477:, the historian most credited with developing the thesis, has engaged in discussions on the subject with figures such as Kevin Jeffreys, who disagrees. Jeffreys says that "Much of Labour's programme after 1945, it must be remembered, was fiercely contested at the time" using the example of the Conservatives to vote against the NHS. He attributes to the War the reason for the 'shock' result of the 1945 general election. Addison addresses many of Jeffreys' claims, such as the argument that if the Conservatives could have capitalised upon the Beveridge report they would have been the ones with a powerful mandate for pursuing policy, not the Labour party. Addison also changes his stance in this article, stating how he "exaggerated the extent to which 'middle opinion' already prevailed on the front benches" and determining that, in fact he "agree(s) with much of Dr Jeffreys' analysis".
501:
latter openly wanting an equal and egalitarian society, while the former was more reluctant, for example. Rather, he suggests that an examination of parties' shared epistemological beliefs – "similar ideas about appropriate political conduct", a "shared a common suspicion of the notion that politics could serve fixed 'ends', and...believed that evolutionary change was preferable to radical change" – would offer a better insight into whether or not there was a consensus or not. Blackburn summarises this saying that instead of "being rooted in common ideological beliefs about the desirable 'ends' of political activity, the consensus may have stemmed from epistemological assumptions and the political propositions that followed from them".
623:. He summarises the chain of events as saying "Once upon a time, then, man looked to God to order the World. Then he looked to the market. Now he looks to government". It is suggested that due to the increased demand on the government during the consensus years, that an imbalance grew between what was possible to deliver and the demands that had been created. The process is defined as being cyclical: "more demands means more government intervention, which generates yet more expectations". It is believed that these qualms with the consensus are what led, in part, to the emergence of the New Right and
187:. The roots of Keynes's economics, however, stem from critique of the economics of the interwar period depression. Keynes's style of economics encouraged a more active role of the government in order to "manage overall demand so that there was a balance between demand and output". It was claimed that in the period between 1945–1970 (consensus years) that unemployment averaged less than 3%, although the legitimacy of whether this was solely down to Keynes remains unclear.
296:, and war time cabinet, in yielding a set of values that were shared amongst the major parties rooted in the events leading up to the war: "Atlanticism, the development of an independent nuclear deterrent, the process of imperial disengagement and reluctant Europeanism: all originated in the 1945 Labour Government and were subsequently continued...by its successors". However, there were some disagreement on areas of foreign policy, such as the introduction of the
420:
484:. He says this idea is a "mirage, an illusion which rapidly fades the closer one gets to it." Pimlott sees much disputation and little harmony. He notes the term "Butskellism" meant harmony of economic policy between the parties, but it was in practice a term of abuse, not celebration. In 2002, Scott Kelly claimed that there was in fact a sustained argument over the use of physical controls,
353:
and public ownership is mistaken, since these are simply one possible means to an end. For
Crosland, the defining goal of the left should be more social equality. Crosland also argued that an attack on unjustified inequalities would give any left party a political project to make the definition of the end point of 'how much equality' a secondary and more academic question.
406:
352:
thinking. It was the seminal work of the 'revisionist' school of Labour politics. A central argument in the book is
Crosland's distinction between 'means' and 'ends'. Crosland demonstrates the variety of socialist thought over time, and argues that a definition of socialism founded on nationalisation
151:
appointment of a minister to control all the insurance schemes; a standard weekly payment by people in work as a contribution to the insurance fund; old age pensions, maternity grants, funeral grants, pensions for widows and for people injured at work; a new national health service to be established.
311:
in 1979, there was a broad multi-partisan national consensus on social and economic policy, especially regarding the welfare state, nationalised health services, educational reform, a mixed economy, government regulation, Keynesian macroeconomic policies, and full employment. Apart from the question
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rule. As in the UK, it was built around a 'historic compromise' between the different classes in society: the rights, health and security of employment for all workers would be promised by government, in return for co-operation between unions and employers. The key ideological tenets of governments
614:
We used to think that you could spend your way out of a recession and increase employment by cutting taxes and boosting government spending. I tell you in all candour that that option no longer exists, and in so far as it ever did exist, it only worked on each occasion since the war by injecting a
500:
Dean
Blackburn offers a different argument about the accuracy of the consensus. He proffers that the so-called consensus did not stem from ideological agreement, rather, an epistemological one (if any). He makes clear the ideological differences between the Conservatives and the Labour Party; the
638:
Economists
Stephen Broadberry and Nicholas Crafts have argued that anticompetitive practices, enshrined in the post-war consensus, appear to have hindered the efficient working of the economy and, by implication, the reallocation of resources to their most profitable uses. David Higgins says the
1174:
Crosland sought to revise the Labour Party's constitutional commitment to the nationalisation of the means of production, distribution and exchange, (Aims, Clause four, party four): "If
Socialism is defined as the nationalisation of the means of production, distribution and exchange, we produce
312:
of nationalisation of some industries, these policies were broadly accepted by the three major parties, as well as by industry, the financial community and the labour movement. Until the 1980s, historians generally agreed on the existence and importance of the consensus. Some historians such as
285:– they became part of the consensus. It also called for building many new universities to dramatically broaden educational base of society. Conservatives did not challenge the socialised medicine of the National Health Service; indeed, they boasted they could do a better job of running it.
150:
in Great
Britain. The report, in shortened terms, aimed to bring widespread reform to the United Kingdom and did so by identifying the "five giants on the road of reconstruction": "Want… Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness". In the report were labelled a number of recommendations: the
262:, signed off on a series of white papers that promised Britain a much improved welfare state after the war. The promises included the national health service, and expansion of education, housing, and a number of welfare programmes. It included the nationalisation of weak industries.
170:
and the creation of the modern welfare state in
Britain. The policies were instituted by all governments (both Labour and Conservative) in the post-war period. The consensus has been held to characterise British politics until the economic crises of the 1970s (see
360:
volume). Asking, "is this still capitalism?", Crosland argued that post-war capitalism had fundamentally changed, meaning that the
Marxist claim that it was not possible to pursue equality in a capitalist economy was no longer true. Crosland wrote that:
496:
and Peter Morris defend the concept, arguing that clear, major continuities existed regarding policies toward the economy, full employment, trade unions, and welfare programs. There was agreement as well on the major issues of foreign policy.
705:
472:
There is much discussion over the extent to which there was actually a consensus, and it has also been challenged as a myth. Many political thinkers and historians have argued both for and against the concept of consensus.
634:
allowed the residents to buy their flats. Thatcher did keep key elements of the post-war consensus, such as nationalised health care. She promised
Britons in 1982 that the National Health Service is "safe in our hands."
331:, who was the Conservative minister of health from 1943–1945, opposed the nationalisation of hospitals. This could indicate that the post-war consensus may have been exaggerated, as many historians have argued.
700:
323:
However, it is still important to note that there was not total agreement between the two major parties and there were still policies which the
Conservatives did not support, such as how the
107:
has been applied to describe the post-war consensus on a global stage, around the same period from World War II to the crisis of the 1970s, and contrast it with the paradigm shift led by
304:, which became "an important theme of partisan conflict" in which Conservatives showed a reluctance to give back colonial possessions as well as the gradual process of independence.
135:
developed a series of plans that became especially attractive as the wartime government promised a much better post-war Britain and saw the need to engage every sector of society.
1080:
710:
434:"Butskellism" was a somewhat satirical term sometimes used in British politics to refer to this consensus, established in the 1950s and associated with the exercise of office as
320:
complained bitterly that the post-war reforms were an inadequate reward for the wartime sacrifices, and a cynical betrayal of the people's hope for a more just post-war society.
281:
throughout the Attlee administration. It expanded and modernised the educational system and became part of the consensus. The Labour Party did not challenge the system of elite
365:
The most characteristic features of capitalism have disappeared – the absolute rule of private property, the subjection of all life to market influences, the domination of the
83:
The notion of a post-war consensus covered support for a coherent package of policies that was developed in the 1930s and promised during the Second World War, focused on a
1769:
1232:
356:
Crosland also developed his argument about the nature of capitalism (developing the argument in his contribution 'The Transition from Capitalism' in the 1952
1754:
172:
619:
A cause of the supposed collapse of the post war consensus is the idea of the state overload thesis, chiefly examined in the UK by political scientist
663:
1728:
384:
A third important argument was Crosland's liberal vision of the 'good society'. Here his target was the dominance in Labour and Fabian thinking of
288:
In terms of foreign policy, there is much evidence to suggest that there was a shared set of views that were rooted in role of the recent history.
1789:
1759:
91:, and a broad welfare state. Historians have debated the timing of the weakening and collapse of the consensus, including whether it ended before
1515:
David M. Higgins, "British Manufacturing Financial Performance, 1950–79: Implications for the Productivity Debate and the Post-War Consensus,"
598:
for a £2.3 billion loan, then the largest that the IMF had ever made. In return the IMF demanded massive spending cuts and a tightening of the
1685:
1749:
195:
191:
96:
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expressed disappointment that the consensus was a modest or even conservative package that blocked a fully socialised society. Historian
1733:
300:
where "Labour opposed the conservative 'imperial rhetoric' with the idealism of multicultural Commonwealth" or, in the same vein,
1423:
620:
373:
Crosland argued that these features of a reformed managerial capitalism were irreversible. Others within the Labour Party argued that
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1453:
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45:
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The consensus was increasingly seen by those on the right as being the cause of Britain's relative economic decline. Believers in
1784:
1281:
716:
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White, R. Clyde; Beveridge, William; Board, National Resources Planning (October 1943). "Social Insurance and Allied Services".
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and industrial unrest (particularly in the declining coal-mining industry). In early 1976, expectations that inflation and the
480:
There are also a number of other interpretations of the consensus which many historians have discussed such as Labour Historian
1295:
282:
1528:
Joel D. Aberbach and Tom Christensen, "Radical reform in New Zealand: crisis, windows of opportunity, and rational actors."
1176:
538:
Keynesianism itself seemed no longer to be the magic bullet for economic crises of the 1970s. Mark Kesselman et al. argue:
1764:
1701:
Rollings, Neil. "Butskellism, the postwar consensus and the managed economy." in Harriet Jones and Michael Kandiah, eds.
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570:
put pressure on the post-war consensus; this pressure was intensified by domestic problems such as high inflation, the
1736:
from Joseph Nathan Cohen, Miguel Angel Centeno, "Neoliberalism and Patterns of Economic Performance, 1980–2000" (2006)
1175:
solutions which deny almost all the values that socialists have normally read into the word". Quoted by Hattersley in
1019:
Rudolf Klein, "Why Britain's conservatives support a socialist health care system." Health Affairs 4#1 (1985): 41–58.
595:
524:
435:
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Market-orientated conservatives gathered strength in the 1970s in the face of economic paralysis. They rediscovered
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671:
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1779:
1652:
Toye, Richard. "From 'Consensus' to 'Common Ground': The Rhetoric of the Postwar Settlement and its Collapse,"
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680:
369:, the neutrality of government, typical laissez-faire division of income and the ideology of individual rights.
662:
Outside Britain, the term "post-war consensus" is used for an era of New Zealand political history, from the
99:. They also suggest that the notion might not have been as widely supported as some claim, and that the word
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607:
443:
340:
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207:
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political beliefs saw their ideology as the solution to Britain's economic dilemmas in the 1970s. When the
1809:
1081:"Profile: Henry Willink, the Conservative who proposed a National Health Service before Bevan created one"
579:
176:
1157:
843:(2013). "From 'Consensus' to 'Common Ground': The Rhetoric of the Postwar Settlement and its Collapse,"
266:
206:. The policies undertaken and implemented by this Labour government laid the base of the consensus. The
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bigger dose of inflation into the economy, followed by a higher level of unemployment as the next step.
1635:
Reeves, Rachel, and Martin McIvor. "Clement Attlee and the foundations of the British welfare state."
1371:
Blackburn, D. (2017). "Reassessing Britain's 'Post-war consensus': the politics of reason 1945–1979".
1358:
Blackburn, D. (2017). "Reassessing Britain's 'Post-war consensus': the politics of reason 1945–1979".
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Britain was suffering economically without growth and with growing political discontent ... the "
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651:
543:
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603:
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155:
128:
104:
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King, A. (1975). Overload: problems of governing in the 1970s. Political Studies, 23(2–3). pg 166
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451:
374:
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143:
132:
57:
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Williamson, Adrian. "The Bullock Report on Industrial Democracy and the Post-War Consensus."
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1568:"UK Productivity Performance from 1950 to 1979: A Restatement of the Broadberry-Crafts View"
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Lowe, Rodney. "The Second World War, consensus, and the foundation of the welfare state."
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61:
1591:
Harrison, Brian. "The rise, fall and rise of political consensus in Britain since 1940."
546:" destroyed Britain's collectivist consensus and discredited the Keynesian welfare state.
1645:
Ritschel, Daniel. "Consensus in the Postwar Period After 1945," In David Loades, ed.,
582:. By October, the pound had fallen by almost 25% against the dollar. At this point the
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447:
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301:
278:
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41:
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which dramatised the claimed convergence by referring to a fictitious "Mr. Butskell".
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Rudolf Klein, "Why Britain's conservatives support a socialist health care system."
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840:
688:
461:
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389:
378:
366:
328:
159:
147:
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84:
77:
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Dennis Kavanagh, "Thatcherism and the End of the Post-War Consensus" BBC 2011-03-03
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Kevin Jeffereys, "R. A. Butler, the Board of Education and the 1944 Education Act,"
1057:
Ralph Miliband, Parliamentary socialism: A study in the politics of labour. (1972).
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737:
599:
532:
474:
419:
317:
120:
88:
49:
1630:
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654:, they implemented New Right ideas and brought the post-war consensus to an end.
146:, a Liberal economist who in 1942 formulated the concept of a more comprehensive
1724:"Historiography of Post-War British History and Politics", major books annotated
732:
559:
555:
481:
385:
92:
65:
1694:
Rollings, Neil. "'Poor Mr Butskell: A Short Life, Wrecked by Schizophrenia'?."
348:, published in 1956, was one of the most influential books in post-war British
528:
439:
411:
270:
180:
69:
1627:
From dreams to disillusionment: economic and social planning in 1960s Britain
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946:
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accepted many of these changes, and promised not to reverse them in its 1947
752:
706:
List of Liberal Party and Liberal Democrats (UK) general election manifestos
676:
643:
392:, and a rather grey, top down bureaucratic vision of the socialist project.
255:
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of the 1930s until the election of a fundamentally changed Labour party in
17:
1677:
The Myth of Mr. Butskell: The Politics of British Economic Policy, 1950–55
1259:
1204:
1596:
630:
Thatcher reversed other elements of the post-war consensus, as when her
1567:
1477:
Richard E. B. Simeon. "The 'Overload Thesis' and Canadian Government".
1345:
Dennis Kavanagh and Peter Morris, "Is the 'Postwar Consensus' A Myth?"
954:
405:
224:, laid out his plans for what became known as "The Attlee Settlement".
259:
1582:
British Politics Since 1945: The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of Consensus
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British Politics Since 1945: The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of Consensus
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816:
British Politics Since 1945: The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of Consensus
606:
in Britain. Callaghan reinforced this message in his speech to the
863:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
1006:
Brian Simon, "The 1944 Education Act: A Conservative Measure?,"
859:"Neoliberalism and Patterns of Economic Performance, 1980–2000"
138:
The foundations of the post-war consensus can be traced to the
1561:
An Affluent Society? Britain's Post-war 'Golden Age' Revisited
73:
119:
The thesis of post-war consensus was most fully developed by
52:
in 1945 to the late-1970s. It ended during the governance of
1703:
The Myth of Consensus: New Views on British History, 1945–64
1610:
The Myth of Consensus: New Views on British History, 1945–64
1182:, The Times online, 15 September 2006, accessed 27 June 2007
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The road to 1945: British politics and the Second World War
897:
The road to 1945: British politics and the Second World War
701:
List of Conservative Party (UK) general election manifestos
1734:
Comparison table of embedded liberalism and neoliberalism
1729:
Timothy Heppel, "The Theory of Post-War Consensus" (2014)
857:
Cohen, Joseph Nathan; Centeno, Miguel Angel (July 2006).
650:
won the 1979 general election in the wake of the 1978–79
44:
and social model of which the major political parties in
1158:"Tony Crosland, The Future of Socialism and New Labour"
1603:
The Churchill Coalition and Wartime Politics, 1940–45
1219:
The Churchill Coalition and Wartime Politics, 1940–45
1044:
Kavanagh, Dennis, Peter Morris, and Dennis Kavanagh.
1031:
Kavanagh, Dennis, Peter Morris, and Dennis Kavanagh.
980:
Kavanagh, Dennis, Peter Morris, and Dennis Kavanagh.
967:
Kavanagh, Dennis, Peter Morris, and Dennis Kavanagh.
711:
List of Labour Party (UK) general election manifestos
1287:
Postwar British Politics: From Conflict to Consensus
590:
trying to prop up the currency, and as a result the
48:
shared a consensus supporting view, from the end of
1415:
Introduction to Comparative Politics, Brief Edition
1310:Ben Pimlott, "Is The 'Postwar Consensus' A Myth?"
1066:
Angus Campbell, The Peoples War: Britain, 1939–1945
254:The coalition government during the war, headed by
827:Kavanagh, Dennis (1992). "The Postwar Consensus,"
27:Period in British political history, 1945 to 1970s
1588:; political history seen from Consensus viewpoint
307:It is argued that from 1945 until the arrival of
292:and Peter Morris emphasise the importance of the
1566:Broadberry, Stephen and Nicholas Crafts (2003).
639:statistical data support Broadberry and Crafts.
535:played a major role as an advisor to Thatcher.
454:. The term was inspired by a leading article in
1388:Aspects of British Political History: 1914–1995
612:
540:
363:
1479:Canadian Public Policy / Analyse De Politiques
907:
905:
166:of major industries, the establishment of the
1246:ADDISON, PAUL (1993). "Consensus Revisited".
8:
984:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994. Print. pg 4–6
265:In education, the major legislation was the
154:The post-war consensus included a belief in
103:might be inaccurate to describe the period.
1179:To imagine Labour's future, rewind 50 years
1048:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994. Print. Pg 99
1035:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994. Print. pg 92
971:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994. Print. pg 37
1231:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1106:"The forgotten Tory blueprint for the NHS"
554:introduced a tax-cutting budget. A brief "
123:. The basic argument is that in the 1930s
1608:Jones, Harriet and Michael Kandiah, eds.
664:first New Zealand Labour Party government
273:, a moderate, with his deputy, Labour's
60:. The consensus tolerated or encouraged
1046:Consensus Politics from Attlee to Major
1033:Consensus Politics from Attlee to Major
982:Consensus Politics from Attlee to Major
969:Consensus Politics from Attlee to Major
807:
779:
1770:Economic history of the United Kingdom
1552:Addison, Paul, 'Consensus Revisited',
1224:
913:Britain Since 1945: The People's Peace
1637:Renewal: a Journal of Labour Politics
1559:Black, Lawrence, and Hugh Pemberton.
1445:The Labour Party: A Centenary History
610:at the height of the crisis, saying:
550:In 1972, Chancellor of the Exchequer
198:, giving a landslide victory for the
173:Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975
7:
1412:Mark Kesselman; et al. (2012).
277:, a former teacher who would become
1755:20th century in the United Kingdom
1577:, vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 718–35.
1448:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 95.
794:and its value immediately plunged.
594:government felt forced to ask the
25:
1696:Twentieth Century British History
1647:Reader's Guide to British History
1620:Twentieth Century British History
1554:Twentieth Century British History
1327:(2nd ed. Blackwell, 1997) pp. 2–3
1248:Twentieth Century British History
1079:Gimson, Andrew (5 January 2018).
829:Twentieth Century British History
562:and (effectively) devaluation of
531:began to discredit Keynesianism.
190:The first general election since
1418:. Cengage Learning. p. 59.
717:New Labour, New Life for Britain
418:
404:
239:Conciliation of the trade unions
227:The main areas he would tackle:
1654:Journal of Contemporary History
845:Journal of Contemporary History
578:would get worse precipitated a
1790:Politics of the United Kingdom
1760:Centrism in the United Kingdom
1481:, vol. 2, no. 4, 1976, pg, 544
1156:Jeffreys, Kevin (March 2006).
602:. That marked a suspension of
175:) which led to the end of the
1:
786:The pound was changed from a
115:Origins of post-war consensus
1661:Contemporary British History
1556:, 4/1, (1993) pp. 91–94
927:American Sociological Review
670:, following years of mostly
566:. Global events such as the
381:brought about its reversal.
1750:20th century in New Zealand
1629:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2007)
1584:(2nd ed. Blackwell, 1997).
1575:The Economic History Review
1136:www.nationalarchives.gov.uk
596:International Monetary Fund
525:Chicago school of economics
436:Chancellor of the Exchequer
183:economics as championed by
1826:
1656:(2013) 48#1 pp. 3–23.
1391:. Routledge. p. 224.
672:New Zealand National Party
269:, written by Conservative
1290:. Routledge. p. 44.
997:(1984) 69#227 pp. 415–31.
250:Policy areas of consensus
1595:84.274 (1999): 301–324.
1217:Jeffreys, Kevin (1995).
1205:The unacknowledged giant
1130:Archives, The National.
875:10.1177/0002716206288751
558:" followed but ended in
1785:Politics of New Zealand
1705:(1996) pp. 97–119
1571:(subscription required)
1442:; R. Heffernan (2000).
1385:Stephen J. Lee (1996).
679:economic policy, heavy
608:Labour Party Conference
492:. Political scientists
341:The Future of Socialism
325:National Health Service
194:was held in Britain in
168:National Health Service
142:. This was a report by
36:, sometimes called the
1519:(2003) 45#3 pp. 52–71.
1010:(1986) 15#1 pp. 31–43.
814:Dutton, David (1997).
617:
548:
519:(1944) and brought in
468:Debate about consensus
371:
327:would be implemented.
177:post-war economic boom
1530:Public Administration
1349:(1989) 2#6 pp. 14–15.
1314:(1989) 2#6 pp. 12–14.
1132:"Beveridge and Bevan"
505:Collapse of consensus
267:Education Act of 1944
127:intellectuals led by
97:1979 general election
1765:Democratic socialism
1698:5#2 (1994): 183–205.
1663:30#1 (2016): 119–49.
1639:22#3/4 (2014): 42+.
1622:1#2 (1990): 152–182.
1532:79#2 (2001): 403–22.
1008:History of Education
818:(2nd ed. Blackwell).
768:Washington Consensus
652:Winter of Discontent
544:winter of discontent
523:, the leader of the
216:. Attlee, using the
1775:Keynesian economics
1680:. London: Ashgate.
1494:4#1 (1985): 41–58.
1347:Contemporary Record
1312:Contemporary Record
1260:10.1093/tcbh/4.1.91
911:Kenneth O. Morgan,
685:economic regulation
675:of the period were
604:Keynesian economics
516:The Road to Serfdom
245:Retreat from empire
202:, whose leader was
156:Keynesian economics
129:John Maynard Keynes
105:Embedded liberalism
76:, and an extensive
38:post-war compromise
1674:Kelly, S. (2002).
1631:online PhD version
1506:Broadberry (2003).
648:Conservative Party
586:had exhausted its
335:Labour revisionism
213:Industrial Charter
208:Conservative Party
54:Conservative Party
34:post-war consensus
1805:Welfare economics
1687:978-0-7546-0604-8
1601:Jefferys, Kevin,
1177:Hattersley, Roy,
1164:. pp. 37–38.
1085:Conservative Home
831:. 3#2 pp. 175–90.
792:floating currency
763:Social liberalism
728:Beijing Consensus
687:and an extensive
625:Margaret Thatcher
375:Margaret Thatcher
358:New Fabian Essays
309:Margaret Thatcher
231:The mixed economy
144:William Beveridge
133:William Beveridge
95:arrived with the
58:Margaret Thatcher
16:(Redirected from
1817:
1800:Social democracy
1691:
1649:(2003) 1:296–97.
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1517:Business History
1513:
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396:Butskellism
386:Sidney Webb
93:Thatcherism
40:, was the
18:Butskellism
1744:Categories
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1297:1134571526
1282:Peter Kerr
933:(5): 610.
802:References
529:Monetarism
440:Rab Butler
412:Rab Butler
271:Rab Butler
181:monetarist
70:regulation
1605:, (1995).
1268:0955-2359
1227:cite book
947:0003-1224
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753:Reformism
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644:New Right
592:Callaghan
256:Churchill
196:July 1945
162:with the
101:consensus
64:, strong
1284:(2005).
1141:30 March
1115:30 March
1090:30 March
1068:(1969).
695:See also
564:sterling
68:, heavy
1707:excerpt
1614:excerpt
1612:(1996)
1593:History
1586:excerpt
1549:(1975).
995:History
955:2085737
899:(1975).
442:of the
242:Welfare
125:Liberal
72:, high
56:leader
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260:Attlee
951:JSTOR
790:to a
774:Notes
74:taxes
1682:ISBN
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1264:ISSN
1233:link
1143:2023
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879:ISSN
668:1984
488:and
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377:and
258:and
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192:1935
158:, a
131:and
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