitan

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The Ale Conner was a type of early tax-man whose job it was to test the quality and strength of beer, not by quaffing, but by sitting in a puddle of it! They travelled from pub to pub clad in sturdy leather britches. Beer was poured on a wooden bench and the Conner sat in it. Depending on how sticky

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In the Middle Ages, ale would have been brewed on the premises from which it was sold. Alewives would put out an ale-wand to show when their beer was ready. The mediaeval authorities were more interested in ensuring adequate quality and strength of the beer than discouraging drinking. Gradually, men

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of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery—in which case he would be a manager of a managed house, or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. This tied agreement

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without a licence was legalised in 1963, and was to become a fairly popular hobby, with homebrewing equipment shops on many high streets. Lager rapidly rose in popularity from the 1970s, increasing from only 2 percent of the market in 1965 to 20 percent in 1975, with English brewers producing their

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Demand for the export style of pale ale, which had become known as "India pale ale" (IPA), developed in England around 1840. IPA became a popular product in England. Some brewers dropped the term "India" in the late 19th century, but records indicated that these "pale ales" retained the features of

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as early as 1400 in Winchester, and hops were being planted in England by 1428. At the time, ale and beer brewing were carried out separately, no brewer being allowed to produce both. The Brewers Company of London stated "no hops, herbs, or other like thing be put into any ale or liquore wherof ale

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in 2002. It was a reduction in beer duty based on a brewery's total production and aimed at helping smaller breweries. The legislation had been campaigned for by the Society of Independent Brewers (Siba). In 2009, the combined sales of Siba's 420-plus members increased by 4% compared with 2008. By

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and beyond. They were considerably weaker than the pre-war versions (down from 1.055–1.060 to 1.040–1.042) and around the strength that porter had been in 1914. The drinking of porter, with its strength slot now occupied by single stout, steadily declined, and production ceased in the early 1950s.

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which could only sell beer from one brewery (a pub not tied in this way was called a free house). The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the pub was owned by the brewery but rented out to a private individual (landlord) who ran it as a separate business (even though contracted to buy the

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and light mild, with the term AK being used to refer to both. The designation of such beers as "bitter" or "mild" has tended to change with fashion. A good example is McMullen's AK, which was re-badged as a bitter after decades as a light mild. AK (a very common beer name in the 19th century) was

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Since the 2010s, there has been what some media outlets describe as an "explosion" of interest in craft beer. Although, the term "craft beer" does not have formal definition in the UK, it is generally taken to mean beer from small breweries which is highly flavourful and distinctive, particularly

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pub chain, most of whose pubs brewed on the premises, running to over one hundred at peak. However, that chain was sold and eventually its pubs ceased brewing their own beer. The resulting decline in brewpubs was something of a boon to other forms of microbrewing, as it led to an availability of

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in parallel with the development of India pale ale elsewhere. Previously, Englishmen had drunk mainly stout and porter, but bitter (a development of pale ale) came to predominate. Beers from Burton were considered of a particularly high quality due to synergy between the malt and hops in use and

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The period since the 1980s saw many breweries absorbed by, or becoming by take-overs, larger companies in the food, hotel or property sectors. The low returns of a pub-owning business led to many breweries selling their pub estates, especially those in cities, often to a new generation of small

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The nonic, a variation on the conical design, where the glass bulges out a couple of inches from the top; this is partly for improved grip, partly to prevent the glasses from sticking together when stacked, and partly to give strength and stop the rim from becoming chipped or "nicked". The term

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Once sold in every pub, mild experienced a catastrophic fall in popularity after the 1960s and was in danger of disappearing from many parts of the United Kingdom. In recent years the explosion of microbreweries has led to a partial recovery, and an increasing number of mild (sometimes labelled

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Henrys Original IPA, etc. These session bitters are not as strong and hoppy as the 18th and 19th century IPAs (or as an India Pale Ale would be in the USA) although IPAs with modest gravities (below 1.040) have been brewed in England since at least the 1920s. This is the most common strength of

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came into force in 2005. This removed the previous national restrictions on opening hours, allowing pubs and licensed premises to open for any or all of a twenty four-hour period, subject to agreement with the local licensing authorities. In practice, most pubs made only minor changes to their

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came to predominate. Burton came to dominate this trade, and at its height one quarter of all beer sold in Britain was produced here. Although over thirty breweries are recorded in 1880, a process of mergers and buy-outs resulted in three main breweries remaining by 1980: Bass, Ind Coopes and

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There were also dozens of regional breweries, although the number was dwindling as a result of takeovers, and the microbrewery sector consisted of just four long-standing brewpubs. Most pubs were owned by breweries and only allowed to offer the owning brewery's beers ("the tie"). CAMRA also

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based on the strength of beer in terms of cost of ingredients, leading to three distinct gradations: "table", "small" and "strong" beer. Mixing these types was used as a way of achieving variation, and sometimes avoiding taxation, and remained popular for more than a century afterwards.

2398:. These are "new" nationals, formed by mergers and takeovers of former regional breweries. The old "big six" national breweries (Whitbread, Scottish and Newcastle, Bass Charrington, Allied Breweries, Courage Imperial and Watneys) were all absorbed into international corporations. 1260:

suitable for lunchtime drinking by manual workers. But in reality, mild was probably not hopped differently from other beers of the day, since the term "mild" referred primarily to a lack of the sour tang contributed by age, and not a lack of hop character or alcoholic strength,

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In the 19th century, a typical brewery produced three or four mild ales, usually designated by a number of Xs, the weakest being X, the strongest XXXX. They were considerably stronger than the milds of today, with the gravity ranging from around 1.055 to 1.072 (about 5.5% to 7%

2459:. Current examples of small independent brewpubs are The Ministry of Ale, Burnley; The Masons Arms, Headington, Oxford; The Brunswick Inn, Derby; The Watermill pub, Ings, Cumbria; The Old Cannon Brewery, Bury St Edmunds and Fernandes Brewery Tap & Bier Keller, Wakefield. 2749:

Since 1963 it has been legal to brew any amount of beer at home, without a licence, providing it is not sold. Home brewing is a reasonably popular hobby, with many towns having home brew shops. Ale is usually brewed, the required equipment being simpler than that for lager.

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Levels of alcohol consumption amongst young people in England is significantly lower than previous generations, leading to the rise in popularity of lower-alcohol and alcohol-free beers. Major brewers have introduced alcohol-free varieties of established brands including

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have strength between 3.8 per cent and 4.7 per cent ABV. In the United Kingdom, Bitter above 4.2 per cent ABV accounts for just 2.9 per cent of pub sales. The disappearance of weaker bitters from some brewer's rosters means "best" bitter is actually the weakest in the

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profile ranges from spicy to citrus; common hop additions include Styrian Golding and Cascade. Alcohol is in the 4% to 5% range ABV. The style was marketed in 1989 by John Gilbert, a former brewer at Watney in Mortlake, London, who had opened his own operation, the

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Although its founding father, Michael Jackson, died in 2007, modern beer writing was burgeoning, with beer columns appearing alongside wine columns in the quality press. Beer writing was to evolve into beer blogging, leaders in both fields including Martyn Cornell,

1819:, so that the gas does not affect the beer. Keykeg beer can also be naturally carbonated, and lightly filtered, removing some of the objections to the older keg format. Nonetheless, it retains much of the advantage in terms of shelf life of the older keg format. 681:

In 1960 almost 40 percent of beer drunk nationally was sold in bottled form, although the figure was 60 percent in the south of England, falling to 20 percent in the North of England. Pale ale had replaced mild as the beer of choice for the majority of drinkers.

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to replace the long-standing malt tax with a duty on the finished product – beer. As a side effect, homebrewers that produced their own beer for "domestic use" were subject to registration, regulation and inspection, and were required to pay a licence fee.

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One list of accounts from Vindolanda mentions Atrectus the brewer (Atrectus cervesarius), the first named brewer in British history, as well as the first known professional brewer in Britain. The accounts also show purchases of bracis or braces, that is,

2293:, is the traditional hop growing area; brewers in the north and west used to economise on the cost of importing hops by producing beers with more of a malt character, a regional distinction that has not entirely vanished. A characteristic technique is 2684:

after Coors took over the brewery—continued until June 2008. This was reopened in 2010 as the William Worthington Brewery and its ales—including Worthington Red Shield, White Shield, and "E", are primarily sold through the on-site Brewery Tap outlet.

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campaigned against the tendency of smaller brewers to be bought up by larger ones, against short measures, for the preservation of historically significant pubs, and for increased choice and longer opening hours for pubs. CAMRA also produced a

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was founded in 1971 to protect traditional – unpressurised – beer and brewing methods. Keg beer was replacing traditional cask ale in all parts of the UK, primarily because it requires less care to handle. The campaign group devised the term

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long, shaped with a bulb at the bottom, and a widening shaft which constitutes most of the height. The glass most likely originated in 17th-century England where the glass was known also as a "Long Glass", a "Cambridge Yard (Glass)" and an

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In Britain during the 20th century most of the traditional pubs which brewed their own beer in the brewhouse round the back of the pub, were bought out by larger breweries and ceased brewing on the premises. By the mid-1970s only four

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London porter differs from stout in having generally lower gravity and lighter body, closer to bitter. Porter as distinct from stout virtually disappeared during the mid-20th century, but has had a modest revival since the 1980s (e.g.

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Abbot. Flavouring beer with hops was known at least as early as the 9th century, but was only gradually adopted because of difficulties in establishing the right proportions of ingredients. Before that, a mix of various herbs called

772:, north London. This was the basis of a national chain of pubs, (over 900 as of 2016) which were to prove influential on the British beer scene, because of their low prices, large premises, and championing of cask ale. Also in 1979 965:

Although the choice available to English beer drinkers in the mid-2010s is perhaps unparalleled, there are concerns about the future of pubs, with about 30 closing per week. Bucking the trend somewhat are craft beer outlets, the

1374:. English Porters and stouts are generally as dark or darker than old ales, and significantly more bitter. They differ from dark milds and old ales in the use of roast grains, which adds to the bitterness, and lends flavours of 255:

cultivation was difficult or impossible. Beer provided a considerable amount of the daily calories in the northern regions. In England, the per capita consumption was 275–300 liters (60–66 gallons) a year by the

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Jug glasses, Barrel glasses, or "dimple mugs", are shaped more like a large mug with a handle. They are moulded with a grid pattern of thickened glass on the outside, somewhat resembling the segmentation of a WWII-era

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draught formats, ideas mainly deriving from the US microbrewery scene. Craft beer may stand alongside other beers in a mainstream pub, or be retailed in specialist outlets, such as the chain owned by Scottish brewers

2033:. A tankard may have a hinged lid, and tankards featuring glass bottoms are also fairly common. Tankards are now rarely used, except those made from glass, but historic tankards are often used as decorative items. 1276:

often referred to as a "mild bitter beer" interpreting "mild" as "unaged". Some breweries have revived the traditional high-gravity strong mild, with alcohol content of 6 per cent or so, the classic example being

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beer with a low hop rate and predominantly malty palate. Historically, mild ales were of standard strength for the time (and rather strong by modern standards). Modern mild ales are mainly dark coloured with an

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man is a naturall drinke. Ale muste haue these properties, it muste be fresshe and cleare, it muste not be ropy, nor smoky, nor it must haue no wefte nor tayle. Ale shulde not be dronke vnder.v. dayes olde ....

2084:; the bulb at the bottom of the glass makes it likely that the contestant will be splashed with a sudden rush of beer towards the end of the feat. The fastest drinking of a yard of ale (1.42 litres) in the 107:

increased in popularity from the mid-20th century. Other modern developments include the consolidation of large brewers into multinational corporations; the growth of beer consumerism; and the expansion of

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Since the 2000s, a number of brewers and outlets have been introducing a variation on keg dispense. Keykegs deliver the product under gas pressure, but it is internally held in plastic bag, rather like a

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English drinkers became more interested in imported beers during the 1970s and 1980s, partly as a result of increased foreign travel and partly because of promotion of the subject by beer writers such as

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A sparkler is a device that can be attached to the nozzle of a beer engine. Designed rather like a shower-head, beer dispensed through a sparkler becomes aerated and frothy which results in a noticeable

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A free house is a pub that is free of the control of any one particular brewery. Free houses can, but do not necessarily, serve a varied selection range of guest beers. Some pub chains do so as well.

5008: 2289:, although commercial pressures may incline brewers to use higher-yielding modern varieties. Modern brewers also sometimes make use of American or Continental hops. South-east England, particularly 2080:

Glass". It is associated by legend with stagecoach drivers, though was mainly used for drinking feats and special toasts. Drinking a yard glass full of beer as quickly as possible is a traditional

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that could be as refreshing as lager. The result was a drier and hoppier pale ale he called "Summer Lightning", after a novel by PG Wodehouse; it won several awards and inspired numerous imitators.

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The Wetherspoons chain has expanded to nearly 900 outlets over its 25-year history, most of them being former shops, banks and so on, rather than traditional pub premises. Describing themselves as

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Brewery as the first new independent brewing company in England for 50 years. "I foresaw the revival in real ale, and got in early", he said. By the end of the decade he was joined by over 25 new

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provides tenants with trade premises at a below market rent providing people with a low-cost entry into self-employment. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular

2307:. Malts can be treated in a number of ways, particularly by degrees of roasting, to obtain different colours and flavours. Oats, wheat malt or unmalted barley may also be included in the mash. 1798:

and a less carbonated taste. This makes the beer feel smooth on the palate and gives a foamy appearance. Premixed bottled gas for creamy beers is usually 75 per cent nitrogen and 25 per cent CO

1854:, in some beers. The counter argument is that the sparkler takes away harshness. A pub may favour sparklers because the larger head they produce means it does not need to supply as much beer. 1946:(i.e. liquor stores) sell at least a dozen bottled beers. Some specialists sell many more, and may include a few cask ales that can be dispensed to customers in containers to be taken home. 311:"ale-founders", and "ale-conners". Ale-conners were often trusted to ensure that the beer was sold at a fair price. Historically, four ale-conners were chosen annually by the Common Hall of 566:. Burton retained absolute dominance in pale ale brewing: at its height one quarter of all beer sold in Britain was produced there until a chemist, C. W. Vincent discovered the process of 3705: 650:

The First World War measures had a particularly dramatic effect upon mild ale. As the biggest-selling beer, it suffered the largest cut in gravity when breweries had to limit the average

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With cask ale having a secure future, the Campaign for Real Ale has (as of March 2016) been reconsidering its aims, with the options including focusing on the preservation of pubs.

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A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses, 1,631 inns, and 329 taverns, representing one pub for every 187 people.

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British brewpubs are not required to double up as restaurants, as is the case in some jurisdictions. Many specialise in ale, whilst others brew continental styles such as lager and

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Perfect Pint – website and mobile application allowing users to search and share information about great Real Ales based on personal tastes, location and current pubs availability

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pint measures in addition to the usual pints and halves. A number of commentators have noted that craft beer appeals to a younger clientele, particularly those characterised as

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of their beer to 1.030. In order to be able to produce some stronger beer – which was exempt from price controls and thus more profitable – mild was reduced to 1.025 or lower.

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In Roman Britain, brewing, both domestic and retail, must have been widespread: remains indicating the existence of Roman-era malting or brewing operations have been found from

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Ale is made of malte and water; and they the which do put any other thynge to ale than is rehersed, except yest, barme, or goddesgood , doth sophysticat there ale. Ale for an

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shall be made – but only liquor (water), malt, and yeast." This comment is sometimes misquoted as a prohibition on hopped beer. However, hopped beer was opposed by some, e.g.

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man, and nowe of late dayes it is moche vsed in Englande to the detryment of many Englysshe men ... for the drynke is a colde drynke. Yet it doth make a man fatte, and doth

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indicating the beer on offer remains a familiar and characteristic sight in most English pubs. Before the beer engine, beer was generally poured into jugs in the cellar or

962:. A number of breweries associated with the craft movement have been taken over by multinationals, prompting debate about whether they should still be considered "craft". 2044:

jug in the form of a seated person, or the head of a recognizable person (often an English king). Typically the seated figure is a heavy-set, jovial man holding a mug of

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is a strong beer which is used for blending with weaker beers at the brewery and not sold directly. The upper limit on strength for this style is about 11%–12% ABV.

3639: 1405:, all of which are generally available in bottles only. These speciality beers have a tiny proportion of the market, but are of interest to connoisseurs worldwide. 717:

At the time, brewing was dominated by the "big six" breweries: Whitbread, Scottish and Newcastle, Bass Charrington, Allied Breweries, Courage Imperial and Watneys.

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is a voluntary accreditation scheme that allows publicans to display a special symbol indicating that their cask ale is of good quality, as judged by a series of

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takes up the majority of the market, bottled beer has a firm place and is a growing sector. Some brands are sold almost entirely in the bottled format, such as

1035:, from about 3.5% to 7% in strength and pale gold to dark mahogany in colour. English brewers have several loose names for variations in beer strength, such as 608:). Gravities dropped throughout the late 19th century and by 1914 the weakest milds were down to about 1.045, still considerably stronger than modern versions. 375:

In the 15th century, an unhopped beer would have been known as an ale, while the use of hops would make it a beer. Hopped beer was imported to England from the

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or their own homes, upon obtaining a moderately priced licence of just under £2 for beer and ale and £1 for cider, without recourse to obtaining them from

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at Vindolanda buying ceruese, or beer, as the legions doubtless did throughout the rest of Roman Britain, almost certainly from brewers in the local area.

1750:. By the early 1970s the term "draught beer" almost exclusively referred to beer served under pressure as opposed to the traditional cask or barrel beer. 4749: 1961:

held every August. Local CAMRA branches organise smaller festivals in most vicinities. Beer festivals often include competitions to judge the best beer.

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to be sourced by tenants from someone other than their landlord. The industry responded by spinning off purely pub-owning companies ("pubcos"), such as

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to glassware also led drinkers to prefer lighter beers. The development of rail links to Liverpool enabled brewers to export their beer throughout the

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Top-fermenting yeasts stay on the surface of fermenting beer whilst active, hence top-fermented beers tend to be less naturally clear than lagers and

4308: 3880: 2208: 1957:, but the idea of a "beer exhibition" where a wide variety can be sampled has been enthusiastically taken up since the 1970s. The largest is CAMRA's 519:, as was previously required. The result was the opening of hundreds of new pubs throughout England, and the reduction of the influence of the large 3898: 1850:

There is some dispute about the benefits of a sparkler. There is an argument that the sparkler can reduce the flavour and aroma, especially of the

1802:. This premixed gas which only works well with creamy beers is often referred to as Guinness Gas, Beer Gas, or Aligal. Using "Beer Gas" with other 1264:'Dark') brands are now being brewed. Most of these are in the more modern interpretation of "mild"...a sweeter brew with lower alcoholic strength. 161:

wheat (or malt), doubtless for brewing. Quite possibly the garrison bought the malt, and hired a local brewer to make beer from it for the troops.

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English brewers are allowed a free hand in the use of adjuncts which can include honey, ginger and spices, although this practice is not common.

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styles. These lighter coloured, bottom fermented beers first started gaining real popularity in England in the later part of the 20th century.

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Wobble was historically a low-strength ale that was provided on site to workers in particularly heavy and thirst-inducing occupations, such as

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The Dictionary of Trade Products, Manufacturing, and Technical Terms: With a Definition of the Moneys, Weights, and Measures of All Countries

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factory in the town: Marmite being made from spent brewer's yeast. Together with the breweries this can give the area a distinctive smell.

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Beer in England is usually served at cellar temperature (between 10–14 °C (50–57 °F)), which is often controlled in a modern-day

555:. This extensively hopped, lighter beer was easier to store and transport, and so favoured the growth of larger breweries. The switch from 4607: 3572: 702:

to differentiate between beer served from the cask and beer served under pressure and to differentiate both from lager. "Ale" now meant a

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The large London porter breweries pioneered many technological advances, such as the construction of large storage vats, the use of the

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publication suggested that British beer drinkers' "love affair with carbonated beers may finally have peaked". The 2010 edition of the

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to reproduce the chemical composition of the water from Burton-upon-Trent, thus giving any brewery the capability to brew pale ale.

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rather than pubs; they are less likely to be free standing, and more likely to be urban in setting and modern in style. "New wave"

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British brewing is generally thought to have been part of a wider Celtic tradition. Since this was well before the introduction of

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Brewing in what is now England was probably well established when the Romans arrived in 54 BC, and certainly continued under them.

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Nitrogen is used under high pressure when dispensing dry stouts (such as Guinness) and other creamy beers because it displaces CO

4527: 4492: 623: 193:, and the remains of these double-floored buildings, with underground flues, are found in Roman towns as well as on Roman farms. 5192: 5161: 3658: 3170: 1305:

since at least the 16th century, which is darker and sweeter than bitter. It has sometimes been used as a synonym for old ale.

1212:

range from beers such as Manns Original Brown Ale, which is quite sweet and low in alcohol, to North Eastern brown ale such as

823: 4146: 2310:

Water—known as "liquor"—is an important ingredient in brewing, and larger breweries often draw supplies from their own wells.

1447:

was a low-strength beer that was consumed throughout the day by all ages. A later survival of small beer were the low-gravity

905:

in all enclosed public places in England, including pubs. The ban had already been introduced in Scotland the previous year.

5602: 5296: 5187: 2803: 2617:. Much of the open land within and around the town is protected from chemical treatment to help preserve this water quality. 1697: 4682: 4162: 3230: 2718:

The town's connection with the brewing industry is celebrated by the sculpture of the Burton Cooper in the shopping centre.

2071:

used for drinking around 2.5 imperial pints (1.4 L) of beer, depending upon the diameter. The glass is approximately 1

579: 2765:

name or brand name, usually in connection to collecting them as a hobby. Examples include beer cans, bottles, openers, tin

791:

that could be owned by large brewery groups in the United Kingdom to 2,000, and required large brewer landlords to allow a

6006: 5209: 3802: 1910:. The latter are sometimes called "chalkies" because the current selection of cask ales is often written on a blackboard. 273: 2314:(see below) is famed for the suitability of its water for brewing, and its mineral balance is often artificially copied. 5182: 5166: 4362: 2874: 2553: 2369: 2333: 1541: 651: 573: 3861: 335: 323:

they felt it to be when they stood up, they were able to assess its alcoholic strength and impose the appropriate duty.

5347: 4562: 3942: 1958: 787:, were introduced in December 1989, partly in response to CAMRA campaigning. The Orders restricted the number of tied 3924: 3820: 3059: 2232: 2161:

and half-pint glasses (Half-pint glasses are generally smaller versions of pint glasses.). The common shapes of pint

1461:

or spingo was strong or old ale. The name may come from the sharp, or "stinging" flavour of a well-matured beer. The

981:, its branches offer a wider range of cask ales than other pubcos, and they have recently begun offering craft beer. 4720: 3529: 2269: 5764: 5622: 5104: 5088: 5017: 2879: 2486:

beer from the brewery). Another very common arrangement was (and is) for the landlord to own the premises (whether

2342: 466:. Among the earliest known named brewers whose beers were exported to India was George Hodgson of the Bow Brewery, 364:, Margery dictates her story to a scribe, and reports that in the early 15th century she attempted to brew beer in 312: 4389: 4322: 3439:"Mild or Bitter." Economist 18 June 1960: 1225+. The Economist Historical Archive 1843–2006. Web. 19 August 2011. 2244: 5924: 5151: 4510: 1217: 360: 4808: 3736: 2321:

are sometimes used to clarify them. Modern breweries carefully maintain their own distinctive strains of yeast.

643:

emergency measures, introduced a number of changes, such as higher taxation on beer, lower strengths, a ban on "

615:

began to be offered in pubs in the late 19th century, but remained a small part of the market for many decades.

6049: 5774: 5204: 5146: 5130: 4474: 3618: 3602: 3396: 2972: 2644: 2086: 1886: 1462: 1221: 1196: 761: 730: 530: 397:

malte or any other corne doth ... Beere is made of malte, of hoppes, and water; it is a naturall drynke for a

4589: 3843: 1857:

Breweries may state whether or not a sparkler is preferred when serving their beers. Generally, breweries in

1731:

inactive, increasing the shelf life of the product. However, some believe this is at the expense of flavour.

592: 5879: 5869: 5864: 5822: 5699: 5526: 3029: 1491: 1238: 875: 812: 628: 588: 4896: 3297: 1925:

from around the world, rather than the cask ales of traditional real ale pubs. Some establishments imitate

1823:

range. On the other hand, this is a plastic single-use keg. What is, environmentally a major disadvantage.

1660:

is the traditional method of bulk supply to a pub. The brew is then served from the cask in a cellar via a

137:

ale. A series of domestic and military accounts written on wooden tablets were dug up at the Roman fort of

6016: 5156: 2834:

who try to outdo each other in sampling as many varieties as possible. They are not known to be organised.

2640: 2487: 2373: 2049: 1747: 1332: 4870: 3902: 706:

beer, not an unhopped beer. CAMRA was to become an influential force, with a membership of over 170,000.

5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5884: 5874: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5839: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5291: 5081: 4051: 2810: 2632: 2572: 2196: 1754: 1681: 920: 832: 693: 673:

beer Red Barrel, although this method of serving beer did not take hold in the UK until the late 1960s.

417: 133:

In the 1980s, archaeologists found the evidence that Rome's soldiers in Britain sustained themselves on

3449: 1340: 2529:, passed in 1989, was aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a 1806:

can cause the last 5 per cent to 10 per cent of the beer in each keg to taste very flat and lifeless.

441: 307:. There were many different names for this position, which varied from place to place: "ale-tasters", 5416: 4660: 3580: 2681: 2662: 2395: 2365: 1734:

In the early 20th century, draught beer started to be served from pressurised containers. Artificial

1336: 1277: 840:

2011, the breweries in the UK, were recording an average growth in beer sales of 3% to 7% per annum.

773: 516: 470: 38: 4289: 2605:). This comes from the high proportion of dissolved salts in the water, predominantly caused by the 5993: 5754: 5536: 5511: 4415: 2927: 2820: 2405: 2121: 2006: 1914: 1882: 1677: 1619: 1414: 1410: 1348: 1213: 1188: 1143: 891: 848: 636: 421: 339: 206: 113: 29: 3112: 1476: 5844: 5684: 5496: 5444: 5386: 2923: 2922:"It is probable that when Julius Caesar arrived on the coast of Kent in 55 BC beer was already a 2766: 2695:

A pale and well hopped style of beer was developed in Burton in parallel with the development of

2401: 1890: 1661: 1557: 882: 815:. The Beer Orders were revoked in January 2003, by which time the industry had been transformed. 500: 437: 214: 5063: 2509: 657:

English breweries continued to brew a range of bottled, and sometimes draught, stouts until the

251:. It was consumed daily by all social classes in the northern and eastern parts of Europe where 4611: 3418: 1614: 1370:

is a historically significant style developed in 18th century London, which is the ancestor of

858:

Interest in imported beer continued to rise, with an influx of Eastern European workers making

5983: 5967: 5947: 5894: 5689: 5541: 5531: 5521: 5471: 5454: 4791: 4772: 4744: 4640: 4634: 4458: 4086: 3552: 3372: 3328: 3281: 3150: 3116: 2708: 2594: 2580: 2311: 2162: 1565: 1545: 1531: 1344: 1252: 985:

are small community pubs with limited opening hours, and focusing strongly on local cask ale.

665:

In the early 20th century, serving draught beer from pressurised containers began. Artificial

1843:

is carried into the head, resulting in a softer, sweeter flavour due to the loss of normal CO

1075:. Hop levels will vary within each sub group, though there is a tendency for the hops in the 5962: 5779: 5739: 5734: 5714: 5607: 5556: 5516: 5501: 5421: 5396: 5120: 5003: 3108: 2667:

Burton Bridge Brewery, a small brewery founded in 1982 by Geoff Mumford and Bruce Wilkinson.

2512:

in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, whilst a few, such as

2498: 2304: 2138: 1907: 1858: 1516: 1484: 1480: 1466: 1166: 1156:

market. A typical golden ale has an appearance and profile similar to that of a pale lager.

1121: 725:

and campaigned for the preservation of mild ale, which was now seen as an endangered style.

365: 257: 248: 6023: 2846: 2537:. This law has now been repealed, but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. 1633:), these are traditionally mitigated by serving the beer through a hand pump fitted with a 5899: 5759: 5719: 5694: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5647: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5612: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5566: 5506: 5439: 5406: 5327: 5030: 4223: 4150: 4064: 4024: 3381: 2796:

The Campaign for a Fair Pint are an organisation of publicans campaigning against the Tie.

2381: 2170: 1576: 1549: 1319: 1302: 1268: 881:

A piece of legislation popularly known as the "twenty four-hour drinking", officially the

800: 784: 640: 547: 428:

The early 18th century saw the development of a popular new style of dark beer in London:

186: 3489: 17: 4184: 1974: 1152:

or summer ales were developed in the late 20th century by breweries to compete with the

5952: 5889: 5832: 5827: 5749: 5729: 5724: 5709: 5704: 5659: 5642: 5617: 5561: 5551: 5491: 5481: 5378: 5250: 4958: 4239: 2899: 2866: 2696: 2501: 2448: 2437: 2415: 1780: 1743: 1739: 1724: 1716: 1673: 1594: 1402: 1247: 1184: 1107: 777: 696:(CAMRA), was founded in 1971 to protect unpressurised beer. The group devised the term 670: 644: 563: 463: 170: 146: 109: 96: 4217: 2541:

chains, many of which have now grown considerably and have a national presence. Other

1425: 689:

own brands or brewing under licence. Canned beer was also introduced about this time.

647:" and restricted opening hours. Most were gradually repealed over subsequent decades. 6043: 5957: 5784: 5744: 5679: 5546: 5486: 5466: 5459: 5449: 5401: 5391: 5265: 5235: 5214: 5125: 4998: 4496: 3072:

Andrewe Boorde. A Compendyous Regymentor a Dyetary of helth. (1557), fol. G.ii – iii.

2889: 2658: 2614: 2584: 2522: 2478: 2361: 1950: 1641:

the beer and softening the flavour while giving the beer an attractive head of foam.

1580: 1540:, from both British and Canadian origin owned by the American/Canadian brewing giant 1472: 1390: 1367: 1272: 1018: 804: 796: 703: 567: 485: 429: 284:

ceased brewing for themselves and bought beer from these early commercial breweries.

92: 72: 42: 4341: 4104: 3181: 2699:

elsewhere. Previously, Englishmen had drunk mainly dark stout and porter beers, but

2557:

offer youth-orientated atmospheres, often in premises larger than traditional pubs.

229: 5988: 5476: 5431: 5321: 4143: 2734: 2726: 2712: 2588: 2422:, a volatile sector that has undergone considerable expansion in the past 30 years. 2186: 1878: 1764:

to differentiate between beer served from the cask and beer served under pressure.

1394: 1375: 1371: 967: 938:. Craft beers are often stronger than standard ales and lagers, and may be sold in 836: 808: 769: 765: 757: 685: 658: 597: 512: 445: 277: 4972: 4544: 2738: 2650: 2391: 1106:

have strength up to 4.1 per cent ABV. The majority of English beers with the name

855:

had become the accepted global term to indicate a beer not served under pressure.

4686: 4166: 3238: 3083: 2955: 2643:, a microbrewery producing a number of speciality beers, including the eponymous 908:

The popularity of lager fell from 74.5 per cent in 2008 to 74.3 per cent and the

6028: 5230: 2852: 2816: 2654: 2602: 2547: 2526: 2513: 2387: 2300: 2294: 2145: 2064: 1990: 1982: 1954: 1943: 1926: 1795: 1735: 1669: 1572: 1452: 1352: 1113: 1080: 1001: 902: 895: 867: 859: 666: 452: 398: 376: 347: 142: 68: 61: 5339: 4046:"Brewing records". London Metropolitan Archives: Whitbread and Barclay Perkins. 3990: 3961: 3605:, was named as the most influential player in the British pub industry in 2013 2173:

around 6 inches (15 cm) tall and tapering by about 1 inch (25 mm) in

1861:

serve their beers with a sparkler attached and breweries in the south without.

1351:

and can mature for several years. Some of these stronger versions are known as

2904: 2894: 2884: 2842: 2758: 2530: 2482: 2468: 2350: 2068: 1935: 1922: 1803: 1720: 1598: 1588: 1553: 1512: 1494: 1444: 1434: 1398: 1298: 1289: 1153: 1092: 1023: 792: 709: 662:

However, Irish-brewed stouts, particularly Guinness, remained firmly popular.

456: 292: 288: 178: 138: 5073: 4941:"Cask Marque - The Independent Award For Pubs Serving Great Quality Cask Ale" 4366: 4090: 2601:

industry due to the quality of the local water (from boreholes, not from the

1331:, also sometimes called Winter Warmers. Many have "old" in the name, such as 5240: 2770: 2542: 2491: 2472: 2456: 2111: 2091: 2002: 1979: 1833: 1638: 1630: 1561: 1448: 1356: 1209: 1170: 1117: 978: 535: 524: 520: 489: 433: 182: 80: 45: 4566: 2169:

Conical glasses are shaped, as the name suggests, as an inverted truncated

1869: 1199:'s Bengal Lancer, and to emphasise the Indian connection in their branding. 1000:, and new brands have emerged to cater to the low-alcohol market including 295:

of ancient English communities to ensure the goodness and wholesomeness of

4923:"Society of Independent Brewers, the voice of British Independent Brewing" 3690: 2273:

Hop picking in Kent, 1875. Hop picking was a working holiday for Londoners

5270: 5255: 4309:"Myth 1: Ralph Harwood invented porter as a substitute for three-threads" 3998: 3969: 2700: 2688:

A by-product of the brewing industry, figuratively and literally, is the

2610: 2517: 2419: 2377: 2346: 2286: 2251: 2174: 2081: 2037: 1986: 1918: 1816: 1776: 1775:

dispense is a variation on keg dispense, using a gas mixture emphasising

1772: 1760: 1704: 1685: 1665: 1657: 1637:, a device that mixes air with the beer, therefore aerating and slightly 1527: 1233: 1174: 1088: 1084: 1032: 997: 993: 982: 971: 698: 669:

was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1936, with Watney's experimental

493: 241: 166: 150: 76: 49: 4723:

Last orders for traditional pint glass as search begins for alternatives

2676:

Black Hole Brewery, a microbrewery subsidiary of Kammac, a cask supplier

1700:

A typical 11 Gallon keg with single opening in the centre of the top end

355:

had been used, but did not have the same conserving properties as hops.

5260: 4397: 4253: 3706:"Ban on smoking in pubs to come into force on 1 July – UK Politics, UK" 2762: 2689: 2636: 2598: 2534: 2433: 2409: 2318: 2282: 2130: 2107: 2057: 2053: 2041: 2030: 2026: 1998: 1930: 1537: 1501: 1379: 1314: 1125:

bitter sold in English pubs, accounting for 16.9 per cent of pub sales.

935: 745: 559: 402: 385: 369: 265: 237: 190: 84: 57: 4514: 1649: 4812: 4661:"Yard-of-ale glass (drinking glass) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 3737:"Real ale sales on the rise as Britain's beer drinkers tire of lager" 2741:

Brewery (all other Burton brewers have switched to stainless steel).

2606: 2441: 2127: 2014: 2010: 1668:

wherever the cask is kept. Cask conditioned beer is unfiltered and un

1458: 1383: 1192: 871: 863: 556: 552: 390: 281: 233: 100: 4478: 2060:

hat. Like metal tankards, they are now considered decorative items.

4997: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 2733:

Burton upon Trent is also known in beer technology circles for the

2673:

Cottage Brewery, its retail outlet being the nearby Old Cottage Inn

2356:

English brewing is often considered to have a four-tier structure.

1939:

s as a novelty, with a range of draught and bottled beer to match.

1526:, more than half of the current English market is now lager in the 1079:

group to be more noticeable. Bitter is dispensed in most formats —

1067:. Two groups of drinkers may mark differently the point at which a 5275: 5245: 4083:

Statistical Handbook / A Compilation of Drinks Industry Statistics

3397:"Brewing in Styles: Mild Ale – Back from the Brink of Extinction?" 2720: 2622: 2567: 2447:

Brewpubs subsequently resurged, particularly with the rise of the

2337: 2268: 2018: 2009:, drinking cup with a single handle. Tankards are usually made of 1973: 1868: 1728: 1695: 1648: 1613: 1584: 1438: 1424: 1318: 1271:

Knots of May. There is some overlap between the weakest styles of

1237: 919: 822: 753: 739: 708: 622: 612: 572: 529: 508: 416: 352: 296: 269: 252: 202: 174: 158: 134: 104: 88: 2639:. In addition to their large-scale plant, Coors also operate the 2481:

breweries in the 18th century, the trend grew for pubs to become

4900: 4126: 4105:"Hop Back Summer Lightning « Beer Culture with Des de Moor" 2505: 2290: 2278: 2158: 2072: 2056:

in the other and wearing 18th century attire: a long coat and a

2045: 2022: 1851: 1708: 1161: 1157: 484:

from a container in a pub's basement or cellar, was invented by

481: 478: 394: 304: 291:, sometimes "aleconner", was an officer appointed yearly at the 198: 189:

to homes, was adapted in Britain to build permanent corn dryers/

5343: 5077: 4834: 3511: 3467: 2793:

represents regional brewers. It campaigns in favour of the Tie.

1696: 639:

of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in combination with

5316: 5058: 4973:"Scoopergen - everything you need to know about beer scooping" 4874: 3619:"What Happened to the Firkin Pubs | Good Beer, Good Pubs" 2077: 1902: 1837: 1712: 1626: 1544:, is the best-selling beer in Britain and is mainly brewed in 1523: 1328: 788: 605: 504: 300: 53: 5048:. Society for the diffusion of useful knowledge. 1833. p 285. 4940: 4271: 3862:"JD Wetherspoon | Contradicts Trend | Pub Closures" 3107:. Oxford University Press Scholarship Online. pp. 3–12. 2404:, often owned and run by successive generations of a family. 1504:. However, modern-day beers called Wobble tend to be strong. 37:

Beer has been brewed in England for thousands of years. As a

3881:"Has time been called on JD Wetherspoon's growth prospects?" 2707:

The fame of Burton ales gave rise to the English euphemism "

477:

The beer engine (a simple lift-pump), a device for manually

346:

The use of hops in beer was written of as early as 822 by a

5068: 5009:

Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences

4437: 4233: 4231: 3672: 1095:

or bottled. Drinkers tend to loosely group the beers into:

760:, a trend which would only increase in the 1980s. In 1979, 748:. A J. D. Wetherspoon's pub named for Orwell's description. 327:

However, the accuracy of the colourful legend is doubtful.

4922: 4852: 1327:

Old ale is a term applied to dark, malty beers above 4.5%

1138:

have strength of 4.8 per cent ABV and over. Also known as

488:

in 1797. The bar-mounted pump handle, with its changeable

2826:

Real ale's most enthusiastic fans are hobbyists known as

1564:), brews the UK's second-highest selling beer, the lager 1246:

Mild in modern times is generally considered to be a low-

405:, as it doth appere by the doche mennes faces and belyes. 3943:"CAMRA founder criticised over BBC Breakfast appearance" 3327:. Boulder, Colo.: Brewers Publications. pp. 41–43. 3101:"Historical evolution of alcohol consumption in society" 1664:, electric pump or by gravity straight from the cask on 3991:"'Nolo beer' sales rocket thanks to young teetotallers" 3803:"Why Meantime sold up to SAB Miller – the inside story" 1267:

Light mild is similar but pale in colour, for instance

1051:. There is no agreed and defined difference between an 803:, from the older brewing-and-owning companies, notably 3640:"Rise of the microbrewery: Small but perfectly formed" 2090:

is five seconds. The former Australian Prime Minister

1906:

a wide selection of cask ales and bottled beers, in a

1787:). It is associated with stouts and Irish "red" ales. 1597:

is very popular in England and special lagers such as

546:

A pale and well-hopped style of beer was developed in

523:. One of the motivations of the Act was to reduce the 276:. As brewing became more organised and reliable, many 4342:"The Oxford Companion to Beer definition of sparkler" 3962:"Young drinkers lead the trend for alcohol-free beer" 3349:"Page Not Found | The Western Front Association" 2040:—also sometimes known as a Fillpot (or Philpot)—is a 1949:

The English do not have a long-standing tradition of

1921:

tend to specialise in bottled and pressure-dispensed

3325:

Mild ale : history, brewing techniques, recipes

149:, dating to between AD90 and AD130. They reveal the 5976: 5940: 5795: 5575: 5430: 5377: 5307:

Society for the Preservation of Beers from the Wood

5284: 5223: 5175: 5139: 3925:"Community fixers? The mighty rise of the micropub" 3784:"Cheers! Brits getting a taste for "hipster" beers" 4738:Collapse of Glass Firms Calls Time on Dimpled Jugs 2635:, a brewery from the United States which produces 2021:, but can be made of other materials, for example 1727:, both of which are processes that can render the 1548:. Meanwhile, the largest brewery in the UK today, 1031:Bitter is the broad term applied to a well-hopped 924:Hail to the Ale micropub, Claregate, Wolverhampton 551:local water chemistry, especially the presence of 247:Beer was one of the most common drinks during the 4475:"Roosters brewery – "Frequently asked questions"" 3735:Jamie Doward and Raj Sandhu (12 September 2010). 3018:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 538. 2737:recirculating fermenter system, now used only by 2106:A wooden tankard found on board the 16th century 929:"hop forward" beers, delivered in bottles or the 372:, and makes other references to bottles of beer. 225:Middle Ages: Ale-wands, ale-wives and ale-conners 6012:List of countries by beer consumption per capita 3530:"The top 20 UK beer brands show a return to ale" 2508:, which claims brewing lineage back to 1698 and 2094:once held the world record for drinking a yard. 1618:Manual beer pumps dispensing British beers from 1465:calls its beers "spingo". The term "stingo" has 917:ale was healthier as responsible for the shift. 1913:Some on-licensed establishments are considered 52:) which finishes maturing in the cellar of the 5012:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. 4144:Manns Brown Ale – a bottle with real character 4085:. British Beer and Pub Association: 21. 2003. 827:Sign advertising craft beer in an English pub. 677:1950 to 1999: Megabreweries and microbreweries 5355: 5089: 3766:"The craft beer revolution: how hops got hip" 3549:A Guide to Britain's Small Brewery Revolution 2452:trained craft brewers and brewing equipment. 462:The 18th century also saw the development of 181:. In the third and fourth centuries AD Roman 8: 4076: 4074: 1522:Despite the traditional English beer being 577:Bottles of Bass on the bar in Manet's 1882 5362: 5348: 5340: 5096: 5082: 5074: 4528:North-South beer divide is all in the head 3899:"Wetherspoons to open 900th Pub Next Week" 3634: 3632: 2477:After the development of the large London 1515:is the term generally used in England for 4208:, Maurice Gorham, Faber & Faber, 1949 3659:"Britain braced for Polish beer invasion" 3450:"Welcome thebeerdiary.com - BlueHost.com" 3233:British Beer and the British Pub Culture, 3143:Hornsey, Ian Spencer (11 February 2003). 3113:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199655786.003.0001 3060:"Myth 2: Hops were forbidden by Henry VI" 2769:, coasters, beer trays, wooden cases and 2653:, now Marston's PLC. Marston's also brew 2620:The town is still home to seven brewers: 1347:old ales for bottling, some of which are 4711:, Garrett Oliver ed, p 301, Google Books 4511:"Toon Ale Newcastle Beer: "Beer Styles"" 3547:Glover, Brian (1988). "New Beer Guide". 2609:in the surrounding hills; the resulting 2303:is the most celebrated barley used in a 1571:Other lagers popular in England include 1323:Bottle of Thomas Hardy's Ale (11.7% ABV) 1022: 459:(1770), and attemperators (about 1780). 334: 228: 28: 3759: 3757: 3421:. Zythophile.wordpress.com. 22 May 2012 3173:Statute Law Revision: Fourteenth Report 2915: 2680:The Bass Museum of Brewing—renamed the 2192: 2096: 5026: 5015: 4060: 4049: 3573:"Refurb for Tim Martin's first outlet" 3370: 2715:, meaning to be missing or have died. 1583:(which belongs to the Belgian brewery 901:In July 2007, a law was introduced to 744:The Moon Under Water, 44 High Street, 503:enabled anyone to brew and sell beer, 469:The late 18th century saw a system of 448:, achieved great success financially. 260:, and beer was drunk with every meal. 5302:Independent Family Brewers of Britain 4959:"Mick the Tick talks to The Publican" 4809:"Visitor centre closure announcement" 4639:. Taylor & Francis. p. 283. 4590:"10 top bars and pubs for craft beer" 3551:. David & Charles. pp. 5–6. 3175:, The Scottish Law Commission (1993)" 2791:Independent Family Brewers of Britain 1601:have been developed to accompany it. 1112:will be found in this group, such as 7: 3842:Smithers, Rebecca (11 August 2014). 3601:For instance, the group's chairman, 3579:. Morning Advertiser. Archived from 3419:"Endangered beers | Zythophile" 1794:to (artificially) form a rich tight 1742:in 1936, with Watney's experimental 1280:Ruby, brewed to a Victorian recipe. 1173:, England. His aim was to develop a 1059:other than one particular brewery's 783:Two pieces of legislation, known as 4927:SIBA - The Voice of British Brewing 4608:"Tankard at British History Online" 4493:""Cask conditioning – a DIY guide"" 3844:"Pubs closing at rate of 31 a week" 3486:"Whatever Happened to the Big Six?" 2991:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2956:"Programmes - Most Popular - All 4" 2761:refers to any article containing a 1552:which has three main breweries at ( 496:and carried into the serving area. 4685:. theyardofale.com. Archived from 4636:The Dictionary of Beer and Brewing 4588:Knott, Jonathan (29 August 2011). 4545:"Bottled beers take Pole position" 3704:Langton, David (1 December 2006). 3082:Monckton, Herbert Anthony (1966). 1653:A "stillage" of cask ales on racks 1063:will usually be stronger than its 819:2000 to present: hops and hipsters 752:In 1972, Martin Sykes established 25: 4633:Rabin, Dan; Forget, Carl (1998). 4307:Martyn Cornell (29 August 2007). 4290:"Brewery History: 112, pp. 31-40" 4165:. 24 January 2009. Archived from 3817:"Backlash after Camden Town sale" 3607:Morning Advertiser on Time Martin 3085:A History of English Ale and Beer 2497:Most such breweries, such as the 1183:– although it is often said that 6022: 5312:British Beer and Pub Association 4992: 4857:British Beer and Pub Association 4163:"What was AK? « Zythophile" 3850:– via www.theguardian.com. 3772:– via www.theguardian.com. 3661:– via www.telegraph.co.uk. 2859: 2845: 2784:British Beer and Pub Association 2243: 2231: 2219: 2207: 2195: 2137: 2120: 2099: 1893:beer as "real ale in a bottle". 1389:Variations on the style include 1343:Old Tom. Many brewers make high 866:particularly popular, alongside 619:1900 to 1949: Temperance and war 60:and is served with only natural 5162:Champion Winter Beer of Britain 4238:Cornell, Martyn (22 May 2012). 3801:Cornell, Martyn (16 May 2015). 3764:Naylor, Tony (13 August 2014). 3691:"Taking the beard out of beer!" 3395:Sutula, David (November 1997). 3353:www.westernfrontassociation.com 2930:, quoting Ian Spencer Hornsey: 2181:"nonic" derives from "no nick". 2005:consisting of a large, roughly 525:abusive over-consumption of gin 99:were also originally brewed in 5297:Society of Independent Brewers 5064:Society of Independent Brewers 5059:Information On English Brewing 4683:"The Yard of Ale: Our History" 3207:"A brief history of licensing" 3149:. Royal Society of Chemistry. 3034:www.ryeandbattleobserver.co.uk 2804:Society of Independent Brewers 2651:Marston, Thompson and Evershed 2214:British dimpled glass pint jug 2157:Beer is now generally sold in 413:1700–1899: Industry and empire 342:, a 17th-century pub in Oxford 331:1400–1699: Rise of hopped beer 268:and organised themselves into 1: 6007:Alcohol preferences in Europe 5292:Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) 4899:. 12 May 2012. Archived from 3879:Phil Oakley (20 March 2019). 3657:Wallop, Harry (17 May 2007). 3298:"The history of home brewing" 3280:Simmonds, Peter Lund (1858). 3235:Joseph Allen McCulloch, 2007" 3146:A History of Beer and Brewing 2932:A History of Beer and Brewing 2670:Tower Brewery, a microbrewery 2597:has been associated with the 2516:, are spread nationally. The 2067:or yard glass is a very tall 1160:character is subdued and the 847:had been expanded to include 692:A consumer organisation, the 393:malte maketh better ale than 236:, a 15th-century brew pub in 5371:Beer and breweries by region 5167:International Brewing Awards 4897:"Perfect Pint - Coming Soon" 4412:"Key keg mystery unravelled" 4388:Burns, David (6 July 2013). 4181:"Sara Hughes Dark Ruby Mild" 3960:Smale, Will (20 June 2019). 3286:. G. Routledge. p. 272. 3099:Hanson, David J (May 2013). 2875:List of breweries in England 2813:(CAMRA) represents consumers 2334:List of breweries in England 2277:The most celebrated English 1719:pressure. Keg beer is often 1542:Molson Coors Brewing Company 1222:Samuel Smith's Nut Brown Ale 424:at Brick Lane in East London 201:, other flavourings such as 4021:"Camra on Nitrokeg bitters" 3401:Brewing Techniques Magazine 3088:. Bodley Head. p. 101. 2436:remained, All Nations, The 1970:Historical drinking vessels 1959:Great British Beer Festival 1680:beer are championed by the 1490:West Country White Beer, a 1467:associations with Yorkshire 930: 831:A change to beer taxation, 580:A Bar at the Folies-Bergère 318:It is sometimes said that: 6066: 5105:Beer in the United Kingdom 4394:Lake Bluff Brewing Company 3623:www.goodbeergoodpubs.co.uk 2880:Beer in the United Kingdom 2777:Advocacy and organisations 2578: 2575:Brewery, Burton-upon-Trent 2466: 2331: 1985:, the Williams Arms, near 1312: 1287: 1231: 1016: 538:, an ornate Victorian pub. 185:technology, for supplying 6002: 5152:Champion Beer of Scotland 5111: 3380:Cite uses generic title ( 3159:– via Google Books. 3105:www.oxfordscholarship.com 3048:Beer, the Story of a Pint 2806:represents small brewers. 2786:represents large brewers. 2440:, the Three Tuns and the 361:The Book of Margery Kempe 18:Burton upon Trent brewing 5147:Champion Beer of Britain 4709:Oxford Companion to Beer 4149:21 December 2008 at the 4081:"Statistical Handbook". 3885:investorschronicle.co.uk 3712:. London. Archived from 2987:Richard W.Unger (2007). 2645:Worthington White Shield 2613:brings out the hops—see 2087:Guinness Book of Records 1887:Worthington White Shield 1463:Blue Anchor Inn, Helston 1197:Fuller, Smith and Turner 813:Scottish & Newcastle 587:In 1880, prime minister 114:bottle-conditioned beers 3947:morningadvertiser.co.uk 3015:Encyclopædia Britannica 2989:Beer in the Middle Ages 1711:which is served from a 1575:(which also belongs to 1492:spontaneously fermented 776:established the first " 735:The World Guide to Beer 629:State Management Scheme 593:Inland Revenue Act 1880 591:'s government used the 274:Brewers Guild in London 6017:List of microbreweries 5157:Champion Beer of Wales 4563:"Real Ale in a Bottle" 4294:www.breweryhistory.com 4222:5 October 2009 at the 4059:Cite journal requires 3323:Sutula, David (1999). 2730: 2725:Museum Exhibit of the 2628: 2576: 2353: 2274: 1994: 1874: 1738:was introduced in the 1701: 1654: 1622: 1430: 1401:, and the very strong 1324: 1243: 1087:, on draught from the 1028: 925: 828: 749: 714: 632: 584: 539: 425: 407: 343: 325: 244: 221:) may have been used. 195: 34: 4517:on 27 September 2007. 3302:www.boakandbailey.com 2811:Campaign for Real Ale 2724: 2627:The Tower microbewery 2626: 2571: 2341: 2272: 1977: 1872: 1755:Campaign for Real Ale 1699: 1682:Campaign for Real Ale 1652: 1617: 1429:Fullers London Porter 1428: 1322: 1241: 1026: 923: 851:beer, while the term 833:Progressive Beer Duty 826: 743: 712: 694:Campaign for Real Ale 626: 600:was greatly reduced. 576: 533: 517:justices of the peace 420: 382: 338: 320: 309:gustatores cervisiae, 232: 131: 125:Romano-Celtic Britain 32: 5046:The penny cyclopædia 5044:G. Long, ed. "Ale". 4977:www.scoopergen.co.uk 4839:www.breweriana.co.uk 4788:Good Beer Guide 1985 4499:on 25 February 2009. 3929:www.newstatesman.com 3454:www.thebeerdiary.com 3062:. 24 September 2007. 2821:surprise inspections 2682:Coors Visitor Centre 2663:Anheuser-Busch InBev 2641:White Shield Brewery 2366:Anheuser-Busch InBev 2226:"Conical" pint glass 2153:Current beer glasses 1873:English bottled ales 1140:extra special bitter 1045:extra special bitter 471:progressive taxation 39:beer brewing country 5271:Pale ale/Scotch ale 4877:on 21 November 2010 4752:on 29 January 2011. 4530:, Michael Jackson, 4363:"CAMRA on Keg Beer" 4258:lexicon.x10host.com 4187:on 28 February 2010 4169:on 24 January 2009. 3790:. 22 February 2015. 2926:known in Britannia 2729:Fermentation System 2661:under licence from 2386:National breweries 2238:"Nonic" pint glass. 1883:Newcastle Brown Ale 1214:Newcastle Brown Ale 1189:Thornbridge Brewery 1008:English beer styles 637:temperance movement 534:The Crown Hotel in 340:The Eagle and Child 264:became involved in 211:Filipendula ulmaria 56:rather than at the 5860:Dominican Republic 5176:Lists of breweries 4786:Neil Hanson (ed), 4768:on microbreweries" 4736:"The Independent: 4569:on 18 January 2010 4534:, 15 December 1992 4455:Dictionary of Beer 4400:on 4 October 2013. 4276:www.spingoales.com 4240:"Endangered beers" 3646:. 23 October 2011. 3492:on 6 November 2016 3304:. 24 February 2019 3187:on 21 January 2012 2924:fermented beverage 2731: 2629: 2577: 2527:Supply of Beer law 2402:Regional breweries 2354: 2275: 2048:in one hand and a 1995: 1891:bottle-conditioned 1875: 1702: 1678:bottle conditioned 1655: 1623: 1431: 1349:bottle-conditioned 1325: 1244: 1029: 926: 898:and Melissa Cole. 883:Licensing Act 2003 849:bottle-conditioned 843:By 2004, the term 835:was introduced by 829: 750: 715: 633: 631:brewery, 1916–1971 585: 540: 501:Beerhouse Act 1830 455:(about 1760), the 426: 344: 245: 219:Artemisia vulgaris 41:, it is known for 35: 33:Cask ale handpumps 6037: 6036: 5337: 5336: 5025:Missing or empty 5018:cite encyclopedia 5004:Chambers, Ephraim 4773:Independent.co.uk 4745:Independent.co.uk 4646:978-1-57958-078-0 4481:on 6 August 2007. 4206:Back to the local 4107:. desdemoor.co.uk 3866:www.movehut.co.uk 3241:on 21 August 2014 3122:978-0-19-965578-6 3046:Cornell, Martyn: 2973:Helston History. 2942:Cornell, Martyn: 2709:gone for a Burton 2595:Burton upon Trent 2581:Brewers of Burton 2564:Burton upon Trent 2396:Wells and Young's 2312:Burton upon Trent 1933:cafés, or German 1889:. CAMRA promotes 1715:, under external 1645:Cask ale and beer 1587:and is brewed at 1546:Burton upon Trent 1439:herbal flavouring 764:opened the first 589:William Gladstone 511:, whether from a 16:(Redirected from 6057: 6027: 6026: 5775:Northern Ireland 5364: 5357: 5350: 5341: 5205:Northern Ireland 5131:Northern Ireland 5098: 5091: 5084: 5075: 5034: 5028: 5023: 5021: 5013: 4996: 4995: 4981: 4980: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4873:. Archived from 4867: 4861: 4860: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4811:. Archived from 4805: 4799: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4748:. Archived from 4732: 4726: 4718: 4712: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4663:. britannica.com 4657: 4651: 4650: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4610:. Archived from 4604: 4598: 4597: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4565:. Archived from 4559: 4553: 4552: 4541: 4535: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4513:. Archived from 4507: 4501: 4500: 4495:. Archived from 4489: 4483: 4482: 4477:. Archived from 4471: 4465: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4418:on 13 April 2016 4414:. Archived from 4408: 4402: 4401: 4396:. Archived from 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4369:on 15 March 2011 4365:. Archived from 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4340:Garrett Oliver. 4337: 4331: 4330: 4327:www.ratebeer.com 4319: 4313: 4312: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4235: 4226: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4183:. Archived from 4177: 4171: 4170: 4159: 4153: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4078: 4069: 4068: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4023:. Archived from 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3949:. 30 March 2016. 3939: 3933: 3932: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3905:on 24 March 2014 3901:. Archived from 3895: 3889: 3888: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3823:on 13 April 2016 3819:. Archived from 3813: 3807: 3806: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3761: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3636: 3627: 3626: 3615: 3609: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3583:on 4 August 2012 3569: 3563: 3562: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3488:. Archived from 3482: 3476: 3475: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3378: 3376: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3359:on 7 August 2011 3355:. Archived from 3345: 3339: 3338: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3237:. Archived from 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3212:. Archived from 3211: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3186: 3180:. Archived from 3179: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2984: 2978: 2975:Blue Anchor Inn. 2970: 2964: 2963: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2920: 2869: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2554:Slug and Lettuce 2499:regional brewery 2406:Elgood's Brewery 2349:microbrewery in 2247: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2177:over its height. 2141: 2124: 2103: 1953:like the Munich 1859:northern England 1620:Fuller's Brewery 1517:bottom-fermented 1485:Hop Back Brewery 1481:Old Swan Brewery 1417:London Porter). 1363:Porter and Stout 1167:Hop Back Brewery 1027:A pint of bitter 957: 956: 952: 947: 946: 942: 733:, with his 1977 659:Second World War 652:original gravity 422:Truman's Brewery 403:inflate the bely 258:Late Middle Ages 21: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6050:Beer in England 6040: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6029:Beer portal 6021: 5998: 5972: 5936: 5791: 5571: 5426: 5373: 5368: 5338: 5333: 5328:Good Beer Guide 5280: 5219: 5171: 5135: 5107: 5102: 5055: 5041: 5039:Further reading 5024: 5014: 5002: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4790:, CAMRA, 1984. 4785: 4781: 4766:The Independent 4762: 4761: 4757: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4715: 4706: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4689:on 4 March 2010 4681: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4526: 4522: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4457:, Ed: A. Webb, 4453: 4449: 4442:www.brewdog.com 4436: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4419: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4390:"Beer on Nitro" 4387: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4224:Wayback Machine 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4151:Wayback Machine 4142: 4138: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4058: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4004: 4002: 4001:. 12 March 2020 3989: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3788:The Independent 3782: 3781: 3777: 3763: 3762: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3710:The Independent 3703: 3702: 3698: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3638: 3637: 3630: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3534:www.supanet.com 3528: 3527: 3523: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3369: 3362: 3360: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3261:Cornell, p. 104 3260: 3259:Daniels, p. 155 3258: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3219:on 15 May 2006. 3216: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2967: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2928:Brewery History 2921: 2917: 2913: 2865: 2860: 2858: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2779: 2756: 2747: 2593:For centuries, 2591: 2566: 2533:, from another 2475: 2467:Main articles: 2465: 2429: 2336: 2330: 2267: 2262: 2255: 2248: 2239: 2236: 2227: 2224: 2215: 2212: 2203: 2200: 2155: 2148: 2142: 2133: 2125: 2116: 2104: 1972: 1967: 1899: 1867: 1846: 1841: 1829: 1812: 1801: 1793: 1786: 1770: 1694: 1684:under the name 1676:. Cask ale and 1647: 1612: 1607: 1591:near Preston). 1510: 1423: 1365: 1317: 1311: 1303:Burton on Trent 1292: 1286: 1269:Harveys Brewery 1236: 1230: 1206: 1142:, for instance 1104:ordinary bitter 1071:then becomes a 1021: 1015: 1010: 970:chain, and the 954: 950: 949: 944: 940: 939: 914:Good Beer Guide 886:opening hours. 821: 801:Enterprise Inns 785:The Beer Orders 731:Michael Jackson 723:Good Beer Guide 713:Camra bar towel 679: 641:First World War 621: 548:Burton-on-Trent 415: 333: 234:The Blue Anchor 227: 187:central heating 162: 127: 122: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6063: 6061: 6053: 6052: 6042: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5840:Cayman Islands 5837: 5836: 5835: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5765:United Kingdom 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5623:Czech Republic 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5447: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5344: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5286: 5285:Related topics 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5251:India pale ale 5248: 5246:Imperial stout 5243: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5054: 5053:External links 5051: 5050: 5049: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5006:, ed. (1728). 4988: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4964: 4950: 4932: 4914: 4903:on 12 May 2012 4888: 4862: 4844: 4826: 4800: 4779: 4755: 4727: 4713: 4700: 4674: 4652: 4645: 4625: 4614:on 25 May 2011 4599: 4580: 4554: 4551:. 17 May 2007. 4536: 4520: 4502: 4484: 4466: 4447: 4429: 4403: 4380: 4354: 4332: 4314: 4299: 4281: 4263: 4245: 4227: 4210: 4198: 4172: 4154: 4136: 4118: 4096: 4070: 4061:|journal= 4038: 4027:on 25 May 2011 4012: 3982: 3952: 3934: 3931:. 9 June 2021. 3916: 3890: 3871: 3868:. 13 May 2012. 3853: 3834: 3808: 3793: 3775: 3753: 3727: 3716:on 28 May 2009 3696: 3682: 3664: 3649: 3628: 3610: 3594: 3564: 3557: 3539: 3521: 3503: 3477: 3459: 3441: 3432: 3410: 3387: 3340: 3333: 3315: 3289: 3272: 3263: 3252: 3222: 3198: 3162: 3155: 3135: 3121: 3091: 3074: 3065: 3051: 3039: 3021: 3000: 2994: 2979: 2965: 2947: 2935: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2900:Beer in Sussex 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2867:England portal 2856: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2824: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2787: 2778: 2775: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2697:India Pale Ale 2678: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2648: 2565: 2562: 2502:Shepherd Neame 2464: 2461: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2416:Microbreweries 2413: 2412:is an example. 2399: 2384: 2360:International 2329: 2326: 2281:varieties are 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2249: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2143: 2136: 2134: 2126: 2119: 2117: 2105: 2098: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1951:beer festivals 1898: 1895: 1866: 1863: 1844: 1839: 1828: 1825: 1811: 1808: 1799: 1791: 1784: 1781:carbon dioxide 1769: 1766: 1740:United Kingdom 1717:carbon dioxide 1707:is a term for 1693: 1690: 1674:beer festivals 1646: 1643: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1595:Indian cuisine 1509: 1506: 1433:Mum, a strong 1422: 1421:Archaic styles 1419: 1403:imperial stout 1364: 1361: 1335:Old Peculier, 1313:Main article: 1310: 1307: 1301:, produced in 1288:Main article: 1285: 1282: 1242:A pint of mild 1232:Main article: 1229: 1226: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1185:India Pale Ale 1181:India Pale Ale 1178: 1147: 1136:Premium bitter 1133: 1126: 1077:session bitter 1073:premium bitter 1049:premium bitter 1041:special bitter 1017:Main article: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 820: 817: 758:microbreweries 678: 675: 645:buying a round 620: 617: 564:British Empire 464:India pale ale 414: 411: 332: 329: 226: 223: 171:Northumberland 147:Northumberland 126: 123: 121: 118: 110:microbreweries 97:India pale ale 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6062: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941:South America 5939: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5925:United States 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 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4918: 4915: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4815:on 9 May 2008 4814: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4796:0-9509584-0-9 4793: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4767: 4759: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4704: 4701: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4629: 4626: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4581: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4463:1-85249-158-2 4460: 4456: 4451: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4381: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4343: 4336: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4310: 4303: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4272:"Blue Anchor" 4267: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4199: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4140: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4053: 4042: 4039: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3983: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3835: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3728: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3697: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3660: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3582: 3578: 3577:Property News 3574: 3568: 3565: 3560: 3558:0-7153-9147-X 3554: 3550: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3388: 3383: 3374: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3336: 3334:9780937381687 3330: 3326: 3319: 3316: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3284: 3276: 3273: 3270:Foster, p. 65 3267: 3264: 3256: 3253: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3226: 3223: 3215: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3183: 3176: 3174: 3166: 3163: 3158: 3156:9780854046300 3152: 3148: 3147: 3139: 3136: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3092: 3087: 3086: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3030:"Kicking Off" 3025: 3022: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2990: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2969: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2890:Scottish beer 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2857: 2854: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2751: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2659:Stones Bitter 2656: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2615:Burtonisation 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2586: 2585:Burtonisation 2582: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2453: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2362:megabreweries 2359: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2271: 2264: 2259: 2253: 2246: 2241: 2234: 2229: 2222: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2202:Glass tankard 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2152: 2147: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2001:is a form of 2000: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1976: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1871: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1842: 1835: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1797: 1788: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1762: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1698: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1651: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1621: 1616: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1581:Stella Artois 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473:Three threads 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1427: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1391:oatmeal stout 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1321: 1316: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1240: 1235: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1025: 1020: 1019:Bitter (beer) 1012: 1007: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 989: 986: 984: 980: 975: 973: 969: 963: 961: 937: 932: 922: 918: 915: 911: 906: 904: 899: 897: 893: 887: 884: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 841: 838: 834: 825: 818: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797:Punch Taverns 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 747: 742: 738: 736: 732: 726: 724: 718: 711: 707: 705: 704:top-fermented 701: 700: 695: 690: 687: 683: 676: 674: 672: 668: 663: 660: 655: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 630: 625: 618: 616: 614: 609: 607: 601: 599: 594: 590: 582: 581: 575: 571: 569: 568:Burtonisation 565: 561: 558: 554: 549: 544: 543:earlier IPA. 537: 532: 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 486:Joseph Bramah 483: 480: 475: 472: 467: 465: 460: 458: 454: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 423: 419: 412: 410: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 381: 378: 373: 371: 367: 366:Bishop's Lynn 363: 362: 356: 354: 349: 341: 337: 330: 328: 324: 319: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 285: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 261: 259: 254: 250: 243: 239: 235: 231: 224: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 163: 160: 154: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 130: 124: 119: 117: 115: 111: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 65: 63: 59: 55: 51: 48:(also called 47: 44: 43:top fermented 40: 31: 27: 19: 5769: 5417:South Africa 5326: 5322:Microbrewery 5140:Competitions 5115: 5045: 5027:|title= 5007: 4976: 4967: 4953: 4944: 4935: 4926: 4917: 4905:. 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Retrieved 3965: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3907:. Retrieved 3903:the original 3893: 3884: 3874: 3865: 3856: 3848:The Guardian 3847: 3837: 3825:. Retrieved 3821:the original 3811: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3770:The Guardian 3769: 3744:. Retrieved 3741:The Observer 3740: 3730: 3718:. Retrieved 3714:the original 3709: 3699: 3685: 3676: 3673:"Zythophile" 3667: 3652: 3643: 3622: 3613: 3597: 3585:. Retrieved 3581:the original 3576: 3567: 3548: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3494:. Retrieved 3490:the original 3480: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3423:. Retrieved 3413: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3361:. Retrieved 3357:the original 3352: 3343: 3324: 3318: 3308:29 September 3306:. Retrieved 3301: 3292: 3282: 3275: 3266: 3255: 3243:. Retrieved 3239:the original 3232: 3225: 3214:the original 3201: 3189:. Retrieved 3182:the original 3172: 3165: 3145: 3138: 3126:. Retrieved 3104: 3094: 3084: 3077: 3068: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3033: 3024: 3013: 3003: 2997: 2988: 2982: 2974: 2968: 2959: 2950: 2943: 2938: 2931: 2918: 2831: 2827: 2757: 2748: 2745:Home brewing 2735:Burton Union 2732: 2727:Burton Union 2717: 2713:World War II 2706: 2694: 2687: 2679: 2619: 2592: 2589:Burton Union 2559: 2552: 2546: 2539: 2496: 2476: 2454: 2446: 2430: 2370:Molson Coors 2355: 2345:outside the 2323: 2316: 2309: 2305:brewing malt 2299: 2276: 2187:hand grenade 2156: 2110: 2085: 2062: 2035: 1996: 1948: 1944:off licences 1941: 1934: 1912: 1901:The English 1900: 1879:draught beer 1876: 1865:Bottled beer 1856: 1849: 1830: 1821: 1813: 1789: 1771: 1759: 1752: 1733: 1703: 1656: 1634: 1624: 1605:Serving beer 1593: 1570: 1536: 1521: 1511: 1499: 1489: 1471: 1457: 1443: 1432: 1407: 1397:, the sweet 1395:oyster stout 1388: 1366: 1326: 1294: 1293: 1278:Sarah Hughes 1266: 1262: 1258: 1245: 1218:Double Maxim 1207: 1180: 1149: 1144:Fuller's ESB 1139: 1135: 1128: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1030: 990: 987: 976: 968:Wetherspoons 964: 927: 913: 909: 907: 900: 888: 880: 857: 852: 844: 842: 837:Gordon Brown 830: 805:Allied Lyons 782: 770:Muswell Hill 766:Wetherspoons 751: 734: 727: 722: 719: 716: 697: 691: 686:Home brewing 684: 680: 664: 656: 649: 634: 611:Continental 610: 602: 598:Home brewing 586: 578: 545: 541: 513:public house 498: 476: 468: 461: 450: 427: 408: 383: 374: 359: 357: 345: 326: 321: 317: 308: 286: 272:such as the 262: 246: 218: 210: 196: 173:, and South 164: 155: 132: 128: 66: 36: 26: 5994:New Zealand 5915:St. Vincent 5910:Saint Lucia 5905:Puerto Rico 5865:El Salvador 5755:Switzerland 5700:Netherlands 5537:South Korea 5527:Philippines 5512:North Korea 5231:Barley wine 4945:Cask Marque 4907:11 February 4871:"Fair Pint" 4819:30 December 4721:The Times: 4532:Independent 3644:Independent 3587:26 February 2853:Beer portal 2817:Cask Marque 2704:Marston's. 2603:River Trent 2548:All Bar One 2514:Greene King 2483:tied houses 2442:Blue Anchor 2388:Greene King 2347:Castle Rock 2301:Maris Otter 2295:dry hopping 2265:Ingredients 2146:yard of ale 2065:yard of ale 2007:cylindrical 1991:North Devon 1983:country pub 1955:Oktoberfest 1923:craft beers 1804:beer styles 1779:instead of 1744:pasteurised 1736:carbonation 1725:pasteurized 1670:pasteurized 1610:Temperature 1573:Kronenbourg 1453:boys bitter 1353:barley wine 1339:Owd Roger, 1333:Theakston's 1129:Best bitter 1118:Flowers IPA 1114:Greene King 1081:hand-pulled 1069:best bitter 1061:best bitter 1057:best bitter 1037:best bitter 1002:Lucky Saint 903:ban smoking 896:Roger Protz 868:Staropramen 774:David Bruce 671:pasteurised 667:carbonation 453:thermometer 377:Netherlands 348:Carolingian 249:Middle Ages 207:meadowsweet 143:Chesterholm 69:beer styles 62:carbonation 5845:Costa Rica 5685:Luxembourg 5497:Kazakhstan 5445:Azerbaijan 5387:Cape Verde 5193:Birmingham 4987:References 4573:18 October 4347:21 January 4323:"RateBeer" 4127:"Beervana" 3677:Zythophile 3603:Tim Martin 3425:9 November 3363:3 February 3245:3 February 3191:3 February 3010:Ale-conner 2905:Dutch beer 2895:Irish beer 2885:Welsh beer 2771:neon signs 2759:Breweriana 2754:Breweriana 2579:See also: 2545:, such as 2543:pub chains 2531:guest beer 2469:Tied house 2351:Nottingham 2332:See also: 2069:beer glass 1936:bierkeller 1908:free house 1748:Red Barrel 1599:Cobra Beer 1589:Samlesbury 1554:Manchester 1495:wheat beer 1445:Small beer 1435:wheat beer 1413:Original, 1399:milk stout 1341:Robinson's 1299:strong ale 1295:Burton Ale 1290:Burton Ale 1284:Burton Ale 1210:brown ales 1154:pale lager 1150:Golden ale 1093:smoothflow 979:freehouses 892:Pete Brown 762:Tim Martin 457:hydrometer 293:court-leet 289:ale-conner 179:Colchester 145:in modern 139:Vindolanda 5984:Australia 5968:Venezuela 5948:Argentina 5930:breweries 5895:Nicaragua 5870:Guatemala 5690:Lithuania 5653:breweries 5542:Sri Lanka 5532:Singapore 5522:Palestine 5472:Indonesia 5455:Hong Kong 5241:Brown ale 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