69:
902:
growth regulators are typically applied at Z30. Disease control is most critical in the stem extension and heading stage (Z31, Z32, Z35), in particular as soon as the flag leaf is out (Z37). The crop is also more sensitive to heat or frost at some stages than others (for example, during the meiosis
72:
Critical stages according to BBCH (Lancashire et al., 1991) and their deviations from the Zadok's scale (in brackets). The spacing between the stages follows calendar time for the temperate climate of
Switzerland (sowing in November, harvest
881:
that is widely used in cereal research and agriculture. Knowing the stages of development of a crop is critical in many management decisions that growers make. They are represented on a scale from 10 to 92. For example, in some countries,
903:
stage the crop is very sensitive to low temperature). Knowing the growth stage of the crop when checking for problems is essential for deciding which control measures should be followed.
2067:
Lancashire, P.D.; H. Bleiholder; P. Langeluddecke; R. Stauss; T. van den Boom; E. Weber; A. Witzen-Berger (1991). "A uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds".
2044:
Lancashire, P.D.; H. Bleiholder; P. Langeluddecke; R. Stauss; T. van den Boom; E. Weber; A. Witzen-Berger (1991). "A uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds".
613:. Like other scales of crop development, the Feekes scale is useful in planning management strategies that incorporate plant growth information for the use of
261:
Beginning of stem elongation: pseudostem and tillers erect, first internode begins to elongate, top of inflorescence at least 1 cm above tillering node
2088:
Witzenberger, A.; H. Hack; T. van den Boom (1989). "Erläuterungen zum BBCH-Dezimal-Code für die
Entwicklungsstadien des Getreides - mit Abbildungen".
2016:
675:
Tillers formed; leaves often twisted spirally. Main shoot and six tillers. In some varieties of winter wheat, plant may be "creeping," or prostrate.
1983:
898:, the recommendation for the first nitrogen application on wheat is 6 weeks before Z30, with the second application on Z30.
2124:
2024:
610:
2144:
454:
End of flowering: all spikelets have completed flowering but some dehydrated anthers may remain
2139:
1929:
Large, E. C. (1 December 1954). "GROWTH STAGES IN CEREALS ILLUSTRATION OF THE FEEKES SCALE".
2149:
2076:
2053:
1938:
363:
Beginning of heading: tip of inflorescence emerged from sheath, first spikelet just visible
68:
891:
2107:
J.C. Zadoks, T.T. Chang, C.F. Konzak, "A Decimal Code for the Growth Stages of
Cereals",
1957:
2080:
2057:
1990:
1942:
875:
2133:
602:
569:
A leaf is unfolded when its ligule is visible or the tip of the next leaf is visible
606:
572:
Tillering or stem elongation may occur earlier than stage 13; in this case continue
1984:"Growth Stages of Wheat: Identification and Understanding Improve Crop Management"
683:
Beginning of the erection of the pseudo-stem; leaf sheaths beginning to lengthen.
17:
618:
878:
622:
614:
62:
887:
580:
If stem elongation begins before the end of tillering continue with stage 30
77:
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of cereals are:
54:
736:
Sheath of flag leaf completely grown out; ear swollen but not yet visible.
720:
Flag leaf (last leaf) visible but still rolled up; ear beginning to swell.
659:
One shoot (number of leaves can be added), first leaf through coleoptile.
883:
601:
Willem Feekes (1907-1979) in 1941. This scale is more widely used in the
598:
46:
511:
Soft dough: grain content soft but dry. Fingernail impression not held
895:
871:
594:
58:
34:
899:
67:
2023:. University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Archived from
309:
Flag leaf stage: flag leaf fully unrolled, ligule just visible
148:
Emergence: coleoptile penetrates soil surface (cracking stage)
481:
Medium milk: grain content milky, grains reached final size,
465:
Watery ripe: first grains have reached half their final size
712:
Second node of stem formed; next-to-last leaf just visible.
691:
Pseudo-stem (formed by sheaths of leaves) strongly erected.
519:
Hard dough: grain content solid. Fingernail impression held
605:
than other similar and more descriptive scales such as the
527:
Fully ripe: grain hard, difficult to divide with thumbnail
538:
Over-ripe: grain very hard, cannot be dented by thumbnail
839:
Mealy ripe; contents of kernel soft but dry. Soft dough.
132:
Radicle elongated, root hairs and/or side roots visible
1989:. Texas Agricultural Extension Service. Archived from
593:
is a system to identify the growth and development of
328:
Mid boot stage: flag leaf sheath just visibly swollen
2021:
A Comprehensive Guide to Wheat
Management in Kentucky
250:
End of tillering. Maximum no. of tillers detectable
1907:Feekes, Willem (1941). "De tarwe en haar milieu ".
667:Beginning of tillering; main shoot and one tiller.
269:First node at least 1 cm above tillering node
847:Kernel hard (difficult to divide with thumbnail).
1789:Kernel hard (difficult to divide with thumbnail)
395:Middle of heading: half of inflorescence emerged
27:Scales used to measure the growth of cereal crops
218:Beginning of tillering: first tiller detectable
1803:Kernel hard (no longer dented with thumbnail)
438:Beginning of flowering: first anthers visible
773:Three-quarters of heading process completed.
704:First node of stem visible at base of shoot.
320:Early boot stage: flag leaf sheath extending
33:attempt to objectively measure the growth of
8:
1909:Verslagen van de Technische Tarwe Commissie.
427:End of heading: inflorescence fully emerged
1924:
1922:
632:Cereal growth stages using the Feekes scale
621:to avoid damaging the crop and/or maximize
1956:Wise K, Johnson B, Mansfield C, Krupke C.
890:applications must be completed during the
757:One-quarter of heading process completed.
336:Late boot stage: flag leaf sheath swollen
818:Flowering completed; kernel watery ripe.
352:First awns visible (in awned forms only)
1534:First spikelet of inflorescence visible
954:
924:Z30: ear is one centimeter long in wheat
874:development scale proposed by the Dutch
627:
79:
1899:
285:Node 3 at least 2 cm above node 2
277:Node 2 at least 2 cm above node 1
446:Full flowering: 50% of anthers mature
1589:Emergence of inflorescence completed
1446:Flag leaf ligule/collar just visible
810:Flowering completed at base of head.
749:First spikelet of head just visible.
301:Flag leaf just visible, still rolled
7:
1827:Overripe, straw dead and collapsing
357:5: Inflorescence emergence, heading
2017:"Section 2. Growth and Development"
1851:Viable seed giving 50% germination
802:Flowering complete to top of head.
765:Half of heading process completed.
2081:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1991.tb04895.x
2058:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1991.tb04895.x
1943:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1954.tb00716.x
728:Ligule of flag leaf just visible.
140:Coleoptile emerged from caryopsis
25:
1328:Main shoot and 9 or more tillers
959:Comparison of growth stage scales
1958:"Managing Wheat by Growth Stage"
124:Radicle emerged from caryopsis
1085:First leaf through coleoptile
855:Ripe for cutting. Straw dead.
159:First leaf through coleoptile
1:
2015:Herbek J, Lee C (July 2009).
1963:. Purdue University Extension
1575:3/4 of inflorescence emerged
1561:1/2 of inflorescence emerged
1547:1/4 of inflorescence emerged
1054:Coleoptile emerged from seed
941:Z55: the head is 1/2 emerged.
546:Grains loosening in day-time
419:80% of inflorescence emerged
411:70% of inflorescence emerged
403:60% of inflorescence emerged
387:40% of inflorescence emerged
379:30% of inflorescence emerged
371:20% of inflorescence emerged
108:Beginning of seed imbibition
1815:Kernel loosening in daytime
1067:Leaf just at coleoptile tip
31:Cereal growth staging scales
1875:Secondary dormancy induced
1476:Flag leaf sheath extending
906:Examples of typical stages
293:Stages continuous till ...
242:Stages continuous till ...
191:Stages continuous till ...
2166:
1201:9 or more leaves unfolded
1042:Radicle emerged from seed
554:Plant dead and collapsing
199:9 or more leaves unfolded
1763:
1707:
1638:
1593:
1519:
1502:Flag leaf sheath opening
1450:
1332:
1316:Main shoot and 8 tillers
1304:Main shoot and 7 tillers
1292:Main shoot and 6 tillers
1279:Main shoot and 5 tillers
1267:Main shoot and 4 tillers
1255:Main shoot and 3 tillers
1243:Main shoot and 2 tillers
1205:
1071:
993:
957:
822:
785:
781:All heads out of sheath.
740:
695:
650:
630:
531:
496:
458:
431:
356:
344:Flag leaf sheath opening
313:
254:
203:
152:
116:Seed imbibition complete
93:
2125:Citation Classic of 1985
1911:(in Dutch and English).
1887:Secondary dormancy lost
1520:Inflorescence emergence
1231:Main shoot and 1 tiller
930:Z32: second node visible
794:Beginning of flowering.
597:introduced by the Dutch
459:7: Development of fruit
1433:Flag leaf just visible
927:Z31: first node visible
432:6: Flowering, anthesis
1608:Beginning on anthesis
921:during stem extension
153:1: Leaf development,
74:
51:BBCH-scale for cereals
1346:Pseudo stem erection
916:Z21: tillering begins
234:3 tillers detectable
226:2 tillers detectable
100:Dry seed (caryopsis)
71:
1420:6th node detectable
1408:5th node detectable
1396:4th node detectable
1384:3rd node detectable
1372:2nd node detectable
1359:1st node detectable
1098:First leaf unfolded
1030:Imbibition complete
1018:Start of imbibition
949:Z92: grains are ripe
167:First leaf unfolded
41:BBCH-scale (cereals)
1996:on 25 November 2011
1665:Kernel watery ripe
1634:Anthesis completed
1515:First awns visible
1490:Boots just swollen
255:3: Stem elongation
1708:Dough development
1621:Anthesis half-way
1189:8 leaves unfolded
1176:7 leaves unfolded
1163:6 leaves unfolded
1150:5 leaves unfolded
1137:4 leaves unfolded
1124:3 leaves unfolded
1111:2 leaves unfolded
562:Harvested product
183:3 leaves unfolded
175:2 leaves unfolded
75:
18:BBCH-scale (maize)
1891:
1890:
1863:Seed not dormant
1639:Milk development
910:during tillering
859:
858:
566:
565:
16:(Redirected from
2157:
2097:
2090:Gesunde Pflanzen
2084:
2061:
2036:
2035:
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2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1995:
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1982:Miller, Travis.
1979:
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1962:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1926:
1917:
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1904:
1333:Stem Elongation
1218:Main shoot only
1072:Seedling growth
955:
946:during ripening
876:phytopathologist
628:
80:
21:
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2102:Further reading
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2069:Ann. Appl. Biol
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2046:Ann. Appl. Biol
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2013:
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1931:Plant Pathology
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1896:
982:
975:
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938:during heading
864:
696:Stem Extension
634:
587:
576:with stages 21
94:0: Germination
57:development of
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2119:External links
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532:9: Senescence
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53:describes the
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2109:Weed Research
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2027:on 2015-09-23
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204:2: Tillering
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2029:. Retrieved
2025:the original
2020:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1991:the original
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1951:
1934:
1930:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1733:Early dough
1691:Medium milk
994:Germination
987:
980:
973:
966:
958:
905:
868:Zadoks scale
867:
865:
862:Zadoks scale
831:Milky ripe.
644:
639:
631:
607:Zadoks scale
595:cereal crops
591:Feekes scale
590:
588:
585:Feekes scale
575:
503:Early dough
497:8: Ripening
483:still green
482:
89:Description
83:Growth stage
76:
55:phenological
50:
44:
30:
29:
2114:14:415-421.
2000:29 February
1967:29 February
1759:Hard dough
1746:Soft dough
1678:Early milk
988:Description
645:Description
619:fertilizers
599:agronomists
473:Early milk
314:4: Booting
210:No tillers
2145:BBCH-scale
2134:Categories
2096:: 384–388.
2031:2016-05-14
1915:: 523–888.
1894:References
1703:Late milk
1206:Tillering
894:stage. In
879:Jan Zadoks
786:Flowering
651:Tillering
623:crop yield
615:pesticides
611:BBCH scale
492:Late milk
63:BBCH-scale
61:using the
1764:Ripening
1594:Anthesis
1006:Dry seed
892:tillering
888:herbicide
823:Ripening
73:mid-July)
2140:Agronomy
1451:Booting
884:nitrogen
741:Heading
47:agronomy
2150:Cereals
609:or the
59:cereals
35:cereals
974:Feekes
896:France
872:cereal
49:, the
1994:(PDF)
1987:(PDF)
1961:(PDF)
1659:10.54
1602:10.51
983:Scale
976:Scale
969:Scale
967:Zadok
900:Wheat
870:is a
815:10.54
807:10.53
799:10.52
791:10.51
640:Stage
2112:1974
2002:2012
1969:2012
1800:16.0
1797:11.4
1784:11.3
1756:15.0
1741:11.2
1730:14.0
1686:11.1
1675:13.0
1662:12.1
1631:11.6
1618:11.5
1605:11.4
1586:11.0
1583:10.5
1572:10.7
1569:10.4
1558:10.5
1555:10.3
1542:10.2
1531:10.2
1528:10.1
1512:10.1
981:Haun
886:and
866:The
852:11.4
844:11.3
836:11.2
828:11.1
778:10.5
770:10.4
762:10.3
754:10.2
746:10.1
617:and
589:The
86:Code
2077:doi
2073:119
2054:doi
2050:119
1939:doi
1487:9.2
1473:8-9
1341:4-5
1186:7.+
1173:6.+
1160:5.+
1147:4.+
1134:3.+
1121:2.+
1108:1.+
1095:1.+
1064:0.0
290:3 .
239:2 .
188:1 .
45:In
2136::
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2092:.
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2019:.
1933:.
1921:^
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1463:-
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180:13
172:12
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145:09
137:07
129:06
121:05
113:03
105:01
97:00
65:.
37:.
2083:.
2079::
2060:.
2056::
2034:.
2004:.
1971:.
1945:.
1941::
1935:3
1441:9
1428:8
1367:7
1354:6
1287:3
1226:2
1080:1
725:9
717:8
709:7
701:6
688:5
680:4
672:3
664:2
656:1
20:)
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