1202:), emerged and filled this empty circle. Kalûnga heated up the contents of mbûngi, and when it cooled, it formed the Earth. The Earth, the starting point of the fire, then became a green planet after it went through four stages. The first stage is the emergence of the fire. The second stage is the red stage where the planet is still burning and has not formed. The third stage is the grey stage where the planet is cooling, but has not produced life. These planets are naked, dry, and covered with dust. The final stage is green stage is when the planet is fully mature because it breathes and carries life. As the Bakongo believe is part of the universal order, all planets must go through this process.
933:
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1072:, "Central Africans have probably never agreed among themselves as to what their cosmology is in detail, a product of what I called the process of continuous revelation and precarious priesthood..." The Kongo people had diverse views, with traditional religious thought best developed in the northern Kikongo-speaking area. There is plenty of description about Kongo religious ideas in the Christian missionary and colonial era records, but as Thornton states, "these are written with a hostile bias and their reliability is problematic".
1566:(pl. bisimbi) is a water spirit that is believed to inhabit bodies of water and rocks, having the ability to guide the ancestors, along the Kalûnga river to the spiritual world after they pass away. They are seen as the guardians of nature and the intermediaries between the physical world of the living and the spiritual world of the ancestors. Bisimbi are also believed to be spiritual guides, using storytelling and oral tradition to connect the living to the ancestors and their history. Spiritual leaders called
1597:
1156:, "Another important characteristic of Bakongo cosmology is the Sun and its movements. The rising, peaking, setting, and absence of the Sun provide the essential pattern for Bakongo religious culture. These “four moments of the sun" equate with the four stages of life: conception, birth, maturity, and death. For the Bakongo, everything transitions through these stages: planets, plants, animals, people, societies, and even ideas. This vital cycle is depicted by a circle with a cross inside. In this
1182:, that grew until it filled the mbûngi. When it grew too large, Kalûnga became a great force of energy and unleashed heated elements across space, forming the universe with the Sun, stars, planets, etc. Because of this, kalûnga is seen as the origin of life and a force of motion. The Bakongo believe that life requires constant change and perpetual motion. Nzambi Mpungu is also referred to as Kalûnga, the God of change. Similarities between the Bakongo belief of Kalûnga and the
1690:. It also verified that even nature spirits were to go through the lifecycle. 17th Century oral tradition recounts the story of two kilundu named Navieza and Cassumba who left their homeland in the Upper Ganguela region to flee disease. While on their journey, they took shelter in "an isolated hut" in the Kisama. There they died, entered the spiritual world and were transformed into nature spirits whose purpose became to protect those who venerated them from diseases.
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1250:, they are able to exist and live in both realms during the different moments of their lives. Even while in Ku Mpémba, a muntu still lives a full life as they prepare for Kala time once again. The right side of the body is also believed to be male, while the left side is believed to be female, creating an additional layer to the dual identity of a muntu.
1747:, which referred to sacred groves, where they would venerate these forest spirits. The Kongo people also believed that some ancestors inhabited the forest after death and maintained their spiritual presence in their descendants' lives. These particular ancestors were believed to have died, traveled to Mpémba, and then were reborn as bisimbi. Thus,
1682:. They existed in the same context as nkisi and nkita. However, like bisimbi, kilundu were largely believed to be spirits that were once living people, who transformed into spirits after they entered the spiritual world. This created evidence of a unifying concept of the two worlds and the four moments of life across ethnic groups in both
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is spirit of time and Sun. It is said that the brother originally lived by the sea, and one day, Ntangu challenged Ngonde to a foot race, believing he could beat his brother. However, Ngonde was successful and defeated Ntangu. This is believed to be the reason why the Moon can be seen during the day
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In Brazil, kalunga embodies the idea that, in the realm of the living, we stand erect, but in the realm of the ancestors, everything operates in a reversed manner. Inhabitants of the netherworld (or the ancestral realm) are inverted compared to us, as viewed from our mirrored perspective. With this
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By the early 17th century, oral tradition stated that Nzambi Mpungu was surrounded by lesser nature spirits, who were so powerful that they were given individual names. There is consensus among historians that this reduction of nature spirits to lesser spirits was due to
Portuguese the influence of
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This person to nature spirit transformation concept was also recorded in the
Kingdom of Kongo in the 20th Century. A man named Mbola is said to have died and transformed into a simbi water spirit that inhabited a stream and taught the living how to use his spiritual power for healing and to create
1451:
Nevertheless, the Kongo spirits are believed to have been created largely as a means for the
Bakongo people to understand the natural world around them. Most of them have a connection to the earth, water, the sky, fire and the stars. "The land is eternal. The earth withers in the dry seasons but
1806:
Due to the
Atlantic slave trade, Bakongo religion was translocated to the Americas along with its enslaved practitioners. Some surviving traditions include conjure, dreaming, possession by the dead to learn wisdom from the ancestors, traditional healing and working with minkisi. The spiritual
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existed as a meeting point between the physical world and the spiritual world. The living saw it as a source of physical nourishment through hunting and spiritual nourishment through contact with the ancestors. One expert on Kongo religion, Dr. Fu-Kiau, even described some precolonial Kongo
1448:, the mystery of the earth, "the mother of a beautiful daughter, gives mankind all laws, ordinances, arts, games, and musical instruments. Nzambi settles quarrels between animals, and in the stories giving her decision is embedded an immense amount of Fjort law."
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After the introduction of
Catholicism by the Portuguese, there was a massive effort to convert Central Africans by creating connections between Christianity and their traditional religions. While it was largely a failure for ethnic groups such as the
1444:, while Nzambici was seen as his wife, the "God the essence, the god on earth, the great princess, the mother of all the animals, the one who promises her daughter to the animal who shall bring her the fire from heaven." She is also referred to as
1426:
becoming a more male-dominated society, marginalizing the belief in the dual male/female identity of all
Bakongo people and creating a gender hierarchy based on Portuguese culture, where men were traditionally at the center of spiritual matters.
1409:
and separating the deity from
Nzambici and the other spirits. Not only did this act make way for an easier conversion of the Bakongo people to Christianity, it created a hierarchy in Bakongo spirituality that reduced spirits like Nzambici, the
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who existed everywhere simultaneously and gave life to all things. Nzambi Mpungu was the "sovereign master," the God of the sun (fire) and change. It was believed that Nzambi Mpungu/Nzambici created the universe, the spiritual world
1452:
flourishes with the coming of the rains. The sky bears the winds that brings the rains and shuffles the clouds to hide and then reveal the sun's rays... the Nzadi River flows forever... to eventually join the vast sea."
1389:). Contrary to what the title "the Great Spirit" implies, Nzambi Mpungu/Nzambici and the spiritual nature of the Kongo people did not exist under the same confines of hierarchy as the omnipotent God of the monotheistic
1636:) . They are nature spirits, animated objects . They inhabit specific areas where their families and villages are located and usually have a special connection to the people living in those regions who venerate them.
1576:) underwent an extensive initiation process to learn the position of the sun as it rotated around the earth to seek guidance from the ancestors and the bisimbi. These water spirits were said to be present during the
1665:, and destroy any traces of idolatry along with the buildings. Belief in nkita persisted, with the spirits even providing power from the spiritual world for the Bakongo people to create sacred medicines called
1083:
and passed down from one generation to another through folk tales, songs, and festivals, include belief in an amount of higher and lower gods, sometimes including a supreme creator or force, belief in spirits,
1608:, by the Portuguese were said to be inhabited by nature spirits or deified people who embodied the extraordinary power of the spiritual world. These objects or spirits held different names by region. In the
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The nature of Kalûnga is also spiritual. As Kalûnga filled mbûngi, Kalûnga transformed into a body of water that acted as a line, dividing the circle in half. The top half represents the physical world, or
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created mojo bags for individuals, using ingredients connected to a specific simbi to invoke the spirit into the mojo bag. Bakongo spiritual philosophy influenced the creation of mojo bags, with
1521:
could also use the power of thunder and lightning as a spiritual weapon. This power activated when a Nganga Nzazi simulated the sound of thunder by knocking two consecrated sculptures, called
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spirits are believed to transport Kongo people between the two worlds at birth and death. Then the process repeats when a person is reborn. Together, Kalûnga and the mbûngi circle form the
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particular worldview, practitioners of
African martial arts deliberately invert themselves physically to emulate the ancestors, and drawing strength and power from the ancestral realm.
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1661:. This Kimpasi group was the target of many raids by Roman Catholic priests, who received support from the King of Kongo to storm into their houses of worship, or
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1778:. These mojo bags were essentially small bags where magical items were normally stored. They were also believed to contained the spiritual power of nkisi. A
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including certain natural ingredients or animal bones, to house the simbi spirit or an ancestral spirit inside a bag for either protection or healing.
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is the time of maturity, where a muntu learns to master all aspects of life from spirituality to purpose to personality. The last period of time is
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monotheism and their shunning of "idols." During this period, Nzambi Mpungu began to exist as a separate spirit from his female counterpart,
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As previously mentioned, nature is essential to Kongo spirituality. While nature spirits later became more associated with water, or
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in
Kikongo) and invoked his power to cause thunder, lightning and rain during the dry season through consecrated objects, called
1397:). All spirits within Kongo spirituality were believed to be of equal status and each had their own purpose across both worlds.
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to include consecrated objects or charms that contained the essence of nature spirits and their spiritual powers. These
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2187:"The Place of African Traditional Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since the Advent of Christianity"
2083:"The Place of African Traditional Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since the Advent of Christianity"
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Male Power Figure (Nkisi), Kongo artist and nganga, late19th–mid-20th century, Democratic
Republic of the Congo
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1218:, is also believed to follow the four moments of the Sun, which play a significant role in their development.
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Like the creation of the universe, the Bakongo believe that in the beginning, the world was circular void (or
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is the time when a muntu is born into the physical world. This time is also seen as the rising of the Sun.
1166:, the meeting point of the two lines of the cross is the most powerful point and where the person stands."
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1972:(1st ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 26, 27, 90–102, 106–110, 119–121, 123.
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is the nature spirit of lightning. Spiritual experts who dedicated themselves to Nzazi gained the title a
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is the time when a muntu is conceived both in the spiritual realm and in the womb of a Bakongo woman.
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1847:. The finda then became a sacred space, where sightings of "cymbee" spirits were often recorded by
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1471:) to protect them. These ancestral spirits are also believed to inhabit bodies of water, known as
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to "lesser spirits" that no longer had relevant voices in spiritual matters. They became akin to
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The Bakongo cosmos is split between two worlds: the top half representing the physical world, or
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The concept of mfinda as a spiritual space also emerged in the colonial United States through
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is the goddess of the rain and harvest. In some Kongo villages, Bunzi is a male spirit called
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2642:"From the Old to the New World: The Transformation of Kongo Minkisi in African American Art"
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Heywood, Linda M. (2002). "Religious and Ceremonial Life in the Kongo and Mbundu Areas".
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were specifically used as a means to inflict pain on those who came against the kingdom.
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1277:. The mbûngi circle, one longer a void, became the universe with the Sun at the center.
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2315:"The world of spirits and the respect for nature: towards a new appreciation of animism"
2210:"The world of spirits and the respect for nature: towards a new appreciation of animism"
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and thus, subservient to Nzambi Mpungu, or God. This may have also played a role in the
1321:, or death. They are believed to correlate to the four moments of the Sun: midnight, or
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1273:, while the bottom half represents the spiritual world of the ancestors, known as
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The Bakongo believe that in the beginning, there was only a circular void, called
1096:. Kongo mythology, next to other nearby traditional religions can be described as
353:
2613:
At the Back of the Black Man's Mind; Or Notes on the Kingly Office in West Africa
2611:
2584:
2542:
Talking to the Dead: Religion, Music, and Lived Memory among Gullah/Geechee Women
2485:(1st ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 92, 93, 114–115.
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1967:
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separates these two worlds, and all living things exists on one side or another.
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The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
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1178:, with no life. The Great Spirit, Nzambi Mpungu, summoned a spark of fire, or
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1550:, who is believed to be the chief blacksmith and lord spirit of the waters.
1459:, who are believed to maintain a spiritual existence in the physical world (
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Integrating Traditional Healing Practices into Counseling and Psychotherapy
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is the rainbow and a water serpent who reached the sky by climbing trees.
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Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora
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traditions and religions that have preserved Kongo traditions include
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2367:"The Spiral as the Basic Semiotic of the Kongo Religion, the Bukongo"
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1653:) after a subset of the Bakongo people who referred to themselves as
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The religion of the Kongo is deeply complex. According to historians
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2573:. University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
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2251:"Animism: Foundation of Traditional Healing in Sub-Saharan Africa"
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1234:, when a muntu physically dies and enters the spiritual world, or
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Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy
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In the 17th century, the Bakongo people expanded the concept of
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Represented on the Kongo cosmogram are the four stages of life:
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2482:
A Dictionary of African Mythology: The Mythmaker as Storyteller
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Supernatural objects that were reduced to the derogatory term,
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2058:"NPS Ethnography: African American Heritage & Ethnography"
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The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa
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The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa
1969:
African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry
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cosmograms with mfinda as a bridge between the two worlds.
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Death and the Invisible Powers: The World of Kongo Belief
2567:"The "Cymbee" Water Spirits of St. John's Berkeley" (PDF)
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S. Mbiti, John (1991). Introduction to African religion.
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and the bottom half representing the spiritual world, or
1000:. As a result, many other ethnic groups and kingdoms in
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Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU Scholars Compass)
2515:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 114.
1455:
At the center of Kongo religion are the ancestors, or
2036:. SAGE Publications. pp. 120–124, 165–166, 361.
1851:. Today, the finda is still a significant element in
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is spirit of Moon and menstruations, and his brother
1027:, the sovereign master, and his female counterpart,
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1536:with the Sun, but the Sun cannot be seen at night.
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1729:, they were also known to dwell in the forest, or
653:Index of African mythology and creation narratives
2447:"Nzambi Mpungu and the Race between Moon and Sun"
1657:, with their spiritual leaders holding the title
4429:Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3665:
2987:
992:. Due to the highly centralized position of the
905:Traditional African religion and other religions
218:
3227:History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2673:International Journal of Historical Archaeology
1198:) with no life. Then a great force of fire (or
2773:Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies
2123:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 73–74.
3854:
3187:
2802:
2257:, SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 124–137,
1463:) after death, through the "dual soul-mind" (
988:) encompasses the traditional beliefs of the
958:
434:
8:
2589:. Indiana University Press. pp. 40–66.
2112:
2110:
2108:
1132:system with various gods, spirits and other
1023:. The principle Creator God of the world is
1012:, adopted elements of Bakongo spirituality.
686:List of African deities and mythical figures
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2185:Muyingi, PhD, Mbangu Anicet (2020-08-06).
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951:
452:
441:
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280:
28:
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2030:Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2009).
2191:Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences
2087:Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences
1716:
1694:sacred medicines, which became known as
1257:
2571:The African Diaspora Archeology Network
2512:Hoodoo, Voodoo, and Conjure: A Handbook
2145:The Oxford Handbook Of Global Religions
1915:
1015:The spirituality is based on a complex
464:
40:
2635:
2633:
2539:Manigault-Bryant, LeRhonda S. (2014).
2365:Luyaluka, Kiatezua Lubanzadio (2017).
1743:). The Kingdom of Kongo used the term
1676:in Angola, nature spirits were called
1108:aspects. This includes the worship of
2616:. Forgotten Books. pp. 114–118.
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2081:Muyingi, Mbangu Anicet (2014-07-02).
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1941:
1939:
1497:is the nature spirit of thunder, and
7:
2180:
2178:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
25:
3261:Seven Kingdoms of Kongo dia Nlaza
2545:. Durham: Duke University Press.
1616:to the north, they were called a
1542:is the ruler of seas and oceans.
1242:. Because Bakongo people have a "
1124:. While some religions adopted a
663:Serer astronomy (the star Sirius)
643:Dogon astronomy (the star Sirius)
4358:
4357:
3823:
3822:
3235:
3156:
3155:
2852:
2740:Thompson, Robert Farris (1983).
2667:Fennell, Christopher C. (2003).
2610:Dennett, Richard Edward (1906).
2033:Encyclopedia of African Religion
1365:Prior to European colonization,
1075:Generally, these traditions are
931:
919:
918:
472:
410:
409:
51:
2313:Kimmerle, Heinz (2006-04-11).
2249:Vontress, Clemmont E. (2005),
2208:Kimmerle, Heinz (2006-04-11).
1:
4434:Traditional African religions
2767:Kambon, PhD, Ọbádélé (2018).
2509:Anderson, Jeffrey E. (2008).
1798:Traditional African religions
1643:, nature spirits were called
1639:In the eastern region in the
877:Relation with other religions
466:Traditional African religions
2143:Juergensmeyer, Mark (2006).
1843:and became known locally as
1373:, were perceived as the one
1369:and his female counterpart,
1238:, with of the ancestors, or
1094:traditional African medicine
3869:Bantu religion and folklore
2746:. New York: Vintage Books.
1966:Brown, Ras Michael (2012).
1582:African American Christians
1483:, and the forest, known as
1393:(Christianity, Judaism and
1046:. Expert healers, known as
4450:
4257:African diaspora religions
1884:African diaspora religions
1862:
1795:
1385:) and the physical world (
1361:Nzambi Mpungu and Nzambici
1057:
883:African diaspora religions
4355:
3820:
3233:
3153:
2850:
2640:McCurnin, Mary Margaret.
2299:November 2, 2015, at the
1721:The Great Mfinda (forest)
1517:. It was believed that a
1128:worldview, most follow a
3353:House of Kinkanga/Nsundi
2371:Journal of Black Studies
1592:Nkisi, nkita and kilundu
1170:Creation of the universe
1152:According to researcher
1035:is the core principle.
681:Index of African deities
3798:Battle of Mbidizi River
3325:List of rulers of Kongo
2685:10.1023/A:1023267019232
2479:Scheub, Harold (2000).
1831:, and Venezuelan Yuyu.
1339:four classical elements
648:Dogon astronomy (Nommo)
4394:Afro-American religion
3803:Battle of São Salvador
3460:Capital: M'banza-Kongo
2583:Bockie, Simon (1993).
1841:trans-Atlantic slavery
1722:
1601:
1265:
1149:
1140:Creation and cosmology
1086:veneration of the dead
3783:Battle of Mbanda Kasi
2396:Van Wing, J. (1941).
2263:10.4135/9781452231648
1720:
1599:
1261:
1147:
1120:and the belief in an
898:Persecution of Serers
893:Persecution of Dogons
704:Bandiagara Escarpment
3892:Proto-Bantu language
3646:Ancestral veneration
3555:Chicamassi-chinuinji
3368:House of Água Rosada
2968:Ancestral veneration
2875:Chicamassi-chinuinji
1540:Chicamassi-chinuinji
1148:Kongo Creation Story
199:Ancestral veneration
104:Chicamassi-chinuinji
4198:Legendary creatures
3774:Conquest of Kabunga
2332:10.4102/td.v2i2.277
2227:10.4102/td.v2i2.277
1701:Unlike the others,
1440:, and was seen the
1391:Abrahamic religions
1317:, or maturity; and
1186:have been studied.
1134:supernatural beings
1033:ancestor veneration
1021:pantheon of spirits
1002:West-Central Africa
4424:Religion in Angola
4419:Religion in Africa
4338:John the Conqueror
3746:Kongolese longboat
2565:Adams, Natalie P.
1723:
1602:
1294:, also called the
1266:
1210:The creation of a
1154:Molefi Kete Asante
1150:
986:Bukongo or Bakongo
636:African divination
4389:African mythology
4371:
4370:
4351:
4350:
4238:
4237:
4145:
4144:
3836:
3835:
3816:
3815:
3788:Battle of Kitombo
3715:
3714:
3533:Kongo Catholicism
3446:
3445:
3376:
3375:
3358:House of Kimpanzu
3343:House of Kilukeni
3222:History of Angola
3169:
3168:
3149:
3148:
2844:Kongo Catholicism
2727:meta-religion.com
2596:978-0-253-31564-9
2130:978-0-521-00278-3
1979:978-1-107-66882-9
1674:Kingdom of Ndongo
1610:Kingdom of Loango
1190:Creation of Earth
1164:dikenga cosmogram
975:
974:
764:Point of Sangomar
451:
450:
401:
400:
80:Kongo Catholicism
16:(Redirected from
4441:
4384:African diaspora
4361:
4360:
4247:
4157:Legendary beings
4154:
3910:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3840:
3826:
3825:
3793:Battle of Mbwila
3778:Battle of Mbumbi
3751:Iron stake traps
3726:
3513:
3387:
3363:House of Kinlaza
3251:
3239:
3217:Kingdom of Kongo
3202:Kingdom of Kongo
3196:
3189:
3182:
3173:
3159:
3158:
3044:
2856:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2723:"Kongo religion"
2719:
2713:
2712:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2580:
2574:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2476:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2451:Oxford Reference
2443:
2434:
2433:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2362:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2310:
2304:
2291:An African Story
2288:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2182:
2173:
2162:
2156:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2114:
2103:
2102:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2027:
1984:
1983:
1963:
1749:The Great Mfinda
1641:Kingdom of Kongo
1586:Hoodoo tradition
1424:Kingdom of Kongo
1118:ancestor worship
1110:tutelary deities
1070:Linda M. Heywood
1066:John K. Thornton
994:Kingdom of Kongo
967:
960:
953:
936:
935:
922:
921:
774:Sangha Ogol Leye
476:
453:
443:
436:
429:
413:
412:
281:
55:
44:
29:
21:
18:BaKongo religion
4449:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4347:
4311:
4292:Hot foot powder
4267:Candomblé Bantu
4234:
4193:
4141:
4112:Kongo cosmogram
4095:
4054:
3973:
3930:Dini Ya Msambwa
3901:
3897:Bantu languages
3887:Bantu expansion
3870:
3867:
3837:
3832:
3812:
3808:Kongo Civil War
3763:
3756:Scimitar-shaped
3740:Poisoned Arrows
3711:
3685:
3656:Kongo cosmogram
3634:
3537:
3502:
3479:
3442:
3411:
3407:Enslaved people
3372:
3329:
3311:
3307:Order of Christ
3275:
3240:
3231:
3203:
3200:
3170:
3165:
3145:
3090:
3071:Hot foot powder
3035:
3007:
2978:Kongo cosmogram
2954:
2857:
2848:
2820:
2815:
2785:
2784:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2478:
2477:
2464:
2455:
2453:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2414:10.2307/2844403
2398:"Bakongo Magic"
2395:
2394:
2390:
2364:
2363:
2348:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2301:Wayback Machine
2289:
2285:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2163:
2159:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2116:
2115:
2106:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2029:
2028:
1987:
1980:
1965:
1964:
1917:
1912:
1880:
1871:
1863:Main articles:
1861:
1849:Black Americans
1837:
1829:Candomblé Bantu
1804:
1796:Main articles:
1794:
1786:Black Americans
1758:
1715:
1594:
1584:, according to
1560:
1492:
1433:
1363:
1333:and sunset, or
1309:or conception;
1292:Kongo cosmogram
1263:Kongo cosmogram
1256:
1254:Kongo cosmogram
1208:
1192:
1184:Big Bang Theory
1172:
1142:
1062:
1056:
1054:General beliefs
971:
942:
930:
910:
909:
878:
870:
869:
845:
837:
836:
822:
814:
813:
699:
691:
690:
676:
668:
667:
626:
618:
617:
484:
447:
404:
403:
402:
397:
342:
323:Hot foot powder
298:Candomblé Bantu
277:
269:
268:
249:
239:
238:
209:Kongo cosmogram
194:
184:
183:
95:
85:
84:
65:
42:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4447:
4445:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4409:Kongo religion
4406:
4401:
4399:Bantu religion
4396:
4391:
4386:
4376:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4279:
4274:
4264:
4262:Black cat bone
4259:
4253:
4251:
4244:
4243:Bantu diaspora
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4184:Nyongo society
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3952:
3942:
3940:Kongo religion
3937:
3927:
3922:
3920:Bantu religion
3916:
3914:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3732:
3730:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:Nature spirits
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3393:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3348:House of Kwilu
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3056:Black cat bone
3052:
3050:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2988:Nature spirits
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2818:Kongo religion
2816:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2759:
2752:
2732:
2714:
2659:
2629:
2622:
2602:
2595:
2575:
2558:
2551:
2528:
2521:
2498:
2491:
2462:
2435:
2408:(1/2): 85–97.
2388:
2346:
2305:
2283:
2271:
2241:
2200:
2174:
2157:
2136:
2129:
2104:
2073:
2049:
2043:978-1412936361
2042:
1985:
1978:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1889:Bantu religion
1886:
1879:
1876:
1860:
1857:
1836:
1833:
1802:Bantu religion
1793:
1790:
1757:
1754:
1714:
1711:
1663:nzo a quimpazi
1612:and the lower
1593:
1590:
1559:
1556:
1491:
1488:
1432:
1429:
1362:
1359:
1323:n'dingu-a-nsi;
1255:
1252:
1244:dual soul-mind
1212:Bakongo person
1207:
1206:Human creation
1204:
1191:
1188:
1171:
1168:
1141:
1138:
1114:nature worship
1060:Bantu religion
1055:
1052:
990:Bakongo people
978:Kongo religion
973:
972:
970:
969:
962:
955:
947:
944:
943:
941:
940:
928:
915:
912:
911:
908:
907:
902:
901:
900:
895:
885:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
862:
857:
852:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
835:
834:
829:
823:
820:
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
700:
697:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
683:
677:
674:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
639:
638:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
610:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
512:
511:
506:
496:
491:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
469:
468:
462:
461:
449:
448:
446:
445:
438:
431:
423:
420:
419:
406:
405:
399:
398:
396:
395:
390:
376:
371:
366:
361:
350:
348:
344:
343:
341:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
310:
305:
295:
293:Black cat bone
289:
287:
278:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
261:
256:
250:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
231:
226:
221:
219:Nature spirits
216:
211:
206:
201:
195:
190:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
176:
173:
170:
165:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
108:
105:
102:
96:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
77:
72:
66:
61:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
38:
37:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4446:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:Kongo culture
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4366:
4365:
4354:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4225:Mokele-mbembe
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4189:Sudika-mbambi
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4040:Nzambi Mpungu
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3969:Zulu religion
3967:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3882:Bantu peoples
3880:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3831:
3830:
3819:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Nzambi Mpungu
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:Lubongo cloth
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3401:Olivella nana
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3335:Ruling houses
3332:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:Mbanda Mbanda
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:Mbata Kingdom
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3164:
3163:
3152:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Nzambi Mpungu
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2753:9780307874337
2749:
2745:
2744:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2623:9781605060118
2619:
2615:
2614:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2552:9780822376705
2548:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2522:9780313342226
2518:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2492:9780195124569
2488:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2377:(1): 91–112.
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2274:
2272:9780761930471
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2170:0-435-94002-3
2167:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:0-19-513798-1
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1905:
1904:Nzambi Mpungu
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:United States
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1825:Haitian Vodou
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1775:conjure, bags
1772:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1475:(also called
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1431:Other spirits
1430:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1407:Christian God
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:Nzambi Mpungu
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:with various
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:Nzambi Mpungu
1022:
1019:system and a
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
968:
963:
961:
956:
954:
949:
948:
946:
945:
939:
934:
929:
927:
926:
917:
916:
914:
913:
906:
903:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
874:
873:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
841:
840:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
818:
817:
810:
809:Youga Dogorou
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
739:Mount Hombori
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
698:Sacred places
695:
694:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
672:
671:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
637:
634:
633:
632:
629:
628:
622:
621:
614:
611:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
480:
479:
475:
471:
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:
444:
439:
437:
432:
430:
425:
424:
422:
421:
418:
417:
408:
407:
394:
391:
388:
384:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
359:
355:
352:
351:
349:
345:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
318:
314:
311:
309:
306:
303:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
288:
286:
282:
273:
272:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
248:
243:
242:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
193:
188:
187:
180:
177:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
163:Nzambi Mpungu
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
112:
109:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
94:
89:
88:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
64:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
39:
35:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4362:
4328:Congo Square
4107:Kalûnga Line
3939:
3827:
3651:Kalunga line
3527:
3297:Queen Mother
3160:
3141:Maria Lionza
2973:Kalunga line
2838:
2817:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2742:
2735:
2726:
2717:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2650:. Retrieved
2648:. p. 11
2645:
2612:
2605:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2561:
2541:
2511:
2481:
2454:. Retrieved
2450:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2374:
2370:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2286:
2276:, retrieved
2254:
2244:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2160:
2144:
2139:
2119:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2065:. Retrieved
2061:
2052:
2032:
1968:
1872:
1844:
1838:
1805:
1792:The Americas
1779:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1659:Nganganchita
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1617:
1603:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1525:, together.
1522:
1519:Nganga Nzazi
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:Nganga Nzazi
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1490:High spirits
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1465:mwèla-ngindu
1464:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1434:
1399:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:Great Spirit
1374:
1364:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:sunrise, or
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:, or birth;
1310:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1283:Kalûnga Line
1281:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1248:mwèla-ngindu
1247:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1130:polytheistic
1102:polytheistic
1079:rather than
1074:
1063:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1014:
985:
977:
976:
924:
503:
414:
393:Maria Lionza
204:Kalunga line
74:
41:
26:
4333:Gullah Jack
4277:Goofer dust
3875:Main topics
3626:Phulu Bunzi
3592:Mbantilanda
3588:Mamba Muntu
3523:Antonianism
3271:Mpemba Kasi
3254:Preceded by
3117:Espiritismo
3061:Goofer dust
2946:Phulu Bunzi
2912:Mbantilanda
2908:Mamba Muntu
2834:Antonianism
2679:(1): 1–31.
2093:(14): 539.
2062:www.nps.gov
1614:Nzadi River
1548:Phulu Bunzi
1544:Mpulu Bunzi
1442:Creator God
1329:; noon, or
1126:pantheistic
1106:pantheistic
1004:, like the
998:Congo Basin
888:Persecution
734:Kanem–Bornu
607:Waaqeffanna
369:Espiritismo
308:Goofer dust
175:Phulu Bunzi
141:Mbantilanda
137:Mamba Muntu
70:Antonianism
4378:Categories
4307:Ring shout
4215:Koolakamba
4164:Kimanaueze
3955:Zimbabwean
3604:Moni-Mambu
3569:Kuitikuiti
3498:Portuguese
3287:Awenekongo
3086:Ring shout
2924:Moni-Mambu
2889:Kuitikuiti
2456:2023-05-10
2278:2019-10-31
2067:2023-01-03
1910:References
1813:Palo Monte
1081:scriptural
1058:See also:
844:Priesthood
794:Tattaguine
784:Sine River
709:Benin City
658:Philosophy
631:Divination
338:Ring shout
153:Moni-Mambu
118:Kuitikuiti
4071:Mami Wata
3913:Religions
3759:Longsword
3572:Lubangala
3516:Religions
3485:Languages
3465:Nsi Kwilu
3452:Geography
3102:Candomblé
3095:Religions
2892:Lubangala
2826:Religions
2693:1092-7697
2422:0307-3114
2383:0021-9347
2341:2415-2005
2325:(2): 15.
2236:2415-2005
2220:(2): 15.
2099:2039-2117
1655:aquaquita
1469:Ku Mpémba
1275:Ku Mpèmba
1236:Ku Mpémba
1122:afterlife
1098:animistic
1088:, use of
1044:ku mpèmba
1017:animistic
821:Education
729:Igbo-Ukwu
625:Doctrines
483:Religions
354:Candomblé
347:Religions
121:Lubangala
63:Religions
4414:Religion
4364:Category
4302:Mojo bag
4250:Religion
4100:Concepts
4045:Nzambici
3906:Religion
3829:Category
3721:Military
3639:Elements
3619:Nzambici
3584:Ma Kiela
3558:Dinganga
3508:Religion
3390:Currency
3246:Monarchy
3162:Category
3131:Convince
3081:Mojo bag
3040:Diaspora
2960:Elements
2939:Nzambici
2904:Ma Kiela
2878:Dinganga
2709:16475959
2701:20853014
2297:Archived
1878:See also
1869:Capoeira
1606:fetishes
1578:baptisms
1569:banganga
1461:Ku Nseke
1438:Nzambici
1387:Ku Nseke
1371:Nzambici
1327:ndiminia
1271:Ku Nseke
1048:Banganga
1040:ku nseke
1029:Nzambici
925:Category
865:Saltigue
804:Yaboyabo
744:Nri-Igbo
516:Bushongo
458:a series
456:Part of
416:Category
383:Convince
333:Mojo bag
276:Diaspora
192:Elements
168:Nzambici
133:Ma Kiela
107:Dinganga
45:religion
34:a series
32:Part of
4323:Boo hag
4316:Culture
4297:Kumbaya
4174:Mwuetsi
4150:Culture
4086:Shetani
4059:Spirits
3995:Kalumba
3978:Deities
3959:Ndebele
3768:Battles
3736:Archery
3729:Tactics
3581:Makanga
3578:Lusunzi
3575:Lusiemo
3566:Kimbazi
3543:Deities
3493:Kikongo
3428:Lubongo
3382:Economy
3076:Kumbaya
2901:Makanga
2898:Lusunzi
2895:Lusiemo
2886:Kimbazi
2863:Deities
2652:10 July
2430:2844403
1817:Lumbalú
1766:minkisi
1745:chibila
1727:kalûnga
1679:kilundu
1672:In the
1667:minkisi
1634:minkisi
1572:(sing.
1499:Lusiemo
1485:mfinda.
1477:n'langu
1473:kalunga
1319:luvemba
1307:musoni,
1302:Cross.
1300:Dikenga
1232:luvemba
1200:kalûnga
1180:Kalûnga
982:Kikongo
855:Houngan
714:Dahomey
675:Deities
609:(Oromo)
597:Tumbuka
581:Odinala
561:Lugbara
328:Kumbaya
130:Makanga
127:Lusunzi
124:Lusiemo
115:Kimbazi
93:Deities
4343:Zombie
4282:Hoodoo
4271:Brazil
4230:Obambo
4220:Mbwiri
4169:Mwindo
4137:Zebola
4127:Nganga
4122:Nkondi
4081:Nkondi
4035:Nyambe
4030:Njambe
4015:Mukasa
4010:Mebege
4005:Kibuka
4000:Kianda
3985:Akongo
3961:&
3925:Badimo
3702:Nkondi
3676:Nlongo
3671:Nganga
3661:Mfinda
3630:Yahweh
3610:Ntangu
3607:Ngonde
3601:Mbumba
3595:Mbenza
3470:Nsundi
3423:Banana
3397:Nzimbu
3317:Rulers
3280:Titles
3209:Topics
3135:Kumina
3066:Hoodoo
3048:Hoodoo
3026:Nkondi
2998:Nlongo
2993:Nganga
2983:Mfinda
2950:Yahweh
2930:Ntangu
2927:Ngonde
2921:Mbumba
2915:Mbenza
2750:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2620:
2593:
2549:
2519:
2489:
2428:
2420:
2381:
2339:
2269:
2234:
2168:
2151:
2127:
2097:
2040:
1976:
1899:Nyambe
1894:Hoodoo
1865:Engolo
1859:Brazil
1853:Hoodoo
1821:Kumina
1809:Hoodoo
1781:nganga
1756:Charms
1741:Hoodoo
1732:mfinda
1713:Mfinda
1705:nkondi
1688:Angola
1651:nquita
1649:(also
1630:mikisi
1626:bakisi
1574:nganga
1552:Mbumba
1533:Ntangu
1529:Ngonde
1523:biteke
1511:expert
1509:means
1507:Nganga
1457:bakulu
1446:Nzambi
1420:angels
1403:Mbundu
1383:Mpémba
1335:ndmina
1331:mbata;
1315:tukala
1246:," or
1240:bakulu
1228:Tukula
1220:Musoni
1196:mbûngi
1176:mbûngi
1010:Mbundu
1006:Chokwe
938:Portal
769:Sangha
754:Ouidah
749:Nsukka
719:Fatick
613:Yoruba
583:(Igbo)
571:Maasai
551:Lotuko
494:Baluba
387:Kumina
313:Hoodoo
302:Brazil
285:Hoodoo
259:Nkondi
229:Nlongo
224:Nganga
214:Mfinda
179:Yahweh
159:Ntangu
156:Ngonde
150:Mbumba
144:Mbenza
4210:Eloko
4205:Abada
4179:Nambi
4132:Okuyi
4117:Nkisi
4091:Simbi
4076:Nkisi
4066:Jengu
4050:Nzame
4025:Mwari
4020:Muisa
3990:Bunzi
3963:Shona
3949:Chewa
3934:Luhya
3707:Tumba
3697:Nkisi
3681:Simbi
3623:Nzazi
3598:Mboze
3562:Jesus
3551:Bunzi
3528:Kongo
3416:Goods
3292:Ngola
3112:Comfa
3106:Bantu
3031:Tumba
3021:Nkisi
3003:Simbi
2943:Nzazi
2918:Mboze
2882:Jesus
2871:Bunzi
2839:Kongo
2705:S2CID
2697:JSTOR
2426:JSTOR
2197:(14).
1845:finda
1771:mojo,
1762:nkisi
1737:finda
1696:mbola
1684:Kongo
1646:nkita
1624:(pl.
1620:nkisi
1564:simbi
1558:Simbi
1515:nkisi
1495:Nzazi
1481:m'bu)
1416:nkisi
1412:simbi
1395:Islam
1355:earth
1343:water
1288:Simbi
1216:muntu
1214:, or
1090:magic
860:Mambo
850:Hogon
832:Okuyi
799:Tukar
602:Vodun
592:Serer
576:Mbuti
566:Luhya
546:Nubia
541:Hausa
526:Dogon
521:Dinka
504:Kongo
499:Bantu
364:Comfa
358:Bantu
264:Tumba
254:Nkisi
234:Simbi
172:Nzazi
147:Mboze
111:Jesus
100:Bunzi
75:Kongo
43:Kongo
3945:Nyau
3475:Soyo
3438:Taro
3127:Myal
3122:Palo
2779:(4).
2748:ISBN
2689:ISSN
2654:2021
2618:ISBN
2591:ISBN
2547:ISBN
2517:ISBN
2487:ISBN
2418:ISSN
2379:ISSN
2337:ISSN
2267:ISBN
2232:ISSN
2166:ISBN
2149:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2095:ISSN
2038:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1867:and
1800:and
1686:and
1414:and
1353:and
1347:fire
1311:kala
1296:Yowa
1280:The
1224:Kala
1159:Yowa
1104:and
1092:and
1077:oral
1068:and
1008:and
827:Ndut
789:Somb
779:Sine
556:Lozi
531:Efik
509:Zulu
489:Akan
379:Myal
374:Palo
4286:USA
3690:Art
3013:Art
2681:doi
2410:doi
2327:doi
2294:BBC
2259:doi
2222:doi
1773:or
1739:in
1632:or
1580:of
1479:or
1357:).
1351:air
1298:or
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759:Oyo
724:Ifẹ
587:San
536:Gbe
317:USA
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